college and university rankings

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College and university rankingsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

College and university rankingsare rankingsof institutions in higher educationordered by variouscombinations of various factors. Rankings have most often been conducted by magazines,

newspapers, websites, governments, or academics. In addition to ranking entire institutions,organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, and schools. Various rankingsconsider combinations of measures of wealth, research ecellence and!or influence, selectivity,student options, eventual success, demographics, and other criteria. "here are no known collegerankings of student academic #uality. $ome rankings evaluate institutions within a single country,while others assess institutions worldwide. "he sub%ect has produced much debate about rankings&usefulness and accuracy. "he epanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanyingcriticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field.

Contents

'hide(

) *lobal rankings

o ).) +cademic Ranking of World niversities

o ).- enter for World niversity Rankings

o )./ *0factor

o ).1 *lobal niversity Ranking

o ).2 344+"5Ranking of $cientific 6apers

o ).7 3igh Impact niversities8 Research 6erformance Inde

o ).9 3uman Resources : ;abor Review

o ).ewsweek

o ).)? 6rofessional Ranking of World niversities

o ).)) @$ World niversity Rankings

o ).)- @$ +sian niversity Rankings

).)-.) @$ ;atin +merican niversity Rankings

o ).)/ $Imago Institutions Rankings
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_educationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_educationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Global_rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Global_rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Global_rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universitieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Center_for_World_University_Rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#G-factorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#G-factorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#G-factorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Global_University_Rankinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Global_University_Rankinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Global_University_Rankinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#HEEACT.E2.80.94Ranking_of_Scientific_Papershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#High_Impact_Universities:_Research_Performance_Indexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Human_Resources_.26_Labor_Reviewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Leiden_Rankinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Leiden_Rankinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Leiden_Rankinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Newsweekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Newsweekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Newsweekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Professional_Ranking_of_World_Universitieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#QS_World_University_Rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#QS_Asian_University_Rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#QS_Latin_American_University_Rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#SCImago_Institutions_Rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_educationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Global_rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universitieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Center_for_World_University_Rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#G-factorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Global_University_Rankinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#HEEACT.E2.80.94Ranking_of_Scientific_Papershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#High_Impact_Universities:_Research_Performance_Indexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Human_Resources_.26_Labor_Reviewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Leiden_Rankinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Newsweekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Professional_Ranking_of_World_Universitieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#QS_World_University_Rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#QS_Asian_University_Rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#QS_Latin_American_University_Rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#SCImago_Institutions_Rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings


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o ).)1 "imes 3igher 4ducation World niversity Rankings

).)1.) "imes 3igher 4ducation World Reputation Rankings

o ).)2 0Aultirank

o ).)7 niversity Ranking by +cademic 6erformance

o ).)9 .$. >ews : World Report&s Best *lobal niversities Rankings

o ).)


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-.-.etherlands

-.-.)- Romania

-.-.)/ Russian Federation

-.-.)1 $weden

-.-.)2 $witzerland

-.-.)7 kraine

-.-.)9 nited Dingdom

o -./ >orth +merica

-./.) anada

-./.- Aeico

-././ nited $tates

-./.1 Aoney&s Best olleges

-./.2 $ocial Aobility Inde $AIG rankings

o -.1 Hceania

-.1.)+ustralia

o -.2 $outh +merica

-.2.)+rgentina

-.2.- Brazil

-.2./ hile

/ $ee also
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Macedoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Macedoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Macedoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Netherlandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Netherlandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Netherlandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Russian_Federationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Russian_Federationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Russian_Federationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Swedenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Swedenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Swedenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Switzerlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Switzerlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Switzerlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Ukrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Ukrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Ukrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#North_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#North_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#North_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Canadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Canadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Canadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Mexicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Mexicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Mexicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Money.27s_Best_Collegeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Money.27s_Best_Collegeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Money.27s_Best_Collegeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Social_Mobility_Index_.28SMI.29_rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Oceaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Oceaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Oceaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Australiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Australiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Australiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#South_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#South_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#South_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Chilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Chilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Chilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Macedoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Netherlandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Russian_Federationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Swedenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Switzerlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Ukrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#North_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Canadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Mexicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Money.27s_Best_Collegeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Social_Mobility_Index_.28SMI.29_rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Oceaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Australiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#South_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Chilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#See_also


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1 >otes and references

2 4ternal links

Global rankings'edit(

For rankings of United Statesuniversities in particular, see Rankings of universities in the nited$tates. $everal organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including8

Academic Ranking of World Universities'edit(Main article:Academic Ranking of World Universities

"he +cademic Ranking of World niversities +RWG compiled by the $hanghai Ciao "ongniversityand now maintained by the $hanghai Ranking onsultancy, has provided annual globalrankings of universities since -??/, making it the earliest of its kind. "he ranking is funded by thehinese government and its initial purpose was to measure the gap between hinese and worldclass universities. -?)1 +cademic Ranking of World niversities, has been publishedJ there are nohinese niversities in the first )?? of 2?? places. ')(+RW rankings have been cited by TheEconomistmagazine.'-(It has been lauded for being consistent and transparent based on an article.'/("he education ministers of France, >orway and Eenmark traveled to hina to discuss and findways to improve their rankings. '1(+RW does not rely on surveys and school submissions. +mongother criteria, +RW includes the number of articles published by NatureorScienceand the numberof >obel 6rizewinners andFields AedalistsmathematicsG.'2(3arvard has topped the ranking foryears.'7(Hne of the primary criticisms of +RW&s methodology is that it is biased towards the naturalsciencesand 4nglish language science %ournals over other sub%ects.'2(Aoreover, the +RW isknown for relying solely on research indicators, and the ranking is heavily weighted towardinstitutions whose faculty or alumni have won >obel 6rizes8 it does not measure the #uality ofteaching or the #uality of humanities. '9(

Center for World University Rankings'edit(

"his $audi +rabia0based consulting organization has published yearly rankings of world universitiessince -?)-. Rankings are based on #uality of education, alumni employment, #uality of faculty,number of publications, number of publications in high0#uality %ournals, citations, scientific impactand number of patents.'


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HEEACTRanking of Scientific !a"ers'edit(Main article:HEEACT !erformance Ranking of Scientific !a"ers for World Universities

This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. Please add a rea

a talkparameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. Conside

requestwith aWikiProject.(January 2011)

"he 6erformance Ranking of $cientific 6apers for World niversities was produced until -?)- bythe3igher 4ducation 4valuation and +ccreditation ouncil of "aiwan344+"G.')2("he indicatorswere designed to measure both long0term and short0term research performance of researchuniversities.

"his pro%ect employed bibliometricsto analyze and rank the performance of the 2?? top universitiesand the top /?? universities in si fields. 344+" further provides sub%ect rankings in science andtechnology fields. It also ranked the top /?? universities across ten science and technology fields.')7("he ranking included eight indicators. "hey were8 articles published over prior )) yearsJ citationsof those articles, current articles, current citations, average citations, 30inde, number of highlyKcited papers and high impact %ournal articles. "hey represented three criteria of scientific papersperformance8 research productivity, research impact, and research ecellence.

"he -??9 ranking methodology was alleged to have favored universities with medical schools, and inresponse, 344+" added assessment criteria. ')9("he si fieldKbased rankings are based on thesub%ect categorization of WH$, including +griculture : 4nvironment $ciences +*4G, linicalAedicine A4EG, 4ngineering, omputing : "echnology 4>*G, ;ife $ciences ;IF4G, >atural$ciences $IG and $ocial $ciences $HG. "he ten sub%ects include 6hysics, hemistry,Aathematics, *eosciences, 4lectrical 4ngineering, omputer $cience, Aechanical 4ngineering,hemical 4ngineering including 4nergy : FuelsG, Aaterials $ciences, and ivil 4ngineeringincluding 4nvironmental 4ngineeringG.')7(

Hig# $m"act Universities% Researc# !erformance $nde&'edit(

"he 3igh Impact niversities Research 6erformance Inde R6IG is a -?)? +ustralian initiative')


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university ranking with innovative and comprehensive approaches, and not relying merely on thoseaforementioned aspects.'-?(

(eiden Ranking'edit(Main article:CWTS #eiden Ranking

"he entre for $cience and "echnology $tudies at ;eiden niversitymaintains a 4uropean and

world0wide ranking of the top 2?? universities according including the number and impact of Web of$cience0indeed publications per year. "he rankings compare research institutions by taking intoaccount differences in language, discipline and institutional size. '-)(Aultiple ranking lists are releasedaccording to various bibliometric normalization and impact indicators, including the number ofpublications, citations0per0publication, and field0averaged impact per publication. '--(

*e)s)eek'edit(

In +ugust -??7, the +merican magazine>ewsweekpublished a ranking of the "op )?? *lobalniversities, using selected criteria from +RW and the "imes 3igher 4ducation0@$ rankings, withthe additional criterion of the number of volumes in the library. It formed part of a special issueincluding an article from "ony Blair, then prime ministerof the D, but has not been repeated. Itconsidered openness and diversity as well as distinction in research. '-/("he ranking has been

continued since its merger with "he Eaily Beast,and currently uses data from the "imes 3igher4ducation World Rankings, Webometrics world college rankings from public0research outletonse%o$uperior de Investigaciones ientLficasin$pain,and the $hanghai Ranking onsultancy in order tocompile its results.'-1(

!rofessional Ranking of World Universities'edit(

In contrast to academic rankings, the 6rofessional Ranking of World niversities established in -??9by theMcole nationale supNrieure des mines de 6arismeasures the efficiency of each university atproducing leading business professionals. Its main compilation criterion is the number of hief4ecutive Hfficersor e#uivalentG among the Fortune *lobal 2??.'-2("his ranking has been criticizedfor placing five French universities into the top -?.')1(

+S World University Rankings'edit(

Main article:$S World Universit% Rankings"he @$ World niversity Rankings are a ranking of the world&s top universities producedby @uac#uarelli $ymondsand published annually since -??1. In -?)) they ranked 9)- universities,with the niversity of ambridgein the D, 3arvard niversityin the $+ andAI"on top. "he @$rankings should not be confused with the "imes 3igher 4ducation World niversity Rankings. From-??1 to -??= the @$ rankings were published in collaboration with Times Higher Educationandwere known as the"imes 3igher 4ducation0@$ World niversity Rankings. In -?)? @$ assumedsole publication of rankings produced with this methodology when Times Higher Educationsplit from@$ in order to create a new rankings methodology in partnership with "homson Reuters. "he @$rankings are published in the nited $tates by U&S& Ne's ( World Re"ortas the World&s Bestniversities.'-7(3owever, in -?)1, the U&S& Ne's ( World Re"ortlaunched their own internationaluniversity ranking titled Best *lobal niversities. "he inaugural ranking was published in Hctober

-?)1."he @$ rankings use peer review data collected in -?))G from //,911 scholars and academics and)7,9


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@$ published the -?)) @$ World niversity Rankingsonline on 7 $eptember -?)). "he rankingsalso appear in book form, and via media partners includingUS Ne's ( World Re"ortandTheChosun )l*o.

@$ has added to its main World niversity Rankings, starting in -??= with the +sian niversityRankings.'-=("he @$ ;atin +merican niversity Rankings '/?(and the @$ World niversity Rankingsby $ub%ect '/)(were published for the first time in -?)).

"he sub%ect rankings are intended to address the most fre#uent criticism of all world universityranking systems, that they contain too little material about specific sub%ects, something potentialapplicants are keen to see. "hese rankings have been drawn up on the basis of citations, academicpeer review and recruiter review, with the weightings for each dependent upon the culture andpractice of the sub%ect concerned. "hey are published in five clustersJ engineeringJ biomedicineJ thenatural sciencesJ the social sciencesJ and the arts and humanities, and cover -= sub%ects in -?)-.

+S Asian University Rankings'edit(

In -??=, @uac#uarelli $ymonds @$G launched a department of the @S Asian Universit% Rankingsinpartnership with The Chosun )l*onewspaper in Dorea. "hey rank the top -?? +sian universities andhas now appeared three times. "hey release an independent list of rankings each time, differentfrom that of the @$ World niversity Rankings.

"hese rankings use some of the same criteria as the World niversity Rankings but they use othermeasures, such as incoming and outgoing echange students as well. +s the criteria and theirweightings are different, the @$ World university rankings and the @$ +sian niversity rankingsreleased in the same academic year are different.'/-(@$ published global universities ranking bydifferent ma%or in different countries, which has special reference value for international students, like$tatistics : Hperational Research program in hina. '//(

+S (atin American University Rankings'edit(

"he @$ ;atin +merican niversity Rankings '/1(were launched in -?)). "hey use academic opinion/? per centG, employer opinion -? per centG, publications per faculty member, citations per paper,academic staff with a 6hE, faculty!student ratio and web visibility )? per cent eachG as measures."hese criteria were developed in consultation with eperts in ;atin +merica, and the web visibilitydata come from Webometrics. "his ranking showed that the niversity of $Oo 6aulo in Brazil is theregion&s top institution, top in the first and second editions in -?)) and -?)- respectively.

SC$mago $nstitutions Rankings'edit(

"he $Imago Institutions Rankings $IRG'/2(since -??= has published its international ranking ofworldwide research institutions, the $IR World Report.'/7("he $IR World Report is the work of the$Imago Research *roup,'/9(a $pain0based research organization consist of members fromthe$panish >ational Research ouncil$IG,niversity of *ranada, harles III niversity ofAadrid, niversity of +lcalP,niversity of 4tremaduraand other education institutions in $pain. '/


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Hn / Cune -?)?, "imes 3igher 4ducation revealed the methodology which they proposed to usewhen compiling the new world university rankings.'1?("he new methodology included )/ separateperformance indicators, an increase from the si measures employed between -??1 and -??=. +fterfurther consultation the criteria were grouped under five broad overall indicators to produce the finalranking. "34 published its first rankings using its new methodology on )7 $eptember -?)?, a monthearlier than previous years. '1)(

"he "imes 3igher 4ducation World niversity Rankings, along with the @$ World niversityRankingsand the+cademic Ranking of World niversitiesare described as being the three mostinfluential international university rankings. '1-('1/(The +lo*e and Mailin -?)? described the "imes3igher 4ducation World niversity Rankings as arguably the most influential. '11(Researchpublished by professors at the niversity of Aichigan in -?)) demonstrated that the early "34$rankings were disproportionately influential in establishing the status order of world researchuniversities.'12(

Times Hig#er Education World Re"utation Rankings'edit(

6ublished for the first time in Aarch -?)),'17(the rankings are based on a survey of )/,/


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"he niversity Ranking by +cademic 6erformance,'21(abbreviated as R+6, was developed in theInformatics Institute'22(of Aiddle 4ast "echnical niversity.$ince -?)?, it has been publishing annualnational and global'27(college and university rankings for top -??? institutions."he scientometricsmeasurement of R+6 is based on data obtained from theInstitute for $cientificInformationvia Web of $cienceand inites. For global rankings, R+6 employs indicators ofresearch performance including the number of articles, citation, total documents, article impact total,

citation impact total, and international collaboration. In addition to global rankings, R+6 publishesregional rankings for universities in"urkeyusing additional indicators such as the number ofstudents and faculty members obtained from enter of Aeasuring, $election and 6lacement S$TA.

US *e)s ' World Re"ort.s /est Global Universities Rankings'edit(

"he U&S& Ne's ( World Re"ort,s inaugural Best *lobal niversities ranking'29(was launched on -orth +merica, $outh +mericaand Hceania.

Asia'edit(

@$& +sian niversity Rankings'7)(use some of the same data as the @$ World niversity Rankingsalongside other material, such as the number of echange students attending or traveling from eachuniversity. "he rankings list the top -?? universities in +sia.

C#ina'edit(Aany academic organizations in hina rank universities, such as 3R;R +sia, hinese niversity

+lumni +ssociation ++G and hina 4ducation enter ;td.'7-(the hinese university rankings, andmany others. "here are also many rankings based on university billionaire alumni, such as hineseuniversity ranking of billionaire alumni.

$ndia'edit(Main article:#ist of )ndian Universit% Rankings

See also: #ist of )ndian engineering college rankingsand #ist of )ndian la' school rankings

Aagazines such as Touth Incorporated,'7/(India "oday, Hutlook, Aint, "he Week IndianmagazineG, Eata#uestand 4FTconduct annual rankingsfor the ma%or disciplines. $ee India

university rankingsfor a list of rankings.0a"an'edit(

Aost of the ranking systems in Capan rank universities by the difficulty of their entrance eams,called 3ensachi.'71(Hne eample of such a ranking is*oing broke universities 0 EisappearinguniversitiesbyDiyoshi $himano.'72(Hrganizations who use other methods of ranking universities inCapan include >ikkei Business 6ublications,which annually releases the Brand rankings ofCapanese universitiesevery >ovember. "oyo Deizai, who regularly releases the university rankings"ruly $trong niversities once a year, is another eample.'77(Capanese leading prepschool Dawai%ukualso released the Capan&s "op /? niversity Rankings in >atural $ciences and"echnology for A4U"&s*;HB+; /? 6ro%ectin -??).'79(

!akistan'edit(

6akistan&s3igher 4ducation ommissionannually ranks domestic universities. '7


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Dorean ouncil for niversity 4ducation, established in -??=, evaluates universities in $outh Dorea.'9/(

Euro"e'edit(

Euro"ean Union'edit(

"he 4uropean ommissioncompiled a list of the -- universities in the 4 with the highest scientific

impact.'91("his ranking was compiled as part of the "hird 4uropean Report on $cience : "echnologyIndicators,'92(prepared by the Eirectorate *eneral for $cience and Research of the 4uropeanommission in -??/ updated -??1G. '97(It only eplicitly considers the 4uropean nion&s topinstitutions, but comparisons with the rest of the world are provided in the full report. "he report says,niversity ollege ;ondon comes out on top in both publications the number of scientificpublications produced by the universityG and citations the number of times those scientificpublications are cited by other researchersG however the table lists the top scoring university asniv ;ondon implying that the authors counted the scientific output of the entire niversity of;ondon, rather than its constituent colleges.

In this ranking, the 4&s top two universities are ambridgeandHford, as in the Ciao "ong and"imes rankings. "his ranking stresses the scientific #uality of the institution, as opposed to its size orperceived prestige.'citation needed("hus smaller, technical universities, such as 4indhoven>etherlandsG

and the "echnical niversity Aunich*ermanyG are ranked third and fourth, behind ambridge, andfollowed by the niversity of 4dinburgh. "he report does not provide a direct comparison between4 and universities in the rest of the world, although it does compute a scientific impact score, whichis measured against the world average.

In Eecember -??


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$ince -??9, the 34 4cellenceRanking has been published by the enter for 3igher 4ducationEevelopment in *ermany.'ational and Dapodistrian niversity of+thens and the +ristoteleion niversity of "hessaloniki are among the best niversities of thecountry. 4ach one of them, makes its appearance in various international rankings.

$reland'edit(

The Sunda% Timesranks Irish universities based on a mi of criteria, including secondary schooleamination scores, graduation rates, staff0student ratio, research efficiency, accommodation,nontraditional students, athletics and sports facilities.

$taly'edit(

4very year, the newspaper #a Re"u**lica,in collaboration with4>$I$, compiles a ranking ofItalian universities.'


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Independent Rating Agency RatERpublishes annual rankings based on representation ofuniversity graduates in governmental, education and business elite. '=?(

Interfaxannually ranks classical or multi0facultyG universities and higher education institutionsspecialising in law.'=)(Interfa& methodology /uantifiesseveral /ualitativefactors such as research,teaching standards, public opinion and social and international activity.

The Russian Journal "Finance"produces an integrated ranking of higher education institutionsspecialising in economics and finance. '=-("he Cournal uses the average score of the nified $tate4amination, the number ofFHgraduates and the consolidated turnover of companies wheregraduate FHs are employed.

S)eden'edit(

In $weden, the onfederation of $wedish 4nterprise $venskt >ringslivG conduct an annual surveyand ranking of higher education at study program level, based on entry salary, career development,internationalization, and degree of academic0business collaboration. '=/(

S)it4erland'edit(

"he swissp Ranking ranked $wiss university and polytechnic students until -??1. "he swisspRanking is no longer conducted. $ome universities from the *erman0speaking part of $witzerland,such as I$FH+;ugano take part in the 34 niversityRanking.

Ukraine'edit(

kraine&s Ainistry of 4ducation and $cience performs official yearly university evaluations. '=1(erkalo>edelinewspaper published the top -??Kranked krainian universities in -??9. '=2(Dyiv $tudentouncil ranks universities on criteria of student satisfaction. '=7(

United 1ingdom'edit(Main article:Rankings of universities in the United 0ingdom

"he Research 4cellence Frameworkwas the successor to theResearch +ssessment 4ercisein-?)1. It is used by the D government to evaluate the research #uality of British universities anddetermine the distribution of future research funding. In -?)1, the top five universities as compiled

by "he *uardianwere niversity of Hford, niversity ollege ;ondon,niversity ofambridge,niversity of 4dinburghand niversity of Aanchester.'=9(

"he Research +ssessment 4ercisesR+4G were the D government&s evaluation of research#uality in British niversities. 4ach sub%ect, called a unit of assessment, was ranked by a peerreview panel. "he rankings were used in the allocation of government funding. "he last assessmentwas made in -??


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Hther rankings include "imes *ood niversity *uide,"he omplete niversity *uide,Independent,"he $unday "imes niversity *uide, "he *uardian5niversity *uide mainly for undergraduatestudies.G'=ational Researchers $ystem $>I')?7(GJgraduate degrees within >ational ouncil of $cience and "echnology&s H>+T"G register of#uality graduate programsJ')?9(and number of academic research bodies cuer"os academicosG

according to the $ecretariat of 6ublic 4ducation$46G program 6RHA46.')?


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+ntonio >arroGJ /2 public state universities 64$G, and a group of private institutions thatfeature within 4A&s selected classification data.

Result tables for the top -? institutions in each of the data labels in this study. "hese includesome of the selected universities in addition to the rest of Aeico&s higher education institutions,as well as institutes, centers and other research producing organizations.

+ personalized selection from more than 7?? institutions. "hese are classified by institutionaltype, institutional gatherings, by activity sector alphabetically.

44A allows users to establish comparison types and levels which they consider relevant. Eatais presented in raw form with virtually no derived indicators. sers can relate variables and buildindicators according to their own analytical perspectives.

Based on this comparative study pro%ect, 4A&s creator, the EirecciXn *eneral de 4valuaciXnInstitucional, published reports providing an analysis of the data for -??9 and -??


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"he 6rinceton Review annually asks students and parents what their dream college is, if cost andability to get in were not factors. $tanford is the students& top dream school. $tanford is also theparents& top dream school. $tanford edges out 3arvard and olumbia among students, and3arvard and 6rinceton among parents. ')-?(

Revealed "reference rankings'edit(

+very et al&pioneered the use of choice modellingto rank colleges. "heir methodology used astatistical analysis of the decisions of /,-1? students who applied to college in )===.')-)(Ayhances.net, now called 6archment, adopted a similar approach starting in -??=, ')--(statingthat its method is based on this approach.')-/("he study analysed students admitted to multiplecolleges. "he college they attended became the winner, and the others became the losers. +n 4lorating systemwas used to assign points based on each win or loss, and the colleges were rankedbased on their 4lo points. + useful conse#uence of the use of 4lo points is that they can be used toestimate the fre#uency with which students, upon being admitted to two schools, will choose oneover the other. Aost recent preference ranking placed $tanford at the top, followed by AI", 3arvard,and 6rinceton.')-1(

Social ,obility $nde& 5S,$6 rankings'edit(

"he $AI rankings are a collaborative publication from ollege>et and 6ay$cale. "he rankings aimto provide a measure of the etent to which colleges provide upward economic mobility to those thatattend. "he rankings were created in response to the finding in $cience magazine which showedthat among developed nations, the nited $tates now provides the least economic opportunity andmobility for its citizens. "he rankings were also created to combat the rising costs of tuition, much ofwhich is attributed to the efforts of some colleges to increase their own fame and wealth in ways thatincrease their rank in media periodicals that put an emphasis on such measures. +ccording to the$AI, the top five colleges are Aontana "ech, Rowan niversity, Florida +:A, al 6oly 6omona, andal $tate >orthridge.')-2(

U! Nes # $orld Reportcollege and university rankings'edit(

"op 1? >ational niversities according to U&S& Ne's ( World Re"ort, -??9

"he magazine .$. >ews : World Report&s college and university rankings have been compiledsince )=


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+lso considered in the rankings formula are opinion surveys of university faculty and administratorsoutside the school.')-=(

$ >ews and World Report puts the colleges in four separate categories based on whether theyoffer master&s degrees, doctoral degrees, or only bachelor&s degrees, and the etent to which theserespective degree types are offered. In their Regional olleges category their top colleges are8 $oast *uard +cademy >orthG, +shbury niversity $outhG, "aylor niversity AidwestG, and arrollollege WestG. In their Regional niversities category their top colleges are8 Villanova niversity>orthG, 4lon $outhG, reighton AidwestG, and "rinity niversity WestG. In their ;iberal +rtsolleges category their top colleges are8 Williams, +mherst, $warthmore, and Wellesley. Bowdoinand 6omona tie for fifth. In their >ational niversities category their top colleges are8 6rinceton,3arvard, and Tale. olumbia, $tanford, and the niversity of hicago come in at a three way tie forfourth.')/?(

United States *ational Researc# Council Rankings'edit(Main article:United States National Research Council Rankings

"he >ational Research ouncilranks the doctoral research programmes of $ universities, mostrecently in )==2.')/)(Eata collection for an updated ranking began in -??7. ')/-(

3aculty Sc#olarly !roductivity rankings'edit(

"he Faculty $cholarly 6roductivity Indeby +cademic +nalytics ranks /21 institutions based onfaculty publications, citations, research grants and awards. ')//(')/1(

T#e To" American Researc# Universities'edit(

"he enter for Aeasuring niversity 6erformancehas ranked +merican research universities in the"op +merican Research niversities since -???. "he methodology is based on data such asresearch publications, citations, recognitions and funding, as well as undergraduate #uality such as$+" scores. "he information used can be found in publicKaccessible materials, reducing possibilitiesfor manipulation. "he methodology is generally consistent from year to year and changes areeplained in the publication along with references from other studies. ')/2(

Was#ington ,ont#ly College rankings'edit(

"he Washington Monthl%&s ollege Rankings, last published in -?)), began as a research report in-??2. Related rankings appeared in the $eptember -??7 issue. It offers +merican university andcollege rankings')/7(based upon how well each enhances social mobility, fosters scientific andhumanistic research and promotes an ethic of service. ')/9(Washington Aonthly puts the colleges infour separate categories based on whether they offer master&s degrees, doctoral degrees, or onlybachelor&s degrees, and the etent to which these respective degree types are offered. In theirBaccalaureate ollege category their top five are8 4lizabeth ity $tate niversity, "uskegeeniversity, Bethel ollege0>orth >ewton, Wheeling Cesuit niversity, and Aessiah ollege. In their;iberal +rts olleges category their top five are8 Bryn Aawr, arleton ollege, Berea ollege,$warthmore ollege, and 3arvey Audd. In their Aaster&s niversities category their top five are8reighton, "ruman $tate, Valparaiso, "rinity niversity, and $>T *eneseo. In their >ationalniversities category their top five are8 $an Eiego, Riverside, Berkeley, "eas +:A, and

;+.')/


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"ime Aagazinedescribed internet brand e#uity as a measure of who&s talking about you online,based on Internet data, social media, blogs and the top 92,??? print and electronic media outlets. ')/=(')1?(

*;A ranks the schools according to their online presence 00 or internet brand e#uity ... By focusingon online presence, the Aonitor hopes to avoid the biases that characterize other rankings, whichcommonly rely on the opinions of university officials and college counselors rather than that of the

greater public.')1)( *;A believes the rankings provide an up0to0date perspective on which schoolshave the most popular brand. "he resulting rankings gauge the relative value of the variousinstitutions and how they change over time.

American Council of Trustees and Alumni'edit(

In -??=, the+merican ouncil of "rustees and +lumni+"+G began grading colleges anduniversities based on the strength of their general education re#uirements. In +"+&s annualWhatWill The% #earn2report, colleges and universities are assigned a letter grade from + to F basedon how many of seven sub%ects are re#uired of students. "he seven sub%ects are composition,mathematics, foreign language, science, economics, literature and +merican government or history.')1-("he -?))0-?)- edition of What Will The% #earn2graded ),??9 institutions.')1/(In the -?))0-?)-edition, )= schools received an + grade for re#uiring at least si of the sub%ects the study

evaluated.')11(

In the -?)-0-?)/ edition, the study evaluated ),?9? colleges and universities, with -)schools earning an + grade. ')12(')17(+"+&s rating system has been endorsed by Ael 4lfin, foundingeditor of .$. >ews : World Report&s rankings. ')19(Ne' 3ork Timeshigher education blogger $tanleyFish, while agreeing that universities ought to have a strong core curriculum, disagreed with some ofthe sub%ects +"+ includes in the core. ')1


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In terms of collegiate sports programs, the annual>+E+ Eirectors& upprovides a measure of all0around collegiate athletic team achievement. $tanford has won the Eivision I Eirectors& cup fornineteen years in a row, and is poised to clinch its twentieth cup when the -?)1 season ends. ')29(

See also: #a' school rankings in the United States

7ceania'edit(

Australia'edit("he *ood niversities *uideand 4cellence in Research for +ustraliaannually rank domesticuniversities.')2acional de +creditaciXn >ational ommission of +ccreditation of theniversitiesG manages evaluation and accreditation. It also ranks universities according toaccreditation levels.')7)(Hther commercial rankings are made by research magazines, including $u.!asaandAm.rica Economa. $u. !asa,sranking evaluates perception and #uality followingsurveys of approimately ),??? employers across the country.')7-(Am.rica Economa,s rankingconsiders #uality of students, #uality of teachers, rating of professors by student, researchproductivity, internationalization, integration with the community, student life #uality and inclusion of

students from lower social strata.')7/(

See also'edit(

AB+ 6rogramme rankings

4duniversal

Notes and references'edit(

). 0um" u" 8+RW hina niversities GRanking.Retrieved -) Culy-?)2.

-. 0um" u" 8+ survey of higher education8 "he brains business. "he 4conomist. -??20?=0?


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2. Z Cump up to8ab+RW Ranking -?)) Aethodology.$hanghaiRanking.com. Retrieved )-+ugust -?)-.

7. 0um" u" 8+RW Ranking. Retrieved )/ Aay -?)-.

9. 0um" u" 8C. $cott +rmstrong and "ad $perry )==1G. Business $chool 6restige8 Research

versus "eaching6EFG. Energ% ( Environment9:-G8 )/K1/.

on04nglishpapers decrease rankings. Nature;

--. 0um" u" 8;eiden Ranking. niversiteit ;eiden entre for $cience and "echnology $tudies.Retrieved )= Aarch -?)1.

-/. 0um" u" 8Stud% in Chinaat the Wayback Aachinearchived -? +ugust -??7G.

-1. 0um" u" 8Best International $chools. Ne's'eek. "he >ewsweek!Eaily Beast ompany;;. )1 $eptember -?)). Retrieved -? +ugust -?)-.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-ARWU_Ranking_Methodology_5-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-ARWU_Ranking_Methodology_5-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-ARWU_Ranking_Methodology_5-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-ARWU_Ranking_Methodology_5-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-ARWU_Ranking_Methodology_5-1http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU-Methodology-2011.htmlhttp://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU-Methodology-2011.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-6http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2013.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-7http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Business%20School%20Prestige.pdfhttp://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Business%20School%20Prestige.pdfhttp://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Business%20School%20Prestige.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-8http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/267567091.htmlhttp://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/267567091.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-9http://cwur.org/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-10http://web.archive.org/web/20090218004431/http:/universitymetrics.com/gfactorhttp://web.archive.org/web/20090218004431/http:/universitymetrics.com/gfactorhttp://www.universitymetrics.com/node/3#Whathttp://www.universitymetrics.com/node/3#Whathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-11http://www.cucas.edu.cn/studyinchina/tophttp://www.cucas.edu.cn/studyinchina/tophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-12http://www.globaluniversitiesranking.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-13http://www.globaluniversitiesranking.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68&Itemid=128https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-THE_questions_14-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-THE_questions_14-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-THE_questions_14-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-THE_questions_14-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-THE_questions_14-1http://web.archive.org/web/20120427200649/http:/www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=410253&c=1http://web.archive.org/web/20120427200649/http:/www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=410253&c=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Educationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Educationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Educationhttp://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=410253&c=1http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=410253&c=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-15http://ranking.heeact.edu.tw/en-us/2009/page/methodologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-ranking.heeact.edu.tw_16-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-ranking.heeact.edu.tw_16-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-ranking.heeact.edu.tw_16-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-ranking.heeact.edu.tw_16-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-ranking.heeact.edu.tw_16-1http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/webchecklinks.py?page=en:College_and_university_rankingshttp://toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/webchecklinks.py?page=en:College_and_university_rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-17http://ranking.heeact.edu.tw/en-us/2010%20by%20Field/Page/Methodologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-rpi_18-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-rpi_18-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-rpi_18-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-rpi_18-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-rpi_18-1http://www.highimpactuniversities.com/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-Chasecareer.net_19-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-Chasecareer.net_19-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-Chasecareer.net_19-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-Chasecareer.net_19-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-Chasecareer.net_19-1http://www.chasecareer.net/news_detail.php?id=61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-20http://hrlr.msu.edu/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-21http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7328/full/469034a.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7328/full/469034a.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7328/full/469034a.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F469034ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-22http://www.leidenranking.com/rankinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-23https://web.archive.org/web/20060820193615/http:/www.cucas.edu.cn/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-24http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/features/college-rankings/2011/best-international-schools.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-ARWU_Ranking_Methodology_5-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-ARWU_Ranking_Methodology_5-1http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU-Methodology-2011.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-6http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2013.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-7http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Business%20School%20Prestige.pdfhttp://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Business%20School%20Prestige.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-8http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/267567091.htmlhttp://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/267567091.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-9http://cwur.org/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-10http://web.archive.org/web/20090218004431/http:/universitymetrics.com/gfactorhttp://www.universitymetrics.com/node/3#Whathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-11http://www.cucas.edu.cn/studyinchina/tophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-12http://www.globaluniversitiesranking.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-13http://www.globaluniversitiesranking.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68&Itemid=128https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-THE_questions_14-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-THE_questions_14-1http://web.archive.org/web/20120427200649/http:/www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=410253&c=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Educationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Educationhttp://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=410253&c=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-15http://ranking.heeact.edu.tw/en-us/2009/page/methodologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-ranking.heeact.edu.tw_16-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-ranking.heeact.edu.tw_16-1http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/webchecklinks.py?page=en:College_and_university_rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-17http://ranking.heeact.edu.tw/en-us/2010%20by%20Field/Page/Methodologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-rpi_18-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-rpi_18-1http://www.highimpactuniversities.com/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-Chasecareer.net_19-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-Chasecareer.net_19-1http://www.chasecareer.net/news_detail.php?id=61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-20http://hrlr.msu.edu/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-21http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7328/full/469034a.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7328/full/469034a.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F469034ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-22http://www.leidenranking.com/rankinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-23https://web.archive.org/web/20060820193615/http:/www.cucas.edu.cn/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-24http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/features/college-rankings/2011/best-international-schools.html


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-2. 0um" u" 8International 6rofessional Rankings of 3igher 4ducation Institutions. AI>4$6aris"ech. Retrieved -1 +ugust -??=.

-7. 0um" u" 8World&s Best niversities. usnews.com.

-9. 0um" u" 8$copus.com. $copus.com. Retrieved 7 Cune -?)-.

-ew world university ranking puts 3arvard back on top. TheChristian Science Monitor.

1/. 0um" u" 8Indira $amarasekera and arl +mrhein."op schools don&t always get topmarks. The Edmonton ;ournal. +rchived fromthe originalon -?)?0)?0?/.

11. 0um" u" 8$imon Beck and +drian Aorrow )7 $eptember -?)?G.anada&s universities makethe grade globally. "oronto8 The +lo*e and Mail. +rchived from the originalon -?))0?-0)/.

12. 0um" u" 8+nchoring 4ffects on World niversity Rankings8 4ploring Biases in Reputation$cores6EFG.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-25http://www.ensmp.fr/Actualites/PR/EMP-ranking.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-26http://www.usnews.com/sections/education/worlds-best-universities/index.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-27http://scopus.com/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-28http://iu.qs.com/projects-and-services/world-university-rankings/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-29http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2011https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-30http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latin-american-university-rankings/2011https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-31http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankingshttp://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-vs_32-0http://www.iu.qs.com/university-rankings/qs-ur-asia/http://www.iu.qs.com/university-rankings/qs-ur-asia/http://www.iu.qs.com/university-rankings/qs-ur-asia/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-33http://www.cucas.edu.cn/studyinchina/top/2015_Top_Universities_for_Statistics___Operational_Research_by_QS_Ranking_211.htmlhttp://www.cucas.edu.cn/studyinchina/top/2015_Top_Universities_for_Statistics___Operational_Research_by_QS_Ranking_211.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-34http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latin-american-university-rankings/2011http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latin-american-university-rankings/2011https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-35http://www.scimagoir.com/index.phphttp://www.scimagoir.com/index.phphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-36http://www.scimagoir.com/pdf/sir_2010_world_report.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-sci_37-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-sci_37-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-sci_37-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-sci_37-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-sci_37-1http://www.scimago.es/http://www.scimagoir.com/press_en.phphttp://www.scimagoir.com/press_en.phphttp://www.scimagoir.com/press_en.phphttp://www.scimagoir.com/press_en.phphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-38http://www.scimago.es/members.phphttp://www.scimago.es/members.phphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-39http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-40http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=411907&c=1http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=411907&c=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-timeshighereducation1_41-0http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=413249&c=1http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=413249&c=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-42http://www.csmonitor.com/World/2010/0916/New-world-university-ranking-puts-Harvard-back-on-tophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-43http://web.archive.org/web/20101003203348/http:/www.edmontonjournal.com/news/schools+always+marks/3560240/story.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20101003203348/http:/www.edmontonjournal.com/news/schools+always+marks/3560240/story.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20101003203348/http:/www.edmontonjournal.com/news/schools+always+marks/3560240/story.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Edmonton_Journalhttp://www.edmontonjournal.com/news/schools+always+marks/3560240/story.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-44http://web.archive.org/web/20110213172820/http:/www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canadas-universities-make-the-grade-globally/article1709616/http://web.archive.org/web/20110213172820/http:/www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canadas-universities-make-the-grade-globally/article1709616/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mailhttp://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canadas-universities-make-the-grade-globally/article1709616/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canadas-universities-make-the-grade-globally/article1709616/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-45http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bastedo/papers/BowmanBastedo.HE2011.pdfhttp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17. 0um" u" 8World niversity Rankings -?)-0-?)/. "imes 3igher 4ducation. Retrieved /?>ovember -?)/.

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university ranking8 ommission welcomes launch of 0Aultirank.Retrieved / Cune -?)2.

21. 0um" u" 8niversity Ranking by +cademic 6erformance.Retrieved-/ Aarch -?)2.

22. 0um" u" 8Aiddle 4ast "echnical niversity, *raduate $chool of Informatics. Retrieved -/Aarch -?)2.

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29. 0um" u" 8Best *lobal niversities..$. >ews : World Report.

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7-. 0um" u" 8www.chinaeducenter.com. hinese niversity +lumni +ssociation ++G andhina 4ducation enter ;td rankings. hinaeducenter.com. Retrieved 7 Cune -?)-.

7/. 0um" u" 83ome 0 Touth Incorporated Aagazine. 3outh )ncor"orated Maga9ine. Retrieved /Cune -?)2.

71. 0um" u" 8$everal prep schools release 3ensachi rankings every year, such as Toyogi$eminar and DawaiCuku.

72. 0um" u" 8 -?)- in CapaneseG. T4;; books. -?)).

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%92%EF%BC%90%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%92%E5%B9%B4%E7%89%88-YELL-books-%E5%B3%B6%E9%87%8E-%E6%B8%85%E5%BF%97/dp/4753930181https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#cite_ref-66http://www.toyokeizai.net/business/industrial/detail/AC/7ca97f085eda34ce139f6d1210cef898/page/1/http://www.toyokeizai.net/business/industrial/detail/AC/7ca97f085eda34ce139f6d1210cef898/page/1/


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