cognitive theory of multimedia design instructional message design john c. bedward assistant...
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Cognitive Theory of Multimedia DesignInstructional Message DesignJohn C. BedwardAssistant Professor of Education-STEMBuena Vista University, Iowa
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Poll Questions
• What design rule did I break on the opening slide? Wait 10 minutes before responding.1. Spatial contiguity2. Temporal contiguity3. Redundancy4. Coherence
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Multimedia
• Learning from words (e.g., spoken and printed) and representations (e.g., illustrations, photos, maps, graphs, animation, simulations and/or video)
• Environments (Static to Dynamic)– Online instructional presentations– Interactive lessons– E-courses– Simulation games– Virtual reality
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Goal of Multimedia Learning
• Building coherent mental structures– The construction of schemata (formation and/or
embellishment of new schemata)– Automaticity of schemata
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Sounds Verbal Model
PriorKnowledge
Words
Pictures Images
Integrating
Organizing
Words
Organizing
Images
Ears
Eyes
Selecting
Words
Selecting
Images
Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning
MultimediaPresentation Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-Term
Memory
Pictorial Model
• Dual Channel: separate channels for processing auditory and visual information• Limited Capacity: limited in the amount of information each channel can process• Active Processing: attend to relevant incoming information, organize information
into coherent mental structures and integrate mental representations with other information
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PriorKnowledge
Pictures Images
Integrating
Organizing
ImagesEyes
Selecting
Images
Processing of Pictures
MultimediaPresentation Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-Term
Memory
Sounds Verbal ModelWords
Organizing
WordsEarsSelecting
Words
Pictorial Model
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Words Ears Sounds Verbal Model
PriorKnowledge
Integrating
Organizing
Words
Selecting
Words
Processing of Spoken Words
MultimediaPresentation Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-Term
Memory
Pictures Eyes Images Pictorial Model
Organizing
Images
Selecting
Images
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Words Sounds Verbal Model
PriorKnowledge
Eyes Images
Integrating
Organizing
Words
Selecting
Images
Processing of Printed Words
MultimediaPresentation Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-Term
Memory
PicturesPictorial Model
Organizing
Images
EarsSelecting
Words
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Poll Questions
• What is the biggest challenge to learning in rich media environments?1. Inability to interact with information2. Limited self-evaluation opportunities3. Information design and composition4. All of the above
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Classic Principles of Multimedia Design
Spatial Contiguity
Temporal Contiguity Coherence
Modality Redundancy Individual Differences
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Spatial Contiguity
• Students learn better when corresponding words and pictures are near rather than far from each other– Minimizes cognitive resources (i.e. visual search)– Ability to hold both types of information in
working memory simultaneously
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Template
Example
Natural monuments formed by erosion in Monument Park. The monuments are formed of Dawson arkose, layers of which have been hardened by a cement of iron oxides and have resisted weathering, thus forming a cap that has protected the softer rocks beneath. Two of these hard layers are shown in monument at left. El Paso County, Colorado. 1914. Plate 12 in U.S. Geological Survey. Folio 203. 1916. Natural monuments formed by erosion in Monument Park.
The monuments are formed of Dawson arkose, layers of which have been hardened by a cement of iron oxides and have resisted weathering, thus forming a cap that has protected the softer rocks beneath. Two of these hard layers are shown in monument at left. El Paso County, Colorado. 1914. Plate 12 in U.S. Geological Survey. Folio 203. 1916.
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Temporal Contiguity
• Students learn better when corresponding words (narration) and pictures (animation) are presented simultaneously rather than successively– Ability to hold both representations in working
memory at the same time– Fosters greater mental connections between verbal
and visual representations– Meshes well with dual code theory of learning– Minimizes cognitive load
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Template
Example
Simultaneous narration with animation…Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Eruption of Kilauea Volcano beginning in 1983. Geologist measuring the height of a lava fountain. Photo by J.D. Griggs, March 28, 1983.
Delayed narration with animationHawaii Volcanoes National Park. Eruption of Kilauea Volcano beginning in 1983. Geologist measuring the height of a lava fountain. Photo by J.D. Griggs, March 28, 1983.
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Coherence
• Extraneous material is removed rather than included in the final design– Minimize words, pictures, sounds and duration– Helps learner focus and mentally organize key
elements
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Photographer: Marli Miller University of OregonCaption: Ripples on sandy beach in southern Alaska.
Ripple Marks
Bedding Plane Irregularities
Sand Waves
Shorelines
Sedimentary StructuresSedimentation
Water
Erosion
Coastal Processes
Geomorphology
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Photographer: Marli Miller University of OregonCaption: Ripples on sandy beach in southern Alaska.
Earth Science World Image Bank
Ripple Marks
Sand Waves
Sedimentary Structures
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Modality
• Students learn better from animation and narration than animation and on-screen text– Eliminates cognitive load
On-screen text• As the sphere
hit the ground it compressed transferring some of its energy……
Narrated Text
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Redundancy
• Students learn better from animation and narration rather from animation, narration and text
On-screen textAs the sphere hit the ground it compressed transferring some of its energy……
Narrated TextNarrated Text
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Individual Differences
• Design effects are stronger for low knowledge learners than for high knowledge learners, and for high spatial learners rather than low spatial learners– High knowledge learners can leverage their
domain knowledge to build mental models even w/poorly designed multimedia
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Conversational versus Formal Narration
Conversational: • First or second person; resembles
human-to-human interactions; • People work harder to understand
material when they are in conversation• Primes appropriate cognitive processes
Formal: • Impersonal• perceived as simply receiving
information
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Time Remaining
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Four-Component Instructional Design Model (4C-ID model)
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What content knowledge do I need to know?
Step by step processes or heuristics
Survival skills to complete the adventure or sub-routines
Supportive Information Procedure Information Part-Task Practice
Integrated environments
Learning Task
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Learning Task
• The learning environment– Integrates real-life or simulated tasks that may
include problem solving aspects and reasoning aspects
• Goal is schema constructionDesign Principles• Sequence: Sequence from simple to complex• Fidelity: The realism/complexity of the environment; move from low to high fidelity environments• Variability: Learning task must be sufficiently different from each other to promote abstract schemata• Individualization: The learning difficulty adjust/adapts to the learner• Training-wheels: Guiding the learner for process support (step-by-step); or constrain the learners
performance• Completion-strategy: students study completed followed by partial then complete conventional problems
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Supportive Information• Builds a bridge between current student knowledge and
useful knowledge to complete the task• Provide systematic approaches to problem solving• Teaches theory by providing:
– Domain models: “what is this?”– Conceptual models: “how is this organized?”– Structural models: “how does this work?”
• Cognitive Feedback: opportunity to compare personal solution with expert solution
Design Principles• Redundancy: The presentation of redundant information has a negative impact• Self-explanation: Elicit self-explanation from learners by using pre-questions, a cognitive tutor or
postponing feedback• Self-pacing: Provide learners’ control over the pace of the learning experience (learner-controlled segments)
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Procedural Information• Providing just-in-time information useful in
completing a task– How-to instruction– Pre-requisite information (i.e. definitions)– Corrective Feedback, based on the quality of the
performance
• Promotes schema automation
Design Principles• Temporal, Split-attention: The simultaneous presentation of animation and narration/text and pictures• Spatial-split attention: Text and images should be optically integrated within the learning task• Signaling (attention-focusing): Drive the learners’ focus to critical aspects of the learning task, reducing
visual search (i.e. point to something)• Modality: Encourage dual mode techniques (images and narration)
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Part-Task Practice
• Additional exercises (practice problems) for routine aspects of learning the task– Promotes automaticity (i.e. drill & practice)– Intermixed with learning tasks
Design Principles• Component Fluency: Drill and practice used to promote automaticity
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References
• Mayer, R.E. (2005). The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Clark, R.C. and Mayer, R.E. E-Learning and the Science of Instruction. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.