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Types of Government English Government Enlightenment Colonial Period Revolutionary Period Articles of Confederation Constitutional Convention The Constitution
Monarchy - These systems have been and are used by nations throughout the world. In these systems, one person has control of government. In a monarchy, it is held by a king, queen, or ruling family (Sultan). This power is passed on through family succession.
In a dictatorship, power is often seized by force; by a military force or group. Power is usually passed on to the next in line of people who share this philosophy.
(Monarchy) – England, Spain, France – Until 18th and 19th centuries. Today many of these are constitutional monarchs. Saudi Arabia today.
Dictatorship – Nazi Germany under Hitler; Fidel Castro (Cuba)
Types of Authoritarian Governments – Absolute Monarch, Dictatorship/Totalitarianism/Autocracy, Aristocracy, Theocracy, Oligarchy
This system is based on the philosophies of John Locke and Montesquieu. Later, the founding fathers of the United States extended these principles. Men such as Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.
(Problem) – For these philosophers, the problem could be explained by a government, in many cases a monarch having too much power. Most of these men agreed that individuals had natural rights, and that if any person had too much power, these rights would not be protected. The answer was to have elected government, with a system of checks and balances.
Many nations are experimenting with these ideas of government. US – Representative Democracy.
Types of Democratic Governments – Direct Democracy, Representative Democracy/Democratic Republic, Constitutional Monarchy
Before the Magna Carta The Monarch (King or
Queen) had absolute authority.
Decisions of taxing, use of the military, making and enforcing laws all were made by the monarch.
After the Magna Carta A Common Counsel was
created made up of Nobles (large landowners and church officials)
Changes After the Magna Carta Taxes (consult common
counsel) Must have witness to crime. Trial by Jury English Church free of
Monarch Control
HOUSE OF LORDS Made up of Nobles Seat is Inherited
HOUSE OF COMMONS Members are
Elected Come from Towns &
Cities throughout England
Representative Democracy
Parliament has following powers in English Government
1. Power to Tax2. Make Laws3. Control of the Nation’s Army
A system of law based on precedents. A precedent is an earlier decision made by
a judge that serves as a model for future cases.
Over time common law creates a system of consistent rulings.
English Common Law has been used in the development of contracts, marriages, etc… in the United States.
During the Enlightenment Period many ideas that influenced the Framers of the United States Government developed. These ideas are seen in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.
Enlightenment Philosophers John Locke – natural rights, purpose of
government Montesquieu – separation of power, checks &
balances
Hobbes was an English philosopher. He was older than Locke, but they lived at the same time. Hobbes described life in a “state of nature” as “nasty, brutish, and short”.
He felt that people entered into a social contract for fear of a violent death. Hobbes unlike Locke believed in the divine right of kings. This meant that the ruler obtained absolute power, and the people had no right to question his/her rule or revolt.
Locke was an English philosopher who lived during the English Civil War. He believed that God granted man 3 natural rights (life, liberty, property).
Locke said that people entered into a social contract with their government. People agreed to pay taxes and follow reasonable laws. The government in exchange must protect these natural rights.
Locke believed if government did not protect these natural rights, the government had broken the contract. In this case, the people had the right to overthrow the government.
Montesquieu was an important philosopher in the development of the American democracy. Montesquieu came up with the idea of a separation of power.
He felt that if one person obtained all power, there could be no liberty. He felt that there should be a separation between the legislative, executive, and judicial. Power should be a check on power. “Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely.”
The following map shows European Countries and where each set up colonies in the New World.
Mercantilism Economic Policy that a
country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys.
EXPORT > IMPORT Salutary Neglect –
England will allow colonies to rule themselves. Need raw materials.
Colonial Period Colony – A group of
people in one place ruled by a government in another.
European Nations began to colonize the Americas.
Colonies provided mother country with a cheap source of raw materials, could then produce finished products to export to colonies, and other parts of the world.
JAMESTOWN COLONY Representative
Democracy House of Burgesses 22 Members - House
of Burgesses were elected by colonists
PLYMOUTH COLONY Colonists on the
Mayflower signed a document called the Mayflower Compact.
The Mayflower Compact created a direct democracy.
Members of the colony would come together periodically, and vote on the direction the colony would take.
ColoniesColonies MotivationMotivationss
EconomyEconomy
New New England England ColoniesColonies
MassachusetMassachusettsts
New New HampshireHampshire
Connecticut Connecticut Rhode IslandRhode Island
Mainly Mainly religious religious dissenters – dissenters – Puritans did Puritans did not believe not believe in tolerationin toleration
Small scale Small scale farming; farming; small small business & business & shipbuildingshipbuilding
Middle Middle ColoniesColonies
New YorkNew York
New Jersey New Jersey PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
DelawareDelaware
Mainly Mainly religious religious dissenters – dissenters – Quakers Quakers (Penn)(Penn)
Farming – Farming – wheat & wheat & other cash other cash crops; crops; industry – industry – mines, etc…mines, etc…
Southern Southern ColoniesColonies
MarylandMaryland
VirginiaVirginia
NC, SCNC, SC
GeorgiaGeorgia
Economic Economic Reasons – Reasons – indentured indentured servants & servants & slavery slavery
Agriculture – Agriculture – large scale large scale plantation plantation farmingfarming
COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS
EXECUTIVE BRANCH• Governor• Appointed by King or Elected
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH• Many were Bicameral• Elected Members • Representative Democracy
JUDICIAL BRANCH• Judges were appointed by King• Trial by Jury
The French & Indian War resulted from a land dispute between the French & the English. Fought in the mid 1750’s, the British came out of the war having gained territory in the Americas.
This war however had disastrous effects on the relationship between the British and the colonies.
Due to fighting with the French in the Americas and in Europe, England was in debt. The English felt that the colonies should pay for the French & Indian War.
The Colonists felt that protection was a part of the relationship between the British & The Colonies.
BEFORE AFTER
CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Navigation Acts (1660) Sugar Act (1764) Stamp Act (1765) Quartering Act (1765) Townshend Acts (1767) Writs of Assistance Proclamation Act (1767) Boston Massacre (1770) Tea Act (1773) Coercive (Intolerable) Acts
(1774)
Battles of Lexington & Concord (Massachusetts)
COLONIAL OPPOSITION1. Albany Plan of Union (1754)2. Sons of Liberty – Stamp Act3. Stamp Act Congress 4. Committees of
Correspondence5. Boston Tea Party 6. Thomas Paine – Common
Sense
COLONIAL SOLUTUIONS 1st Continental Congress –
drafted letter to King and Parliament demanding rights be restored.
2nd Continental Congress – DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
Declaration of Independence (1776)
Revolutionary War (1776-1783)
Articles of Confederation (1781)
Treaty of Paris (1783)
United States gains Independence
British troops to leave US soil
United States gains land to the Mississippi River
GOVERNMENT Congress – Each State had one Vote.
Powers of Congress Make Laws Declare War & Make Peace Make Treaties & Alliances Borrow Money Maintain Army & Navy Other Less Important Matters
1) Congress – Limited Powers (most needed 9 of 13 states to agree)
2) No Executive Branch – Enforce Laws3) No Judicial Branch – Settle State Disputes4) No Power to Tax5) No Money = No Military6) Amendments – Needed Approval of all 13
States
British troops have not left US soil. French/Spanish will not allow use of
Mississippi River. Debts contracted during the
Revolutionary War have not been paid.
Shay’s Rebellion. Economy is very poor.
VIRGINIA PLAN 3 Separate Branches
(legislative will elect other 2)
Bicameral Legislature(based on population & $ contributions)
Authority to cancel conflicting state laws
NEW JERSEY PLAN Unicameral Legislature
(1 vote) Plural Executive –
selected by Congress Supreme Court –
appointed for life by the executive
GREAT COMPROMISE(AKA – Sherman or Connecticut) 1) Congress – Bicameral House of Representatives –
based on population, directly elected by the people
Senate – 2 Representatives per state – chosen by state legislatures
2) 3/5 Compromise – Every 5 Slaves would count as 3 persons for population & taxing
3) Economics President enters into
treaties Slave trade not prohibited
(20 years) Congress cannot tax exports Treaties – 2/3 Senate
approval
Wrote a collection of essays in support of the new Constitution.
The purpose of the essays was to show how the new Constitution would solve many of the problems that existed under the Articles of Confederation.
Three men combined to write 85 of the essays.
Criticized the adoption of the Constitution of 1787. Opposition to slavery – continue to exist under the
new Constitution. States would lose power under the Constitution. Federal Government would be too powerful. People
still fear a strong central government. #1 opposition – NO BILL of RIGHTS! Anti-Federalists (Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, John
Hancock, Richard Henry Lee, George Mason)
PREAMBLE A preamble is an introduction. The introduction to the
Constitution lists the goals of the Constitution. The goals of the Constitution refer to problems under the
Articles of Confederation.
GOALS OF THE CONSTITUTION1) Form a More Perfect Union2) Establish Justice3) Insure Domestic Tranquility4) Provide for the Common Defense5) Promote the General Welfare6) Secure the Blessings of Liberty to Ourselves and
Our Posterity
7 ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTIONArticle I Legislative Branch
Article II Executive Branch
Article III Judicial Branch
Article IV States and the Federal Government
Article V Amendment Process
Article VI Supremacy of National Law
Article VII Ratification
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Based on State Population Directly Elected by People
MAJOR POWERS OF CONGRESS
Tax Declare War Raise/Maintain and Army Regulate Interstate Trade Tax Imports Create Postal System Coin Money Create Lower Federal
Courts
SENATE 2 Per State Originally selected by
State Legislatures Today Directly Elected
POWERS DENIED CONGRESS
• Suspend Writ of Habeas Corpus
• Pass Bills of Attainder• Ex Post Facto Law• Tax Exports
ROLES OF THE PRESIDENT
Chief Executive Commander-in-
Chief Legislative Leader Judicial Leader Chief of State Foreign Policy
Maker
POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
Enforce laws passed by Congress
Send troops into battle Enter into Treaties Appoint Federal Judges Appoint Ambassadors Grant Pardons -
Reprieves
SUPREME COURT 9 Justices – Appointed by the President Justices serve life terms. Supreme Court oversees actions of Congress and
the President. Court uses the Constitution to make sure government actions are Constitutional.
STATE to STATE Respect laws,
contracts, etc.. Full Faith & Credit
Extradition – send criminal to stand trial in other states.
FEDERAL to STATE Rules for admitting
new states to the Union
Republican form of Government
Protect against invasion
PROPOSAL Amendments to the
Constitution must be approved by 2/3 of both houses of Congress to be proposed
(or) 2/3 of the states call for
a national convention for the proposal of an amendment
RATIFICATION Amendments must be
ratified by ¾ of the State Legislatures
1. All debts contracted under the Articles of Confederation will be honored by US Government
2. US Constitution, Federal Law, and Treaties are the Supreme Law of the Land (Supremacy Clause)
3. All Federal Public Officials will take an oath to protect and support the Constitution
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For the Constitution to go into effect, it had to be ratified, approved by 9 of 13 states.
RATIFICATION9 of 13 STATES
These are major concepts embedded in the Constitution. Each of these concepts are important ideas that deal with limiting the power of government, and ensuring that the people retain power and rights.
1. Popular Sovereignty – The people rule.2. Limited Government – The people retain certain
rights that cannot be denied by the government.3. Federalism – The states and the federal
government share power.4. Separation of Power – 3 Branches + Checks &
Balances.5. Rule of Law – Everyone must follow the law.
Amendment 1 – Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion, Petition, & Assembly
Amendment 2 – Right to Bear Arms Amendment 3 – Quartering of Soldiers Amendment 4 – Search & Seizure Amendment 5 – Rights of the Accused Amendment 6 – Requirements for a Jury Trial Amendment 7 – Rules of Common Law Amendment 8 – Limits on Criminal Punishment Amendment 9 – Rights Kept by the People Amendment 10 – Powers of the States and the
People
Amendment 11 – Suits Against States Amendment 12 – Presidential Election Method Amendment 13 – Slavery Abolished Amendment 14 – Civil Rights Guaranteed Amendment 15 – Black voting Rights Amendment 16 – Income Tax Amendment 17 – Direct Election of Senators Amendment 18 – Prohibition Amendment 19 – Women’s Voting Rights
Amendment 20 – Terms of Office and Presidential Succession
Amendment 21 – Repeal of Prohibition Amendment 22 – Limits on Presidential Terms Amendment 23 – Electors for the District of
Columbia Amendment 24 – Abolition of Poll Tax Amendment 25 – Presidential Disability Amendment 26 – Voting Age Amendment 27 – Congressional Pay