colligative properties
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Colligative Properties. Depend on the concentration of solute particles, but not on chemical identity. In the case of a solute that does not ionize, “concentration of solute particles” has the same meaning as “solute concentration”. Some Colligative Properties. Vapor pressure lowering - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Colligative Properties
• Depend on the concentration of solute particles, but not on chemical identity.
• In the case of a solute that does not ionize, “concentration of solute particles” has the same meaning as “solute concentration”.
Some Colligative Properties
• Vapor pressure lowering– Boiling point elevation– Freezing point depression
• Osmotic pressure
Why Vapor Pressure Lowering?
• Results when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a volatile solvent.
• Only some of the surface molecules have the ability to vaporize, compared to all of the surface molecules in the case of a pure solvent.
• As a result, the vapor pressure of the solution is less than that of a pure solvent.
Molecular-Level Explanation for Vapor Pressure Lowering (image 1 of 3)
Molecular-Level Explanation for Vapor Pressure Lowering (image 2 of 3)
Molecular-Level Explanation for Vapor Pressure Lowering (image 3 of 3)
An Interesting Illustration of the Difference in Vapor Pressure Between Solvent and Solution
Raoult’s Law
• P = X . Po
• Obeyed exactly, only for ideal solutions• For non-ideal solutions, Raoult’s law is more
closely followed for dilute solutions
Raoult’s Law Applied to Both Solvent and Solute (when both are volatile)• P = X . Po
• P = X . Po
• P = P + P = X . Po + X . Po = (1-X) . Po + X . Po
Vapor Pressure Lowering Changes the Boiling and Freezing Points
Equations for Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
• DTb = Tb – Tob and DTb = Kb . cm
• DTf = Tf – Tof and DTf = -Kf . cm