coatings formulation guide

Coatings Formulation

Guide

Formulating High-Quality Coatings with Celatom® Functional Additives

Around the world, makers of high-quality architectural and industrial coatings have discovered the benefits of Celatom® diatomaceous earth (DE), also known

as diatomite or kieselgühr. In most industrially-developed regions, DE is used in the majority of high-quality interior and exterior formulations. In recent years, strong economic growth and booming construction markets in developing countries have attracted the attention of major international paint companies. They have acquired local companies and invested heavily in modern facilities and advertising, in markets that were traditionally served by local or regional paint producers. In response, local producers are seeking to increase the quality of their products to remain competitive. In many cases, Celatom® DE has been an important component of their new high-performance formulations.

This guide is intended primarily for those coatings chemists who are not experienced with the use of DE. It will provide an explanation of the functions of DE in coatings, a comparison of DE to other minerals, and some sample formulations that may serve as starting points for product development and testing. EP Minerals® also has a dedicated coatings formulation and testing laboratory, with the capability to assist our customers with their development programs.

1

A regional coatings producer in Turkey needed a deep matte architectural finish for their market, and they desired to

improve the performance of their products to be more competitive with higher-quality imported coatings. We introduced them to Celatom® MW-27 as the most effective matting agent on the market, and they began trials. They were impressed with the performance of MW-27 ― not only to achieve a dead-flat finish, but also for improved hiding capacity and scrub resistance. The company launched a new line of interior finishes incorporating MW-27, and developed a major marketing campaign around their new higher-quality products.

A major international coatings producer was using a competitor’s natural DE product, but when

they learned about the superior efficiency of Celatom® LCS-3, they began a re-formulation and testing program. EP Minerals' paint chemist worked with this customer on their development program, including testing their formulations in our lab and also working side-by-side in the customer’s paint lab. Together we developed a new formulation that achieved equivalent matting performance using 30% LESS DE in their formulation by using LCS-3. This allowed a lower final pigment volume concentration and improved scrub and burnish properties, with equal or reduced cost.

Case Studies:

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Celatom® DE vs. Other Mineral Fillers

Diatomaceous earth is unique among industrial mineral fillers, because of its complex microscopic structure. Most mineral fillers are produced by grinding and classification of natural crystals, which have forms which are either blocky (e.g., calcium carbonate, and ground quartz), or plate-like (e.g., talc, clay and mica).

This silica structure gives DE unique characteristics:

Chemically inert — natural, safe and pure• Dimensionally stable, even at high temperatures• Very low density• Compatible with (and easily dispersed in) both organic and aqueous formulations• High strength• Light diffraction efficiency• Slight abrasiveness and “tooth” for improved inter-coat adhesion• Consistent particle size and shape•

Unlike these typical minerals, DE is of biogenic origin, made by microscopic unicellular aquatic plants, called diatoms. The individual diatom structures are made of nearly pure silica, with a complex, highly porous three-dimensional structure.

Ground Calcium Carbonate Mica Talc

3

What does Celatom® DE do in coatings?

Celatom® DE is not just a “filler”, but a multi-functional mineral additive and a key component in high-performance paints. It does add bulk and reduce cost, but it also improves the overall performance of the coating in a variety of ways:

Superior gloss and sheen control• Titanium dioxide (TiO• 2)extensionControl of solvent release and “open time”• Control of polishing or burnish• Viscosity control - “brush feel” and shelf stability• “Tooth” for inter-coat adhesion• Sanding improvement• Scrub and stain resistance• Resistance to cracking • Consistent “touch-up” performance•

There are other minerals that can contribute to some of these functions, but none offer this broad array of benefits - resulting in a better overall product. Your paint will look better, be more durable, have a longer shelf life, and it will be easier to apply by brush, roller, or spray.

Function Comment Function Comment

Control of gloss and sheen Excellent Effect on brightness Good

Control of film permeability Good Effect on tint retention Good

Tooth for topcoat adhesion Good “Touch-up” improvement Excellent

Control of pigment spacing Good Suspendability Good

Faster solvent release Good Ease of wetting Excellent

Sanding improvement Good Scrub resistance Good

Mar resistance Good Chip resistance Good

Transparency in clear coats Good Stain removal Good

Viscosity stability Good

Multi-Function Effectiveness of Celatom® DE

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Working together with Other Minerals

Celatom® DE functional additives are particularly effective when used in combination with different types of extender pigments and minerals. For example, talc is made more efficient and provides better sheen when used in conjunction with Celatom®. The sample formulations on the following pages illustrate the effects of substituting all of a mineral with Celatom®, and also the effects of substituting only a portion of another mineral, using the two minerals in combination.

Another major benefit is that Celatom® can be added in smaller amounts than other minerals, while maintaining the same degree of matting, thus reducing the amount of extenders needed.

Gloss and Sheen Control

Unlike other minerals such as talc and calcium carbonate, Celatom® DE has an intricate structure composed of microscopic individual diatoms. When parts of the diatoms protrude from the coating surface, they diffract light very efficiently and promote a uniform low sheen. By mixing different grades and quantities, the paint’s luster can be uniformly and reliably controlled to any degree, from semigloss to flat.

In general, the larger the particle size, the more flat the finish. For a semi-gloss finish, choose Celabrite or MW-25. For a matte finish, LCS-3, MW-27, and MW-31 are the best choices. For a textured or non-slip finish, we offer particle size ranges up to 100 microns.

In addition, our consistent high-quality and uniform particle sizes assure perfect batch-to-batch matching of color and sheen, as well as clog-free performance in professional spray equipment.

Because of the low density and high matting efficiency of Celatom® DE, a high degree of matting can be achieved with lower mineral content. The resulting lower pigment volume concentration (PVC) means a stronger and more durable, higher quality coating, at an equivalent or reduced cost. In addition, Celatom® DE will provide all of the other benefits described above.

Opacity and TiO2 Extension

Because of its low density and narrow particle size distribution, Celatom® DE products are efficient extenders for more-expensive TiO2 pigments. Our diatoms, at 10 to 15 microns in diameter, are optimally sized and structured for this purpose in two ways. First, the diatoms disperse uniformly in the coating and help space the particles of TiO2 optimally through the film, for maximum opacity and effectiveness. Second, the size and structure of the diatoms diffract light as it passes through the film, which improves both matting and opacity, One of the following sample formulations specifically illustrates how Celatom® DE products can be used to replace 5% to 10% of the TiO2 in a paint formulation with no significant negative effect on color or opacity.

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Celatom® DE Functional Additive Products

The chart below lists the Celatom® products commonly used in coatings formulations. Our most popular grades are flux-calcined products, which are white in color and contain crystalline silica. In addition, EP Minerals offers a natural DE grades which eliminate the need for crystalline silica labeling. The natural DE also provides better suspension and dispersion properties in aqueous media.

Typical Physical & Chemical PropertiesGrade # Celabrite MW-25 MW-27 MW-31 LCS-3

Sieve Analysis1

%+150 Mesh%+325 Mesh

0.00.0

-0.1

-1.0

-5.0

-0.7

Median ParticleDiameter (microns) 9.0 11.0 13.0 16.0 11.0

Hegman 4.0 3.5 1.0 - 2.0

Density (lbs/ft3)Wet BulkDry Bulk

3110

3010

2712

2513

229.5

Density (g/l)Wet BulkDry Bulk

500160

480160

430190

400210

350152

pH (10%) Slurry) 9.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5

Color White White White White Off-White

GE Brightness 91 90 90 90 83

Oil Absorption2Water Absorption2

120-

120-

135-

145-

170-

Refractive Index 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46

How to formulate with Celatom® DE

Remember that Celatom® DE has a low density, so less material is required than other minerals. Fine tuning of the resin content, solvent dilution, and dispersants may be needed to obtain the optimal performance. On the following pages are a few example formulations illustrating potential applications, along with the effects on coating performance.

Density Comparison

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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Dry Density g/ l

CaCO3

Talc

Flux-Calcined DE

NaturalDE

Talc Substitution in Interior Acrylic Paint (PVC = 45%)

100 parts of talc can be replaced with only 30 parts of Celatom• ® MW-25 Better matting (lower gloss)• Better opacity and scrub resistance• Equivalent burnish resistance•

Alternatively, to maintain the equal solids, 25 parts of Celatom• ® MW-25 and 75 parts of calcium carbonate may be used in combination

Much lower gloss• Better opacity and scrub resistance• Reduced burnish resistance vs. talc alone or Celatom• ® alone

Formulation

Paint ID Talc only MW-25 only MW-25 + CaCO3(Equal solids)

TiO2 225 225 225Talc 100 - -Celatom® MW-25 - 30 25Ground CaCO3 - - 75

Paint Properties% PVC 45 40 45% Solids by weight 47.6 42.9 47.6% Solids by volume 35.1 32.5 35.1Density (kg per liter) 1.258 1.234 1.222Stormer, KU 95.9 98.6 99.7ICI, poise 2.014 2.225 2.117Grind 5 4.5 3.8

Film PropertiesGloss, 20° 1.3 1.3 1.2Gloss, 60° 5 4.6 3.3Sheen, 85° 10 4.7 1.8Contrast Ratio, 3-mil film 0.96 0.971 0.948

L* 95.89 96.29 95.85a* -0.89 -0.77 -0.69b* 2.84 3 3.04

Scrub resistance, cycles 973 1476 1283Burnish resistance Initial 85° 15.0 7.6 3.6 85° after burnish 17.3 8.8 4.3 % Increase in gloss after burnish 15.3 15.8 19.4

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Paint ID Talc Only MW-25 Only MW25 + CaCO3 (Equal Parts)

Ingredients Grams Grams GramsWater 150.0 150.0 150.0Natrosol Plus 0.5 0.5 0.5

PremixNopocide N96 2.0 2.0 2.0

Drewplus Y-381 1.2 1.2 1.2Tamol 731 5.4 5.4 5.4Triton X-100 2.8 2.8 2.8PK-80 2.4 2.4 2.4

Mix at low speed for 10 minutesTiona 595 225.0 225.0 225.0Talc 100.0 - -Celatom® MW-25 - 30.0 25.0Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) - - 75.0Texanol 12.9 12.9 12.9Water 100.0 100.0 100.0

Grind at high speed for 10 minutesUcar 367 PVA 290.0 290.0 290.0Drewplus Y-381 2.0 2.0 2.0

PremixWater 150.0 150.0 150.0Natrosol Plus 1.6 1.6 1.6

Letdown at low speed for 10 minutesAmmonium Hydroxide 1.6 1.6 1.6Drewplus Y-381 3.6 3.6 3.6Aquaflow 300 15.0 8.5 15.0Aquaflow 220 20.0 15.0 20.0

Total 1086 1004 1086

Interior AcrylicTalc Replacement

Sample Formulations

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Interior Acrylic (PVC = 65%)Partial Replacement of Calcined Clay and Ground CaCO3

Replace 25 parts of CaCO• 3 carbonate and 25 parts of calcined clay with 25 parts of Celatom® MW-25 (by weight)

Improved flatting (decreased sheen and gloss)• Equivalent hiding power (opacity)• Slight improvement in scrub and burnish resistance•

Paint Properties

Paint ID Without MW-25 With MW-25

Density (kg per liter) 1.400 1.361

Stormer, KU 107 110

ICI, poise 2.056 2.135

Grind 4 3.5

Film PropertiesGloss, 20° 1.2 1.2

Gloss, 60° 1.9 1.7

Sheen, 85° 1.2 0.9

Contrast Ratio, 3-mil film 0.978 0.964

L* 95.94 96.7

a* -0.77 -0.74

b* 3.03 3.24

Scrub resistance, cycles 350 396

Burnish resistance Initial 85° 1.9 1.4 85° after burnish 4.4 2.9

% Increase in gloss after burnish 131.6 111.3

9

Paint ID Without MW-25 With MW-25

Ingredients Grams GramsWater 172.0 172.0Natrosol Plus 0.5 0.5

PremixDiwcil 75 2.0 2.0

Drewplus Y-381 1.2 1.2Tamol 731 5.4 5.4Trycol 7000 2.8 2.8PK-80 2.4 2.4

Mix at low speed for 10 minutesTiona 595 175.0 175.0Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) 175.0 150.0Glomax 125.0 100.0Celatom® MW-25 - 25.0Attegal 50 5.0 5.0Texanol 12.9 12.9Water 100.0 100.0

Grind at high speed for 10 minutesUcar 367 PVA 175.0 175.0Drewplus Y-381 2.0 2.0

Add the grind hereWater 110.0 110.0Natrosol Plus 1.6 1.6

PremixAmmonium Hydroxide 1.6 1.6Drewplus Y-381 3.6 3.6Aquaflow 300 8.0 8.0Aquaflow 220 15.0 15.0Water 45.0 45.0

Letdown at low speed for 10 minutesTotal 1141 1116

Interior AcrylicPartial Replacement of Clay and Ground CaCO3

Sample Formulations

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Interior Semi-Gloss Acrylic Paint Partial Replacement of Microcrystalline Silica

20% to 30% of Microcrystalline Silica (MS) in semi-gloss paint can be replaced with Celatom• ® MW-25 Reduced cost• Equivalent Performance•

Formulation

Paint ID MicrocrystallineSilica

Replace 20% of MS with MW-25


Imsil A 15 25 20 17.5

Celatom® MW-25 - 5 7.5

Paint Properties% PVC 21.3 21.3 21.3

% Solids by volume 37.6 37.6 37.6

Density (kg per liter) 1.271 1.266 1.268

Stormer, KU 95 98 99

ICI, poise 1.400 1.408 1.420

Film PropertiesGloss, 20° 5.7 5.8 6.6

Gloss, 60° 38.1 33.6 31.9

Sheen, 85° 64.2 54.3 49.8

Contrast Ratio, 3-mil film 0.969 0.946 0.958

L* 96.01 96.83 96.43

a* -0.22 -0.27 -0.23

b* 1.44 1.20 1.20

Scrub resistance, cycles 2581 2635 2705

Burnish resistance Initial 60° 49.5 38.2 37.9 60° after burnish 50.2 40.1 38.8

% Increase in gloss after burnish 1.4 5 4.5

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Paint ID MicrocrystallineSilica



Ingredients Grams Grams Grams

Water 110.5 110.5 110.5

Natrosol 330 Plus 1.8 1.8 1.8

PremixDowicil 3.0 3.0 3.0

Propylene Glycol 32.0 32.0 32.0

AMP 95 1.5 1.5 1.5

Strodex PK 05G 3.5 3.5 3.5

Drew L-495 1.9 1.9 1.9

Tamol 731A 7.4 7.4 7.4

Celatom® MW-25 - 5.0 7.5

Imsil A 15 25.0 20.0 17.5

Grind at high speed for 10 minutesTi Pure 746 300.0 300.0 300.0

Drew L-495 2.5 2.5 2.5

Rhoplex 530.0 530.0 530.0

Texanol 19.0 19.0 19.0

Aquaflow 220 15.0 15.0 15.0

Water 5.7 5.7 5.7

Letdown at low speed for 10 minutes

Total 1059 1059 1059

Interior Semi-GlossPartial Replacement of Microcrystalline

Sample Formulations

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Using Celatom® DE for TiO2 Extension and Opacity

Example:Flatacryliclatexformulation(Simplifiedtestformulation)• Replace a portion of the TiO• 2 with Celatom® LCS-3, MW-27, and CelaBrite®

PVC = 29%•

Opacity (contrast ratio) is maintained, even up to 35% replacement• Above 15% replacement, the color (b*) becomes more yellow•

Conclusion: 5% to 10% replacement is reasonable and effective, with minimal negative effects on •coating color, opacity, and performance.

TiO2 Replacement by LCS-3Sample Formulations

FormulationPaint ID a b c d e f g h i j k l m nTiO2 Replacement by LCS-3 (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 - - - - - -

TiO2 Replacement by MW-27 or CelaBrite (%)

- - - - - - - - 0 2 4 6 8 10

Water 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0Tamol 731A 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4Potassium Hydroxide 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Drew Plus 381 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2Dowicil 75 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Tiona 595 17.0 16.15 15.3 14.45 13.6 12.75 11.9 11.05 17.0 16.66 16.32 15.98 15.64 15.3Celatom® LCS-3 10.0 10.85 11.7 12.55 13.4 14.25 15.1 15.95 - - - - - -Celatom® MW-27 or CelaBrite - - - - - - - - 10.0 10.34 10.68 11.02 11.36 11.7

Disperse for 15 minutes using Cowles, then add:Water 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0Ucar 367 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0

Mix for 5 minutes, then add together and mix:Acrysol RM5 associative th 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

Water 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

13

A Graph of Sheen, Contrast Ratio, and b* vs. TiO2 Reduction with LCS-3

14

FormulationPaint ID a b c d e f g hTiO2 Replacement by LCS-3 (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Paint PropertiesStormer, KU 83 82 84 84 86 83 85 85

ICI, poise 1.961 1.10 1.192 1.183 1.125 1.158 1.567 1.575

Film PropertiesGloss, 20° 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

Gloss, 60° 3.5 3.4 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3

Sheen, 85° 3.1 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.7

Contrast Ratio, 3-mil film 0.980 0.969 0.976 0.965 0.968 0.965 0.969 0.983

L* 94.9 94.9 94.6 94.7 94.5 94.5 94.6 94.4

a* -1.6 -1.8 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6

b* 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.4

LCS-3 Replacement Performance

TiO2 Reduction using LCS-3

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

% TiO2 reduction

Sheen 85 degrees Contrast Ratio - 3 mil b*

15

A Graph of Sheen, Contrast Ratio, and b* vs. TiO2 Reduction with MW-27

FormulationPaint ID i j k l m nTiO2 Replacement by MW-27 (%) 0 2 4 6 8 10

Paint PropertiesStormer, KU 89 86 87 86 88 89

ICI, poise 0.856 0.75 0.965 0.958 1.022 0.866

Film PropertiesGloss, 20° 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2

Gloss, 60° 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1

Sheen, 85° 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Contrast Ratio, 3-mil film 0.973 0.971 0.946 0.949 0.937 0.945

L* 96.39 96.44 96.49 96.69 96.20 96.21

a* -0.35 -0.28 -0.28 -0.27 -0.40 -0.39

b* 1.12 0.69 0.81 0.69 0.69 0.70

MW-27 Replacement Performance

TiO2 Reduction using MW-27

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

% TiO2 reduction


16

A Graph of Sheen, Contrast Ratio, and b* vs. TiO2 Reduction with CelaBrite

FormulationPaint ID i j k l m nTiO2 Replacement by MW-27 (%) 0 2 4 6 8 10

Paint PropertiesStormer, KU 86 85 86 84 85 85

ICI, poise 0.869 0.890 0.965 0856 0.902 0.952

Film PropertiesGloss, 20° 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

Gloss, 60° 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.9

Sheen, 85° 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.6 0.5

Contrast Ratio, 3-mil film 0.972 0.952 0.942 0.969 0.950 0.948

L* 96.16 95.80 95.46 96.10 95.65 95.20

a* -0.28 -0.28 -0.25 -0.13 -0.29 -0.28

b* 0.86 1.15 0.87 1.19 0.82 0.98

CelaBrite Replacement Performance

TiO2 Reduction using CelaBrite

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0 2 4 6 8 10

% TiO2 reduction


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Sample Formulations

Paint ID Ground Silica Celatom® LCS-3Ingredients Grams Grams

• Polymac 220-1001 455.0 455.0• Cymel 303FL 75.0 75.0• Tiona 595 287.0 287.0

• Eastman CAB 551 - 0.2 4.0 4.0• PM Acetate 33.5 33.5• Optifilm Enhancer 400 20.0 20.0• Nacure 1051 4.0 4.0• Minusil 30 21.0 -• Celatom® LCS-3 - 21.0• Dowanol PMA 33.5 33.5• Aromatic 150 fluid 67.0 67.0Total 1000 1000

Metal Coil CoatingsReplacement of Ground Quartz Silica

Formulation

Paint ID Ground Silica

Celatom® LCS-3

Paint Properties

Stormer, KU 74 84.3

Film PropertiesGloss, 20° 86.9 61.1Gloss, 60° 98.6 91.4Sheen, 85° 119.8 114.4Contrast Ratio, 3-mil film (76 µm) 0.790 0.804

L* 94.86 94.78

a* -0.61 -0.72b* -0.87 -0.45

ASTM D 4145 Flexibility 90° 90°ASTM D2794 - Impact(1.8 kg weight, 1.27 cm diameter) 10 cm 10 cm

Application: Solvent-based acid-catalyzed •polyurethane top coat

Acid catalysis requires inert fillers with • a neutral pH Generally cannot use calcium carbonate • or talc

Functions of Celatom• ® DE are similar to ground silica

Inter-coat adhesion• Flexibility (resistance to cracking and • chipping)Impact resistance• UV protection (reduced chalking)•

Advantages of Celatom• ® LCS-3Longer shelf life, more stable dispersion, • reduced hard settlingBetter and more consistent brightness • and color

Ingredient Purpose SupplierAMP 95 Dispersant Dow Chemical

Aquaflow 220 Rheology Modifier Aqualon

Aquaflow 300 Rheology Modifier Aqualon

Aromatic 150 Fluid Retarder Solvent Exxon Mobil

Attagel 50 (Attapulgite Clay) Thickener BASF

Cymel 303FL Melamine Cross Linking Agent Cytec Industries, Inc.

Diafil 575 (Diatomite) Extender World Minerals

Dowanol PMA Dibasic Ester Dow Chemical

Drew L-495 Defoamer Rohm and Haas Co

Drewplus Y-381 Defoamer Rohm and Haas Co

Eastman CAB 551-0.2 Cellulose Ester Eastman Chemical Company

Glomax LL (Calcined Clay) Extender Imerys

Imsil A15 (Silica) Pigment Unimin

Minusil 30 (Silica) Extender US Silica

Nacure 1051 Sulphonic Acid Catalyst King Industries

Natrosol 330 Plus Thickener Aqualon

Nopocide N96 Fungicide Cognis

Omya Carb 8 (Calcium Carbonate) Filler Omya

Optifilm Enhancer 400 Retarder Solvent Eastman Chemical Company

PM Acetate Solvent Eastman Chemical Company

Polymac 220-1001 Saturated Polymer Resin Hexion Specialty Chemicals

Propylene Glycol Solvent Dow Chemical

Rhoplex ML 200 Waterborne Acrylic Binder Rohm and Haas Co

Sericron 3M (Talc) Extender SMI

Strodex PK-80 Phosphate Ester Surfactant Hercules

Strodex PL 95G Phosphate Ester Surfactant Hercules

Tamol 731 Dispersant Rohm and Haas Co

Texanol Coalescent Eastman Chemical Co

Ti Pure 746 (TiO2) Pigment Dupont

Triton X-100 Non-ionic Surfactant Rohm and Haas Co

Trycol 7000 Surfactant Cognis

Ucar 367 PVA Polyvinyl Resin Dow Chemical

The table below lists the suppliers of the various trademarked ingredients used in the sample formulations:

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9785 Gateway Dr. • Suite 1000 • Reno, NV 89521Tel: (775) 824-7600 • Fax: (775) 824-7601

Email: [email protected]

©2011 EP Minerals, LLC • EPM051-003

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