colonial period
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Colonial Period. Standards 1-3. Jamestown, Virginia was founded in 1607 First permanent English settlement in North America A corporate colony, founded by the Virginia Company Investors hoped to make a profit from the colony. Virginia. Powhatan Indians. Hostile to new settlers - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Colonial Period Standards 1-3
VirginiaVirginia Jamestown, Virginia was Jamestown, Virginia was
founded in 1607founded in 1607 First permanent English First permanent English
settlement in North Americasettlement in North America A corporate colony, founded A corporate colony, founded
by the Virginia Company by the Virginia Company Investors hoped to make a Investors hoped to make a
profit from the colonyprofit from the colony
Powhatan Indians Hostile to new settlers Attacked Jamestown John Smith was able to negotiate
with them for food
Success of the Virginia Colony
Tobacco became the most profitable cash crop
Headright System allowed families to move in and own land
House of Burgesses allowed self-government
Virginia’s House of Burgesses
Virginia’s colonial legislature Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion
because the legislature failed to provide settlers protection from hostile Indians in the backcountry
First Africans in Virginia
In 1619 a Dutch slave ship arrived in the colony
The Africans on board (who were destined to be traded as slaves in the West Indies), were traded for supplies in Virginia
The Virginia colony treated the Africans as indentured servants, not slaves
All of them eventually gained their freedom before slavery was introduced in Virginia
Sample Question
One reason the colony of Virginia succeeded was the
a. profitable tobacco cropb. leadership of John Smithc. management of the Virginia
Companyd. relationship with the Powhatan
Indians
Answer: A: the profitable tobacco crop
New England Originally settled by English
Separatists, who had broken away from the Anglican Church
They were persecuted These settlers were called “Pilgrims” They sailed on the Mayflower from
England to America
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Settled by English Puritans (who were Anglican, but wanted to reform the Church of its “catholic” practices)
They were persecuted in Great Britain
They established their “City Upon A Hill”, what they considered a model utopia, in Boston
Puritans vs. Native Americans
King Philip’s War Chief of the Wampanoags (Metacom/”King
Philip”) led an attack on the Puritans in response to their laws that restricted the Indians
It was a very brutal and destructive war Food shortages, disease, and heavy casualties
kept the Indians from fighting Metacom was killed and the Indian resistance
in New England ended
Tension in New England
Roger Williams challenged forced religion on the citizens of Massachusetts
He was exiled and eventually founded the colony of Rhode Island Separation of church and state
established here
Halfway Covenant Allowed second and third generation
Puritans partial membership in the church until they experienced a true religious conversion
Salem, Massachusetts
Location of Salem Witch Trials
Massachusetts Bay Loses Its Charter
Puritans refused to obey English law In 1684, King Charles II revoked the
colony’s corporate charter Massachusetts became a royal
colony, under strict control of the king
Sample Question
Which factor directly affected the settlement of New England in the 1600s?
A. Religious persecution in Great BritainB. The opportunity to cultivate tobaccoC. Growing conflict with the southern
farmersD. The chance to participate in the slave
trade
Answer: A: religious persecution in Great
Britain
Middle ColoniesNew Netherland to
New York Originally claimed and settled by
Netherland Diverse Population (settlers were allowed from
all over Europe) James, Duke of York and brother of King
Charles II, sent a fleet of ships to take the colony away from the Dutch It was accomplished without firing a single shot It became the English colony of New York
Middle Colonies: Pennsylvania
William Penn: founded Quakers were first settlers Penn’s “Holy Experiment”: allowed
freedom of religion
Sample Question
The original settlers of the Mid-Atlantic colonies were
a. Pilgrimsb. Quakersc. Puritansd. Dutch
Correct Answer: D: Dutch
Mercantilism Export raw materials from colonies to
England Sell manufactured goods back to the
colonies Become completely self sufficient as
a country Acquire wealth
African Colonial Population
As employment opportunities increased in England, fewer indentured servants came to America
Transatlantic trade included stops along the African coast to trade rum (from New England) and guns and manufactured goods (from England) in exchange for slaves
Slaves were taken to the West Indies and various parts of North America in the Middle Passage of the transatlantic trade
African Culture In areas where slave population was
heaviest, they were able to preserve much of their African heritage Music Folktales Religious rituals
Colonial Society and Culture
Benjamin Franklin Born into a poor family Educated himself Became a successful inventor, printer,
published, writer, statesman, and diplomat
Great Awakening Series of religious revivals that
challenged traditional religious authority
Sample Question: Rum Slaves Manufactured goods
The items listed above were part of thea. Products produced in the New England coloniesb. Products traded to England from the American
coloniesc. Items traded along the transatlantic traded. Items England provided to its American colonies
Correct Answer: C: items traded along the
transatlantic trade
Results of French & Indian War and Causes
of the American Revolution In the Treaty of Paris of 1763,Britain won
control of North America; France lost most of its North American possessions
In its attempt to govern a larger colonial empire, Parliament passed a series of laws to control the colonists Proclamation of 1763 forbade settlement west
of Appalachian Mountains to protect them from hostile Indians
Stamp Act placed direct taxes on printed materials to pay for war debt
Colonial Reactions No taxation without representation – colonists believed only
their colonial legislatures could tax them In response to the Stamp Act, the Sons of Liberty terrorized
stamp agents In response to the Boston Massacre, each colony formed a
committee of correspondence to communicate with other colonies
In response to the Tea Act, the colonists dumped British tea in the Boston Harbor
Intolerable Acts In response to the Boston Tea Party,
Parliament passed a series of laws to punish the colony of Massachusetts
The Daughters of Liberty led boycotts of English goods, especially tea
Sample Question: Which event was NOT a direct
result of the French and Indian War?
a. Proclamation of 1763b. Stamp Actc. Treaty of Paris of 1763d. Tea Act
Correct Answer: D. Tea Act
Sample Question The Sons of Liberty The Daughters of Liberty The committees of correspondence
Which issue caused British colonists to form the organizations in the list above?
A. The British Parliament had passed series of taxes on its North American colonies.
B. Native Americans had attacked British colonial outpost within the Northwest Territory.
C. British naval vessels had seized colonial ships and forced colonial sailors into service in the British navy.
D. Armed slave rebellions had begun throughout the British colonies to end the continued practice of slavery.
Answer A
American American Revolutionary Revolutionary
PeriodPeriodStandard 3c & 4Standard 3c & 4
IDEOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
Common Sense Written by Thomas Paine Message: A call for independence Sold 500,000 copies
Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence Author: Thomas JeffersonAuthor: Thomas Jefferson Based on John Locke’s Based on John Locke’s
Enlightenment philosophyEnlightenment philosophy ““All men are created equal”All men are created equal” All have natural, unalienable All have natural, unalienable
rightsrights LifeLife LibertyLiberty Pursuit of happiness (Locke Pursuit of happiness (Locke
said “property”)said “property”) Government gets its powers Government gets its powers
from the consent of the peoplefrom the consent of the people People have a right to alter or People have a right to alter or
abolish their government after abolish their government after a long period of abusesa long period of abuses
Grievances against King Grievances against King George III noted in the George III noted in the
Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence
““He has obstructed He has obstructed the administration of the administration of justice”justice”
““He has kept among He has kept among us, in times of peace, us, in times of peace, standing armies”standing armies”
““He has plundered He has plundered our seas”our seas”
Sample Question
John Locke’s theory that all people have basic natural rights directly influenced
A. The Proclamation of 1763B. The Declaration of IndependenceC. The outbreak of the French and
Indian WarD. The expansion of transatlantic
mercantilism
Answer: B
Sample Question Which idea from the Social Contract Theory is
expressed within the U.S. Declaration of Independence?
A. Congress must consist of two legislative houses.B. Political term limits are necessary for all elected
officials.C. Government authority comes from the consent
of the governed.D. Individual citizens must be protected by a
federal bill of rights.
Answer C
American American RevolutionRevolution
The war for The war for independence independence fought between fought between Britain and 13 of its Britain and 13 of its colonies in North colonies in North AmericaAmerica
1775-17831775-1783
MILITARY ASPECTS OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION
George George WashingtonWashington
Leader of the Leader of the Continental Army Continental Army during the during the RevolutionRevolution
Took an all Took an all volunteer, volunteer, undisciplined, undisciplined, inexperienced army inexperienced army and turned it into a and turned it into a professional armyprofessional army
Lexington and Concord Lexington and Concord (1775)(1775)
Battles that started Battles that started the American the American Revolution.Revolution.
Battle of Trenton Christmas, 1776 Washington’s army, who had volunteered for one year of
service, was about to go home There had been no victories for the army and no reason to
reenlist General Washington planned a surprise attack on Hessian
soldiers across the Delaware River from the Continental Army
Washington and his army crossed the Delaware in the middle of the night (see next slide)
In the early morning, they attacked the Hessians and won In a few days, they defeated a British force at Princeton, NJ Many men in Washington’s army, reenlisted and new recruits
joined
Battle of Saratoga Battle of Saratoga (October, 1777)(October, 1777)
Colonist victory over Colonist victory over British.British.
Turning point in Turning point in Revolutionary War.Revolutionary War.
Convinced the French to Convinced the French to become ally of the United become ally of the United StatesStates
Benjamin Franklin played a Benjamin Franklin played a key role, as the U.S. key role, as the U.S. diplomat to France, in diplomat to France, in convincing them to form convincing them to form this alliancethis alliance
Marquis de LaFayette Marquis de LaFayette volunteers to fightvolunteers to fight
Valley Forge, PA Winter of 1777-78 Washington and the Continental Army are
camped at Valley Forge They have little food They have poor shelter Many have no shoes or blankets to keep
them warm Yet Washington rallies his troops, inspires
them, and uses the time to prepare them for battle
Battle of Yorktown Battle of Yorktown (1781)(1781)
Yorktown is located on the Yorktown is located on the peninsula formed by the peninsula formed by the James and York Rivers that James and York Rivers that flow into the Chesapeake Bayflow into the Chesapeake Bay
Washington and his army Washington and his army entrench themselves on the entrench themselves on the land side of Yorktownland side of Yorktown
The French fleet blocks the The French fleet blocks the entrance to the Chesapeake entrance to the Chesapeake BayBay
Cornwallis and the British Cornwallis and the British surrendersurrender
The American Revolution is The American Revolution is over!over!
Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty of Paris (1783) Officially ended the Officially ended the
Revolutionary War.Revolutionary War. British recognized British recognized
colonists’ colonists’ independence.independence.
British gave colonists British gave colonists all the lands east of all the lands east of the Mississippi Riverthe Mississippi River
Florida was returned Florida was returned to Spainto Spain
Sample Question: What battle led the French to form
a military alliance with the United States against the British?
a. Concordb. Trentonc. Saratogad. Yorktown
Correct Answer: C: Saratoga
Establishing a New Government
Standard 5
Constitutional Constitutional ConventionConvention
1787 James Madison introduced a
new plan of government to address the weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation
The Constitutional Convention, held in Philadelphia, PA resulted in the creation of a FEDERAL government (separate executive, judicial and legislative branches)
The convention replaced the Articles of Confederation with the U.S. Constitution
Great Compromise of the Constitutional
Convention Virginia Plan
Bicameral Congress Representation of
both houses based on population of the individual states
New Jersey Plan Unicameral
Congress Representation of
states would be equal
COMPROMISE:
•Bicameral legislature
•Representation in the House of Representatives would be based on population of each state
•Representation of the Senate would be equal with 2 senators from each state
The Slavery Debate in the Constitutional
Convention Debates over slavery resulted in
An agreement to outlaw the importation of slaves from Africa within 20 years (by 1808)
Southern states being able to count 3 out of 5 slaves in its census for the purpose of representation in Congress
However, this formula would also be considered for the appropriation of taxes per state
Limited GovernmentLimited Government The federal
government’s powers are limited to those specified in the U.S. Constitution
Separation of Separation of PowersPowers
Each branch of government has a specific purpose and powers are different from the other branches A legislative branch
(Congress) An executive branch (the
President) A judicial branch (Supreme
Court)
Montesquieu, Enlightenment Thinker Championed the idea of separation of powers
Checks and Checks and BalancesBalances
Each branch of the government checks the powers of the other two branches
Prevents any branch of government from becoming too powerful
FederalisFederalismm Distribution of the
powers of government between a central (federal) government and the regional (states) governments.
State laws cannot interfere with federal law
Federalists vs. Anti-federalists
Federalists Supported ratification of
U.S. Constitution Supported strong central
(national) government Believed it kept factions
from becoming too powerful
Believed the President’s powers would be check by the other branches
Every state had its own Bill of Rights; that was sufficient
Anti-Federalists Opposed ratification of the
U.S. Constitution Felt power of government
should remain with the individual states
Believed factions could not be controlled from taking power
Believed the President could become like a dictator with his power as commander-in-chief
Especially concerned about the absence of a Bill of Rights to protect the rights of citizens
Federalist PapersFederalist Papers Newspaper articles
published in New York Explained reasons
why the states should ratify the new US constitution
The anonymous authors (Publius): Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay
Bill of RightsBill of Rights
Freedom of speech, press, religion, petition and peaceful assembly
Right to bear arms Protection for unlawful searches
and seizures Rights of the accused
Attorney To remain silent To have charges explained To question witnesses Public trial by jury No excessive fines or cruel or
unusual punishment Protection of property Additional rights (9th) States’ rights (10th)
Sample Question
The Bill of Rights was adopted by Congress in 1791 to preserve which political principle?
A. The separation of powersB. The restriction of political termsC. The prohibition of racial discriminationD. The limitation of the federal
government
Answer: D The Bill of Rights limited the federal
government’s ability to interfere with individuals’ and states’ rights.
Early Presidents George Washington
Proclaimed U.S. neutrality in the war between England and France
As commander in chief, sent troops to stop the rebellion over the whiskey tax
First political parties formed during this presidency
Federalists (Hamilton) Democratic-
Republicans (Jefferson)
John Adams Federalist Sent representatives to
France to negotiate problems
French officials tried to bribe them
Referred to as the XYZ Affair
Led to a Quasi War with France
Sample Question
President John Adams became involved with which U.S. foreign-policy issue in the late 1790s?
A. Purchasing the Louisiana TerritoryB. Avoiding full-scale war with FranceC. Strengthening the Monroe DoctrineD. Arranging for the annexation of
Texas
Answer
C: avoiding full-scale war with France
The XYZ Affair resulted in armed conflict (a Quasi War) with France, but not full-scale war.
United States United States HistoryHistory
1800 to 18651800 to 1865Standards 6-9Standards 6-9
Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency
Sent representative to France to purchase the port of New Orleans
Napoleon offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the U.S. Doubled the size of U.S. territory
War of 1812 President Madison declares war on
Great Britain Reasons: Impressment of U.S. sailors
in British navy War helped form a
strong national identity
Monroe Doctrine Established U.S. dominance in the
western hemisphere European countries could not claim
any more colonies here The U.S. would stay out of European
affairs
Sample Question What was the importance of the Monroe
Doctrine in 1823?A. It reinforced tensions between pro-slavery and
anti-slavery factions in the United States.B. It authorized the creation of a permanent
professional military to defend the United States.
C. It established the U.S. policy of preventing other nations from interfering in Latin America.
D. It proclaimed the U.S. intention of expanding it political borders westward to the Pacific Ocean.
Answer
C
Sample Question
Use this quote to answer the question:“British cruisers have been in the continued practice of violating
the American flag on the great highway of nations, and of seizing and carrying off person sailing under it…”
-President James Madison, in a message to Congress
What resulted from the actions described by President Madison in the quotation?
A. The beginning of the War of 1812B. The outbreak of the Revolutionary WarC. The signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1783D. The adoption of the Articles of Confederation
Answer A
Industrial Revolution
Eli Whitney, Inventor Interchangeable parts: aided growth of
industry in the North
Cotton gin: aided growth of cotton as the main cash crop of the South
Manifest Destiny A God-given right to expand U.S.
territory 1845: Texas annexation 1846: Oregon Country (divided with
Britain) 1848: Mexican Cession (resulted from
Mexican War)
Development of the Nation’s Infrastructure
Roads, bridges, lighthouses Erie Canal
Connected the mid-West to the Atlantic Ocean
Connected Great Lakes to Hudson River Resulted in the economic growth of New
York City, which became a major trade and commercial center
Reform Movements Temperance: campaign to reduce, or
“temper” the use of alcohol Abolition: campaign to abolish
slavery Education: effort to support the
funding of public education
Seneca Falls, NY Women’s Rights convention Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leading
advocate Main issue: Women’s Suffrage
Jacksonian Democracy
Expanding voting rights Non-property owners could vote by 1828 Now all adult white males could vote Most supported Andrew Jackson, the
symbol of the “common man” Popular votes counted for the first time
in 1828 Increased suffrage led to increased
nationalism
Sample Question
Which term BEST describes the period during which white male suffrage greatly expanded in the United States?
A. Manifest DestinyB. The EnlightenmentC. The Great AwakeningD. Jacksonian Democracy
Answer: D
North-South Divisions Related to Westward
Expansion
Key abolitionistsKey abolitionists
William Lloyd William Lloyd GarrisonGarrison
Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass Grimke sistersGrimke sisters
Successful slave Successful slave rebellion led by Nat rebellion led by Nat TurnerTurner
Abolitionist Abolitionist MovementMovement
Missouri Compromise
1819Missouri requested admission into the Union as a
slave stateThere were an even number of slave and free
statesMuch congressional debate 1820
Compromise Maine would be admitted as a free state Missouri would be admitted as a slave state North of 36, 30 North latitude: slavery prohibited
South of 36,30 North latitude: slavery allowed
Nullification Nullification CrisisCrisis Attempt by South Carolina to nullify
of federal tariff in 1832. South Carolina protested/refused to
pay Vice-President John C. Calhoun led the
protest Threatened to secede if force was
used President Jackson ->Force Act Henry Clay offered a compromise tariff
Tariff would gradually be lowered over a ten year period
Increased the issue of sectionalism: Increased the issue of sectionalism: putting the interests of a region over putting the interests of a region over those of the entire nationthose of the entire nation
Mexican War 1846
U.S. declares war on Mexico over boundary disputeU.S. wins victories in El Paso, TX; Monterrey, CA; and, Monterrey, Mexico
Congressman David Wilmot proposes that slavery be prohibited in any territory acquired in the war
Much congressional debate over the Wilmot Proviso; it is defeated
1847 U.S. wins victories in Buena Vista and Mexico City
1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo establishes boundary at Rio
Grande; gives entire southwestern territory to U.S. (Mexican Cession)
Sample Question
The western expansion of the United States in the early 1800s provoked a congressional debate over the slavery issue. Congress resolved this debate by
A. Making the Louisiana PurchaseB. Passing a constitutional amendmentC. Adopting the Missouri CompromiseD. Accepting the doctrine of nullification
Answer C
Sample Question Which principle of U.S. government
did the Nullification Crisis of 1832 directly challenge?
A. FederalismB. Judicial reviewC. Popular sovereigntyD. Checks and balances
Answer
A. Federalism
When South Carolina declared their nullification of the federal tariff, they were challenged federal law. No state laws, policy, or court decision can conflict with federal law. Therefore, South Carolina was challenging the principle of federalism.
Causes, Main Events, and Consequences of
the American Civil War
Compromise of 18501848
Gold discovered in California1849
Thousands of people travel to California in the Gold RushCalifornia’s population escalates enough to apply for statehood (free state)
1850 Much congressional debate (even number of free states and
slave states) Compromise:
California will be a free state Utah and New Mexico will decide slavery by popular sovereignty Slave trade is abolished in Washington, D.C. A stronger Fugitive Slave Law is passed to satisfy a pro-slavery
South
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Repealed the Missouri Compromise by reopening territory that had been closed to slavery
Left the slavery issue to be decided by the people who settled in those territories (popular sovereignty)
“Bleeding Kansas” A race to Kansas between those who
supported slavery and those who didn’t began
Anti-slavery and pro-slavery forces fought against each other
Two territorial legislatures will be chosen
Popular sovereignty will fail
Dred Scott Case Dred Scott Case Dred Scott was a slave that Dred Scott was a slave that
had been taken into free had been taken into free territoryterritory
After his owner died, Scott After his owner died, Scott wanted his freedomwanted his freedom
The Supreme Court decision:The Supreme Court decision: ruled that African Americans ruled that African Americans
were not citizens of the U.Swere not citizens of the U.S.. African Americans were not African Americans were not
free just because they were free just because they were taken into free territories by taken into free territories by their ownerstheir owners
Laws like the Missouri Laws like the Missouri Compromise were Compromise were unconstitutionalunconstitutional
Congress could not deny Congress could not deny slave owners from taking slave owners from taking slaves into the western slaves into the western territories because they were territories because they were property under the 5property under the 5thth AmendmentAmendment
John Brown A staunch abolitionist Had committed five murders of pro-slavery
people in Pottawatomie, Kansas in 1856 In 1859, he raided a federal arsenal in
Harper’s Ferry, VA, in an attempt to arm a slave resurrection
He was captured, charged with treason, and executed by hanging for his crimes
Civil War Leaders North/Union
President: Abraham Lincoln
Generals: Ulysses S. Grant –
defeated Lee and ended the war
William T. Sherman – capture the railroad city of Atlanta, GA and led a destructive march through Georgia
South/Confederacy President: Jefferson Davis Generals:
Robert E. Lee – commander the Army of Northern Virginia; successfully won defensive battles against the Union, but lost both attempts at offensive battles
“Stonewall” Jackson – Lee’s right-hand man; helped him win many victories against the Union
Civil War Battles Fort Sumter (April, 1861) – where the Civil War began Antietam (August, 1862) – Lee’s first attempt to fight an
offensive battle and first one outside the Confederacy; he lost
Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) – Lee’s second attempt to fight an offensive battle; the turning point of the war; Lee would never recover from this loss
Vicksburg – “the nail that held the two halves of the Confederacy together” (Davis); located on the Mississippi River, it fail to Union control on July 4, 1863; the Union had control of the Mississippi
Atlanta (September, 1864) – the main rail center of the southeast captured by General Sherman and where he began his March to the Sea
Emancipation Proclamation
After the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln announced he would issue his proclamation on January 1, 1863 if the Confederacy did not surrender
January 1, 1863, Lincoln announced the he was freeing the slaves who were still in the states that continue to fight the Union
The Union army had a new purpose for fighting the war: they would free all slaves as they moved through the states at war with them
Slaves in states still in the Union were not freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, but will be freed by the 13th Amendment
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
Promised healing for the nation
Economic Disparity between the North and the
South
Sample QuestionWhich factor provided a military advantage
during the U.S. Civil War?A. Over 80% of the nation’s factories
existed in the NorthB. Southern merchant ships outnumbered
those controlled by the NorthC. Seventy percent of U.S. railroad tracks
existed in the southern territory.D. The North made an alliance with France
to receive troops and other aid to fight the South.
Answer AEuropean nations essentially remained
neutral throughout the course of the U.S. Civil War. The North possessed more merchant ships than the South, as well as the majority of railroad tracks. The North was far more industrialized than the South. Northern factories gave the Union a powerful military advantage.