collision theory for a rx to occur reacting molecules must collide so 1 - the old bonds “loosen...
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Collision Theory
For a rx to occur reacting molecules must collide so 1 - The old bonds “loosen up”, or start
to break apart 2 - The correct orientation to allow new
bonds to form e- clouds of atoms trying to bond together
must touch each other
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Collision Theory
NO + NO3 2NO2
2 requirements for a chem reaction to occurfrom a collision between molecules
2 – proper alignment of molecules so new bonds can form
1 – enough energy to break the old bonds
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Reaction rates How fast reactants products Rates are determined
experimentally Only by experiment
R = - [reactants] = + [products] t t
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3 Types of Reaction Rates Average rate
Slope of line between 2 data points Instantaneous rate
Slope of tangent line at that moment Initial rate
Instantaneous rate at start of the reaction Fast rate
Rates slow down with time Decreased conc of reactants
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Rate Law
aA dD r = k[A]m
nature reactants fast rx = large k slow rx = small k effects of temp
t k therefore direct relationship
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Rate Law
aA + bB cC + dD r = k[A]m x [B]n nature reactants
fast rx = large k slow rx = small k effects of temp
t k therefore direct relationship
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Reaction order 0, 1st, or 2nd
definition r = k[A]m x [B]n m is order for A
Order is usually whole # 0, 1, or 2
n is order for B m + n is overall order
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Rx Mechanisms Terms:
Reaction mechanism series of steps (rxs) from original reactants to the
final product Elementary step
Each single step (reaction) in the pathway Rx intermediate
Subst. formed during the rx mechanism that is used up in subsequent steps and doesn’t show up as a reactant or product in the overall rx
Rate determining step Slowest step in the reaction mechanism
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Rx mechanisms
Reactions probably occur in a series of steps Add individual steps together = overall
equation Rate determining step:
The slowest step in the reaction mechanism A B C D E fast slow fast fast
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Factors that Influence Reaction Rates
Nature reactants Conc. Of reactants
Surface area Catalyst/inhibitor Temp
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Nature of Reactants and Products
How extensive is the rearrangement of the e- clouds of reactants and products Precipitation reactions
No rearrangement of e- clouds Iron rusting (oxidizing)
A lot of rearranging of e- clouds
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Energy Diagrams
Activation energy Energy required to start a chem rx Activated complex
High energy, short lived particle formed by the collision of reactant molecules
Can from products or reform reactants Depends on whether the collision causes a rx or
not
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Effects of Catalyst
Reduce the activation energy
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Reaction Mechanism
Each step in reaction pathway is called an elementary (intermediate) step
Elem step can contain reaction intermediates (or intermediate products) Products of elementary step that is used up in a
subsequent elementary step They don’t show up in the overall reaction
A ---> B ---> C ---> D ---> E ---> F
fast slowfast fast fast
Overall reaction