common health of preschoolers

7/27/2019 Common Health of Preschoolers

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PRESCHOOLERS


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The mortality of children during the preschoolyears is low and becoming lower every year as

more infectious diseases are preventable.


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Major Causes of DEATH

Automobile Accidents Poisoning

Falls

MINOR ILLNESES

Colds

Ear Infections Flu symptoms

Vomiting

Diarrhea


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Room is quiet with no distractions Do not shine a spotlight on the chart

Measure the distance It needs occluder No cheating


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LEA CHART

10 feet 20/100 to

20/15 3 out of 5


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HVOT Chart

10 feet 20/200 to

20/20 5 out of 6


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TUMBLING EChart

10 feet 20/100 to

20/30 5 out of 6


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SNELLEN

Chart


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AMBLYOPIA

lazyeye

subnormal

vision in one

eye orchildren are

using only

one eye forvision while

resting the

other eye.


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All school children should be screened foramblyopia by vision testing with a preschool

E chart. The child with amblyopia will have 20/50

vision (normal for preschool age) in one eye. The other eye will show lessened vision

(perhaps 20/100).


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Amblyopia is correctible if treated during the preschoolperiod.

The good eye is covered with patch held firmly in place. This forces the child to use the poor eye to develop vision

in that eye. Generally, the child has some difficulty initially adjusting

to the patch and being unable to see well from theunpatched eye, possibly develops headaches anddizziness.

The patch is removed for 1 hour/day to prevent amblyopiafrom developing in the non-amblyopic eye. Administration of levodopa Atropine to produce pupil dilatation


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STRABISMUS

unequally aligned eyes

(cross-eye)

normally, the resting

position of the eye is

straight

in strabismus, theresting position may be

divergent (turned out)

or convergent (turned

in). One pupil may be

higher than the other

(vertical strabismus). May be monocular, in

which the same eye

deviates constantly. Or

may be alternating

strabismus, in which one

eye deviates first, thenthe other.


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infants eyes may cross occasionally until 6

weeks of age

constant strabismus before 6 weeks of ageneed referral right away Deviations could be:

Exotropia eye turning out

Esotropia eye turning in

Hypertropia eye turning up


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depends on the cause of the problem if the fusion mechanism is weak, eye exercises

(orthoptics) may be necessary

If eyes are diverging problem with convergencebecause of the nearsightedness orfarsightedness, the child needs glasses tocorrect the basic visual defect

if the misalignment is caused by unequal musclestrength, eye-muscle surgery is necessary

antibiotic ointment is applied 2-3 days postoperatively

ASSESSMENT


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RETINOBLASTOMA

ASSESSMENT

occurs from 6 weeks of

age through the

preschool period

located on the retina or

in the vitreous fluid orextend backward into

the choroids, the optic

nerve and the

subarachnoid space

pupil appears white

the child will developstrabismus as the eye

becomes non-functional

this tumor metastasizes

along the course of the

optic nerve to the

subarachnoid space tothe brain; it quickly

involves the second eye.

metastasis to distant

body sites occurs

because of the rich

blood supply to thebrain

malignant tumor of the retina of the eye


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Cryosurgery freezing the tumor to destroy the local cells photo coagulation through laser surgery to destroy the blood

vessels supplying the tumor radiation

chemotherapy nitrogen mustard, vincristine, andcyclophosphamide

if the tumor is large, enucleation is necessary. observe for bleeding on the dressing and monitor vital signs

frequently. restrain the child to keep him from tugging at the dressing and

removing it dressing is removed after 48 hours and small patch is applied irrigation with NSS or application of antibiotic ointment eye prosthesis is fitted 3 weeks after surgery


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RED EYE(CONJUNCTIVITIS)

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Bacterial conjunctivitis is

characterized by:

o

purulent dischargethat causes the

eyelids to stick

together in the

morning

o Injected conjunctiva

o minimal pain and

short duration (1 to 3

days

o Vision may be slightly

blurred due to exudate

Viral conjunctivitis ischaracterized by:

o longer duration (14 to

21 days)

o excessive tearing and

minimal discharge


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Bacterial conjunctivitis is very contagious.Instruct patients to wash their hands

frequently, especially after applying eyemedication. Instruct patient to keep the hands away from

the eyes. Keep the child home from school for 2 to 3

days after starting medication.


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STY

Also known as

hordeolum

staphylococcal

infection of the

sebaceousglands of the

eyelids

SIGNS ANDSYMPTOMS

area of

infection is

usually red and

tender


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TREATMENT Application of hot

soaks to the eye at

least 4 times a day isindicated. If no reliefoccurs in 48 to 72

hours, incision and

drainage may benecessary.

HEALTH TEACHING Instruct patients to

keep their hands away

from their eyes. Keep the eye area

clean.

Hot soaks are a very

effective treatment ifdone 4 times a day.

common health of preschoolers

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