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37. Scaife CL, Calvo FA, Noyes RD: Intraoperative radiotherapy in the multimodality approach to gastric cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2003;12:955–964. 38. Sindelar WF, Kinsella TJ, Tepper JE, et al.: Randomized trial of intraoperative radiotherapy in carcinoma of the stomach. Am J Surg 1993;165:178–186. 39. Abe M, Nishimura Y, Shibamoto Y: Intraoperative radiation therapy for gastric cancer. World J Surg 1995;19:544–547. 40. Macdonald JS: Clinical overview: Adjuvant therapy of gastro- intestinal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2004;54 Suppl 1: S4–11. 41. Macdonald JS, Smalley SR, Benedetti J, et al.: Chemoradiother- apy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarci- noma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N Engl J Med 2001;345:725–730. 42. Falcone A: Future strategies and adjuvant treatment of gastric cancer. Ann Oncol 2003;14:45–47. 43. D’Angelica M, Gonen M, Brennan MF, et al.: Patterns of initial recurrence in completely resected gastric adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2004;240:808–816. 44. Hartgrink HH, van de Velde CJ, Putter H, et al.: Extended lymph node dissection for gastric cancer: Who may benefit? Final results of the randomized Dutch gastric cancer group trial. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2069–2077. 45. Hundahl SA, Macdonald JS, Benedetti J, et al.: Surgical treatment variation in a prospective, randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy in gastric cancer: The effect of undertreatment. Ann Surg Oncol 2002;9:278–286. 46. Leong T: Evolving role of chemoradiation in the adjuvant treatment of gastric cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2004; 4:585–594. 47. Leong T, Michael M, Foo K, et al.: Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy for gastric cancer using epirubicin/cisplatin/5-fluorouracil (ECF) and alternative regimens before and after chemoradiation. Br J Cancer 2003;89:1433–1438. 48. Sakamoto J, Teramukai S, Nakazato H, et al.: Efficacy of adjuvant immunochemotherapy with OK-432 for patients with curatively resected gastric cancer: A meta-analysis of centrally randomized controlled clinical trials. J Immunother 2002;25:405–412. 49. Newman E, Marcus SG, Potmesil M, et al.: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with CPT-11 and cisplatin downstages locally advanced gastric cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2002;6:212–223. 50. Marcus SG, Cohen D, Lin K, et al.: Complications of gastrectomy following CPT-11-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2003;7:1015–1022. 51. Lowy AM, Feig BW, Janjan N, et al.: A pilot study of preoperative chemoradiotherapy for resectable gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:519–524. 52. Hartgrink HH, van de Velde CJ, Putter H, et al.: Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for operable gastric cancer: Long term results of the Dutch randomised FAMTX trial. Eur J Surg Oncol 2004; 30:643–649. 53. Ajani JA, Mansfield PF, Janjan N, et al.: Multi-institutional trial of preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with potentially resectable gastric carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2774–2780. 54. Kelsen D, Karpeh M, Schwartz G, et al.: Neoadjuvant therapy of high-risk gastric cancer: A phase II trial of preoperative FAMTX and postoperative intraperitoneal fluorouracil-cisplatin plus intravenous fluorouracil. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:1818–1828. 55. Crookes P, Leichman CG, Leichman L, et al.: Systemic chemotherapy for gastric carcinoma followed by postoperative intraperitoneal therapy: A final report. Cancer 1997;79:1767– 1775. 56. Weese JL, Harbison SP, Stiller GD, et al.: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radical resection with intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT): Improved treatment for gastric adenocarcinoma. Surgery 2000;128:564–571. 57. Allum W, Cunningham D, Weeden S: Perioperative chemother- apy in operable gastric and lower oesophageal cancer: A rando- mized, controlled trial (the MAGIC trial, ISRCTN 93793971). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003;22:249. 58. Folkman J: What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent? J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:4–6. 59. Folkman J: Antiangiogenesis agents. In: DeVita VT, Jr., Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, editors. Cancer: Principles and practice of oncology. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2001. pp 509–519. 60. Erenoglu C, Akin ML, Uluutku H, et al.: Angiogenesis predicts poor prognosis in gastric carcinoma. Dig Surg 2000;17:581 – 586. 61. Maeda K, Chung YS, Takatsuka S, et al.: Tumor angiogenesis as a predictor of recurrence in gastric carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:477–481. 62. Kanai T, Konno H, Tanaka T, et al.: Effect of angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 on the progression of human gastric cancer xenotransplanted into nude mice. Int J Cancer 1997;71:838– 841. 63. Teicher BA, Menon K, Alvarez E, et al.: Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects of a protein kinase C beta inhibitor in human hepatocellular and gastric cancer xenografts. In Vivo 2001;15: 185–193. 64. Ott K, Vogelsang H, Mueller J, et al.: Chromosomal instability rather than p53 mutation is associated with response to neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in gastric carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:2307–2315. 65. Lenz HJ, Leichman CG, Danenberg KD, et al.: Thymidylate synthase mRNA level in adenocarcinoma of the stomach: A predictor for primary tumor response and overall survival. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:176–182. 66. Leichman CG: Thymidylate synthase as a predictor of response. Oncology (Huntingt) 1998;12:43–47. 67. Metzger R, Leichman CG, Danenberg KD, et al.: ERCC1 mRNA levels complement thymidylate synthase mRNA levels in predicting response and survival for gastric cancer patients receiving combination cisplatin and fluorouracil chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:309–316. 68. Kasprzyk PG, Song SU, Di Fiore PP, et al.: Therapy of an animal model of human gastric cancer using a combination of anti-erbB- 2 monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Res 1992;52:2771–2776. 69. Applebaum FR: Targeted cancer therapy. In: Foley JF, Vose JM, Armitage JO, editors. Current therapy in cancer. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1999. pp 525–533. 70. Kim R, Emi M, Tanabe K, et al.: Preclinical evaluation of antisense bcl-2 as a chemosensitizer for patients with gastric carcinoma. Cancer 2004;101:2177–2186. COMMENT Dr. Silberman has given us a thorough and balanced review of the results of virtually all permutations of adjuvant therapy for operable gastric cancer. He and his group have contributed significantly to these data, particularly the study of combined preoperative and postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. His overall observations of the adjuvant field demonstrate some DOI 10.1002/jso.20227 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). 186 Silberman ß 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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37. Scaife CL, Calvo FA, Noyes RD: Intraoperative radiotherapy inthe multimodality approach to gastric cancer. Surg Oncol Clin NAm 2003;12:955–964.

38. Sindelar WF, Kinsella TJ, Tepper JE, et al.: Randomized trial ofintraoperative radiotherapy in carcinoma of the stomach. Am JSurg 1993;165:178–186.

39. Abe M, Nishimura Y, Shibamoto Y: Intraoperative radiationtherapy for gastric cancer. World J Surg 1995;19:544–547.

40. Macdonald JS: Clinical overview: Adjuvant therapy of gastro-intestinal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2004;54 Suppl 1:S4–11.

41. Macdonald JS, Smalley SR, Benedetti J, et al.: Chemoradiother-apy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarci-noma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N Engl J Med2001;345:725–730.

42. Falcone A: Future strategies and adjuvant treatment of gastriccancer. Ann Oncol 2003;14:45–47.

43. D’Angelica M, Gonen M, Brennan MF, et al.: Patterns of initialrecurrence in completely resected gastric adenocarcinoma. AnnSurg 2004;240:808–816.

44. Hartgrink HH, van de Velde CJ, Putter H, et al.: Extended lymphnode dissection for gastric cancer: Who may benefit? Final resultsof the randomized Dutch gastric cancer group trial. J Clin Oncol2004;22:2069–2077.

45. Hundahl SA, Macdonald JS, Benedetti J, et al.: Surgical treatmentvariation in a prospective, randomized trial of chemoradiotherapyin gastric cancer: The effect of undertreatment. Ann Surg Oncol2002;9:278–286.

46. Leong T: Evolving role of chemoradiation in the adjuvanttreatment of gastric cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2004;4:585–594.

47. Leong T, Michael M, Foo K, et al.: Adjuvant and neoadjuvanttherapy for gastric cancer using epirubicin/cisplatin/5-fluorouracil(ECF) and alternative regimens before and after chemoradiation.Br J Cancer 2003;89:1433–1438.

48. Sakamoto J, Teramukai S, Nakazato H, et al.: Efficacy of adjuvantimmunochemotherapy with OK-432 for patients with curativelyresected gastric cancer: A meta-analysis of centrally randomizedcontrolled clinical trials. J Immunother 2002;25:405–412.

49. Newman E, Marcus SG, Potmesil M, et al.: Neoadjuvantchemotherapy with CPT-11 and cisplatin downstages locallyadvanced gastric cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2002;6:212–223.

50. Marcus SG, Cohen D, Lin K, et al.: Complications of gastrectomyfollowing CPT-11-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy for gastriccancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2003;7:1015–1022.

51. Lowy AM, Feig BW, Janjan N, et al.: A pilot study of preoperativechemoradiotherapy for resectable gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol2001;8:519–524.

52. Hartgrink HH, van de Velde CJ, Putter H, et al.: Neo-adjuvantchemotherapy for operable gastric cancer: Long term results ofthe Dutch randomised FAMTX trial. Eur J Surg Oncol 2004;30:643–649.

53. Ajani JA, Mansfield PF, Janjan N, et al.: Multi-institutional trialof preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with potentiallyresectable gastric carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2774–2780.

54. Kelsen D, Karpeh M, Schwartz G, et al.: Neoadjuvant therapy ofhigh-risk gastric cancer: A phase II trial of preoperative FAMTX

and postoperative intraperitoneal fluorouracil-cisplatin plusintravenous fluorouracil. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:1818–1828.

55. Crookes P, Leichman CG, Leichman L, et al.: Systemicchemotherapy for gastric carcinoma followed by postoperativeintraperitoneal therapy: A final report. Cancer 1997;79:1767–1775.

56. Weese JL, Harbison SP, Stiller GD, et al.: Neoadjuvantchemotherapy, radical resection with intraoperative radiationtherapy (IORT): Improved treatment for gastric adenocarcinoma.Surgery 2000;128:564–571.

57. Allum W, Cunningham D, Weeden S: Perioperative chemother-apy in operable gastric and lower oesophageal cancer: A rando-mized, controlled trial (the MAGIC trial, ISRCTN 93793971).Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003;22:249.

58. Folkman J: What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesisdependent? J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:4–6.

59. Folkman J: Antiangiogenesis agents. In: DeVita VT, Jr., HellmanS, Rosenberg SA, editors. Cancer: Principles and practice ofoncology. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams andWilkins; 2001. pp 509–519.

60. Erenoglu C, Akin ML, Uluutku H, et al.: Angiogenesis predictspoor prognosis in gastric carcinoma. Dig Surg 2000;17:581–586.

61. Maeda K, Chung YS, Takatsuka S, et al.: Tumor angiogenesis as apredictor of recurrence in gastric carcinoma. J Clin Oncol1995;13:477–481.

62. Kanai T, Konno H, Tanaka T, et al.: Effect of angiogenesisinhibitor TNP-470 on the progression of human gastric cancerxenotransplanted into nude mice. Int J Cancer 1997;71:838–841.

63. Teicher BA, Menon K, Alvarez E, et al.: Antiangiogenic andantitumor effects of a protein kinase C beta inhibitor in humanhepatocellular and gastric cancer xenografts. In Vivo 2001;15:185–193.

64. Ott K, Vogelsang H, Mueller J, et al.: Chromosomal instabilityrather than p53 mutation is associated with response toneoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in gastric carcinoma.Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:2307–2315.

65. Lenz HJ, Leichman CG, Danenberg KD, et al.: Thymidylatesynthase mRNA level in adenocarcinoma of the stomach: Apredictor for primary tumor response and overall survival. J ClinOncol 1996;14:176–182.

66. Leichman CG: Thymidylate synthase as a predictor of response.Oncology (Huntingt) 1998;12:43–47.

67. Metzger R, Leichman CG, Danenberg KD, et al.: ERCC1 mRNAlevels complement thymidylate synthase mRNA levels inpredicting response and survival for gastric cancer patientsreceiving combination cisplatin and fluorouracil chemotherapy.J Clin Oncol 1998;16:309–316.

68. Kasprzyk PG, Song SU, Di Fiore PP, et al.: Therapy of an animalmodel of human gastric cancer using a combination of anti-erbB-2 monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Res 1992;52:2771–2776.

69. Applebaum FR: Targeted cancer therapy. In: Foley JF, Vose JM,Armitage JO, editors. Current therapy in cancer. 2nd edition.Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1999. pp 525–533.

70. Kim R, Emi M, Tanabe K, et al.: Preclinical evaluation ofantisense bcl-2 as a chemosensitizer for patients with gastriccarcinoma. Cancer 2004;101:2177–2186.

COMMENT

Dr. Silberman has given us a thorough and balancedreview of the results of virtually all permutations ofadjuvant therapy for operable gastric cancer. He andhis group have contributed significantly to these data,particularly the study of combined preoperative and

postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. His overallobservations of the adjuvant field demonstrate some

DOI 10.1002/jso.20227

Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).

186 Silberman

� 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Page 2: Comment

extremely modest benefits from a few of the more com-plex regimens, but most adjuvant therapy for operablegastric cancer continues to be disappointing. Dr. Silber-man very appropriately stresses the continued need forthe trial of new agents and the customization of treat-

ment based on analysis of intratumoral molecularmarkers.

Walter Lawrence, Jr., MD

Guest Editor

Adjunctive Treatment in Operable Gastric Cancer 187