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AAMRL-TR-85-062

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coA COLLATION OF UNITED STATES AIR FORCE ANTHROPOMETRY U

0

KENNETH W KENNEDY Ph. D

HARRY G. ARMSTRONG AEROSPACE MEDICALRESEARCH LABORATODRY

JANUARY1986

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11 TITLE Inc e t .Sec..tv Classification, A Col lation ofUnited States Air Force Anthropometry (U) 62202F 7184 08 35

12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)

KENNETH W. KENNEDY, Ph.D.13s. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14 DATE OF REPORT (Yr. Mo. Day, 15 PAGE COUNT

Technical FROM TO 14 January 1986 9416 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION

17 COSATI CODES 18 SUBJECT TERMS IContinue on reverse if necesay and identify by block/ number)F:IE LD GROUP ! SUB GR

FEL GOU SUB"RAnthropometry, Statistics .

Anthropology

19 ABSTRACT ( ,ntinue on eerse if neceuar-v and iden t f by bli k bFour major anthropometric surveys ot unteo 'ates Air Force personnel have been conductedsince the end of World War II: that of male rated and non-rated flying personnel in 1950,of male recruits, enlisted and non-rated officers in 1965, of male rated officers andcadets in 1967, and of female officers and enlisted in 1968. Only two surveys have beenadequately published: those of 1950 and 1968. For the purposes of this collation, fourUSAF subpopulations have been distinguished: (1) non-rated male officers and enlisted,(2) rated male officers and cadets, (3) non-rated female officers and enlisted personnel,and (4) rated female officers and cadets. The latter is an artificial subset of womentaken from the 1968 survey and who meet the Air Force body-size criteria for entry intoUndergraduate Pilot Training and retention as a rated officer. Dimension titles anddescriptions are listed alphabetically and cross referenced such that the user can bequickly directed to the desired or to related body size data. Summary statistics consistof the number of subjects measured, the Mean, Standard Deviation, and the ist, 5th, 50th,95th and 99th percentile values for each dimension.

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PREFACE

This effort was conducted under Harry G. Armstrong Aerospace

Medical Research Laboratory (AAMRL) Project 7184, "Man-MachineIntegration Technology," Task 718408, "Crew Station DesignTechniques and Criteria," and Work Unit 71840835, "EngineeringAnthropometry for Systems and Subsystems Design."

For this Collation to exist at all would have been impos-sible without a great deal of effort on the part of my colleagues

- and predecessors, many of whom made contributions in the develop-ment of body-size data that are of far greater significance thanthose of mine. I specifically cite Messrs. H.T.E. Hertzberg and(Lt) G.S. Daniels who conceived and supervised the 1950 USAFsurvey: Messrs. Hertzberg, C.E. Clauser and M. Alexander, the

1965 survey: Mr. Clauser, the 1967 survey: and Mr. Clauser and(Lt Col) P.E. Tucker, the 1968 survey. Mr. E. Churchill directed

the analytical support for all USAF anthropometric surveys. Theroles of these contributors, as well as those of others, are

* indicated in more detail in "Annotated Sources.".":

The intermediate source of much of the information found in

"Annotated Sources" and the statistical data listed in the main

body of this report is a computer printout of the AAMRL Anthropo-metric Data Bank (Ref. 2). This in-house document was preparedby the staff of Anthropology Research Project, Inc., YellowSprings, Ohio, under the direction of Dr. J.T. McConville. TheAAMRL Anthropometric Data Bank was conceived by Mr. C.E. Clauser,

of the Workload and Ergonomics Branch (AAMRL/HEG) and initiatedby him and by Dr. McConville.

CCe7 2

DTIO

IT4S~f'CTED -

1-0

................. *... -....... -

S. . * . .

* * " -2

TABLE OF CONTENTS -2A..u

INTRODUCTION ...... . . . . 1 .".

ANNOTATED SOURCES . . .......... 5

A COLLATION OF UNITED STATES AIR FORCE ANTHROPOMETRY 9

GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS . . 83

LIST OF REFERENCES ... . . ..... . 88

LIST OF TABLES

1. Factors for Estimating Selected Percentiles . 3

•w -

* - ~~ .-V ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

INTRODUCTION

Four major anthropometric surveys of United States Air Forcepersonnel have been conducted since the end of World War II, in1950, 1965, 1967, and 1968. During the 1950 survey, male ratedand non-rated flying personnel were measured. Data from thissurvey were first reported in 1954 by Hertzberg, Daniels andChurchill (Ref. 10). In 1965 the subjects were male recruits,enlisted personnel and officers. The Mean, Standard Deviation,and sample size for the total 1965 population can be gleaned withsome difficultly along with those from 1950, 1967, and 1968 andother surveys, from Churchill, Churchill and Kikta, 1977 (Ref.3). More complete summary statistics and correlation coeffi-cients derived from the 1965 data were reported, along with thosefrom 1950, 1967, and 1968, in Churchill, Churchill and Kikta,1978 (Ref. 4). In 1967, male rated officers and cadets weremeasured. Summary statistics on 153 dimensions from this surveyand similar data gathered in 1968 on West German flying personnelwere included in Grunhofer and Kroh (Ref. 9). It is not clearfrom the Acknowledgements of this report that the USAF survey wasconducted by personnel of the U.S Air Force, specifically thoseof the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. Brief summarystatistics on 55 dimensions from the 1967 survey were reported inNASA Reference Publication 1024 (Ref. 1). In 1968 a survey wasmade of USAF women officers and enlisted personnel. The datafrom this survey were presented by Clauser, et al (Ref. 6).Brief data on 50 dimensions from this survey were also reportedin NASA Reference Publication 1024. Summary statistics for allsurveys of USAF personnel and those for 12 other U.S. militarypopulations were included in MILITARY HANDBOOK, ANTHROPOMETRY OFU.S. MILITARY PERSONNEL (Ref. 7). More complete information re-garding the individual surveys and their primary data sources canbe obtained by referring to "Annotated Sources."

Reports of the 1950 and 1968 surveys are the only USAFsurvey reports that are complete to the extent that they promoteconvenience in obtaining data and certainty of the comparabilityof dimensions. The completeness of body size data and thefashion in which the 1965 and 1967 surveys have been reportedhave been guided by other concerns. The result is that thesources of anthropometric data from the 1965 and 1967 surveysare either incomplete, misleading with regard to comparability ofdimensions, inconvenient to access, or limited in their availa-bility to the users.

To alleviate difficulties in obtaining and comparing USAFanthropometric data, I have prepared this Collation. In doingso, data describing the major USAF subpopulations are madeequally available and in a single source. For additional

1,

information regarding anthropometric comparability, descriptions,and basic summary statistics on other populations, see Garrettand Kennedy (Ref.8).

For the purposes of this Collation, four USAF subpopulationshave been distinguished. For the sake of brevity and to facili-tate convenient integration into the data pages, they have beendesignated USAF.MEN, USAFLY.MEN, USAF.WOM, and USAFLY.WOM.USAF.MEN is comprised of the 1236 nonrated officers and enlisted Kmen measured during the 1965 survey. Basic trainees have notbeen included, even though a sizable number of them (2632) weremeasured. USAFLY.MEN data are taken primarily from the 1967survey of 2420 male rated (pilot and navigator) officers andcadets. Dimensions that were not measured during the 1967survey, but were during the 1950 survey, are also included. Whenidentical dimensions have been measured in both surveys, which isthe case for most, data from the 1967 survey are listed.USAF.WOM is composed of the 1905 nonrated women officers, officertrainees, and enlisted personnel measured in 1968. USAFLY.WOM isan artificial subset, derived from the 1968 sample by selectingonly those women who meet the Air Force body-size criteria forentry into pilot and navigator training and retention as a ratedo0ficer.* The USAFLY.WOM listings have been available in theform of computer printouts only and are the only data currentlyavailable that are intended to represent the USAF rated womenofficers.

Dimension titles are listed alphabetically and cross re-ferenced such that if a user knows a dimension only by a commonname, such as "Height," he can be quickly directed to the titleused by the Air Force anthropologists, "Stature," where thedescription and summary statistics are stated. There are manysuch cross-references. References to dimensions similar to theone of primary concern are also included, the purpose being toalert the user to alternative and related dimensions.

The summary statistics reported here consist of the numberof subjects (n), Mean (X), Standard Deviation (SD), and the 1st,5th, 50th, 95th, and 99th percentiles. Convenient allotment ofspace did not permit the inclusion of additional data, such asCoefficient of Variation (CV) and additional percentiles. CV isa simple statistic noting the relationship between the Mean andthe Standard Deviation and is a convenient indicator of thevariability. It can be calculated by dividing the latter by theformer. Typically, the result is multiplied by 100 and expressed

• To develop an adequate N, subjects as young as 18 years had tobe drawn fron the 1968 survey population. The age distributionof the subset, therefore, is skewed to the left, a youngerpopulation than that which would be expected. While weight andbody breadths, depths, and circumferences may be conservativelyestimated, stature and other body lengths are considered to beaccurate.

2

as a percent. Additional percentiles can be approximated throughthe addition and subtraction of multiples of the Standard Devia-tion to and from the Mean. Listed in Table 1 are multipliersthat can be applied to the Standard Deviation and used to calcu-late estimates of selected percentiles based on the normal dis-tribution. Their accuracy will be a function of the closenesswith which the distribution of the specific dimension approxi-mates normal or symmetry.

Table 1. Factors for Estimating Selected Percentiles *

1st and 99th Percentiles = X ± 2.33 X SD

2nd and 98th Percentiles = X ± 2.06 X SD

3rd and 97th Percentiles = X ± 1.88 X SD

5th and 95th Percentiles = X + 1.65 X SD

10th and 90th Percentiles = X ± 1.28 X SD



25th and 75th Percentiles X + 0.67 X SD





• Tabular data modified from Churchill and Astachan (Ref. 5).

Dimension descriptions have been written and rewritten tofollow a format consisting of two parts. The first part des-cribes the body position essential for consistency and standardi-zation. An attempt has been made to eliminate body positioninformation which is not essential to standardization. Suchnonessential information appears frequently in the literature andis likely a carry-over from the practical requirement in a surveyto pose a subject for a series of measurements rather than justone. When position of the body or body part is not essential tostandardization, the notation (Typ) is inserted to indicate thatthe body position is not critical, but is typical, and found tobe most convenient for a variety of reasons. The second part of -each description is the actual characterization of the dimension.

3

The descriptions do not contain information on the mechanics ofmeasurement. Therefore, they are descriptive, only, and notinstructional. Rarely have I mentioned the instrument typicallyused to measure a given dimension. The Collati n is intendedprimarily to be a source of data. It is not an instructionmanual.

The sex of the individual being measured is irrelevant forsuccess in measuring most dimensions. That such data wouldserve any useful purpose, however, is another matter. For in-stance, since, hopefully, few USAF men wear foundation garmentssuch as those implied in the dimension, "Strap Length" (qv), thisdimension when measured on men would have little practicalapplication. To avoid any possible confusion on the part of theextremely naive user, however, I have included the sex of thesubject in the descriptions that have functional applicationonly when measured on one sex.

The anthropometric data for three of the four USAF popula-tions treated in this Collation are from single surveys. Dataon the USAF male rated officers and cadets, however, are takenfrom both the 1950 and the 1967 surveys. For the 28 dimensionsmeasured in 1950, but not in 1967, the 1950 data are reported.To distinguish the actual sources for these data, the user canrefer to the number of subjects (N) reported for each dimension.With the exception of one dimension, "Menton-Crinion Length"(qv), the N for dimensions from the 1950 survey is 4000. Aglance at the description of this dimension will reveal thereason for a smaller N. The N for the 1967 survey data isconsistent at 2420.

For the most part, the dimension characterizations, subjectpostures and techniques of measurement and analysis observed inall USAF surveys are from the same anthropometric traditionestablished at the Aero Medical Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AirForce Base, in the 1950s by H.T.E. Hertzberg, G.S. Daniels and E.Churchill. It is believed, therefore, that in the vast majorityof cases, all data for a given dimension are comparable among thevarious subpopulations. As a result, significant differences inthe data for a given dimension represent significant differencesin the populations. As can be expected, a few exceptions to theestablished tradition have occurred over the 30 or so interveningyears. These are indicated in this Collation.

4

S. ~~~~ o . . . . .

6- .,

ANNOTATED SOURCES

USAF.MEN - USAF OFFICERS AND ENLISTED - MEN

Survey: 1965 survey of United States Air Force maie

officers and enlisted personnel

The survey of USAF male personnel conducted during thespring and summer of 1965 was planned and supervised by H.T.E.Hertzberg and later by M. Alexander and C.E. Clauser of theAerospace Medical Research Laboratory at Wright Patterson AirForce Base, Ohio, and by L.L. Laubach of the Anthropology Re-search Project then at Webb Associates, Yellow Springs, Ohio.The measuring team was composed of students from Antioch College,Yellow Springs, Ohio. In the first portion of the survey, 683enlisted men were measured, along with 549 officers and 4 warrantofficers. In the second half 106 enlisted men were measured,along with 2,632 basic trainees. All subjects were measured atLackland Air Force Base, Texas. Data measured on the basic

" trainees are not included in this Collation.

USAFLY.MEN - USAF FLYING PERSONNEL - MEN

Surveys: Primary: 1967 survey of United States Air Forcemale rated officers.

Secondary: 1950 survey of United States Air Forcemale flying personnel.

The 1967 survey of United States Air Force male ratedofficers was conducted during the first three months of 1967. Itwas planned and conducted under the direction of C.E. Clauser,ther Chief of the Anthropology Branch of the Aerospace MedicalResearch Laboratory (AMRL), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,Ohio, with the collaboration of M. Alexander, K.W. Kennedy, J.Henninger, and J.W. Garrett of the AMRL, and E. Churchill andL.L. Laubach of the Anthropology Research Project, then at WebbAssociates, Yellow Springs, Ohio. Subjects were measured at 17Air Force bases across the contiguous United States. A total of182 dimensions were taken on 2420 Air Force personnel between 21and 50 years of age. Of these, 1187 were rated pilots, 505 wererated navigators, 505 were student pilots, and 188 were studentnavigators. Thirty-five were found to have AFSCs other than thosesought. The measuring team consisted of trained students pri-marily from Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio. Summary sta-tistics and descriptions of dimensions and measuring techniquesfor most of the variables are reported in A REVIEW OF ANTHROPO-METRIC DATA OF GERMAN AIR FORCE AND UNITED STATES AIR FORCEPERSONNEL, 1967-1968, edited by H.J. Grunhofer and G. Kroh, and

5.

published as AGARD-AG-205, 1975 (Ref. 9). Brief summary sta-tistics on 58 selected body dimensions also have been reported inChapter III, "Anthropometry," by J.T. McConville and L.L. Lau-bach, in ANTHROPOMETRIC SOURCE BOOK, VOL. I, ANTHROPOMETRY FORDESIGNERS, NASA Reference Publication 1024, 1978 (Ref. 1).

The 1967 survey of USAF flying personnel was the second suchmajor survey of this population. The first was conducted duringthe spring and summer of 1950. It was organized and directed byH.T.E. Hertzberg and G. Daniels and reported in ANTHROPOMETRY OFFLYING PERSONNEL - 1950, WADC TR 52-321 (AD 47 953), by H.T.E.Hertzberg, G.S. Daniels, and E. Churchill (Ref. 10). Subjectswere measured at 14 Air Force bases in 7 states. The measuringteam consisted of Antioch College students. The original statis-tical analysis was the initial activity of the AnthropologyResearch Project contract staff, then located at Antioch -

College. The data were analyzed and reported prior to theavailability of modern computer facilities. Since this surveywas first published, the data have been thoroughly reanalyzedusing modern electronic computers. This has made it possible toinclude actual measured values to the nearest millimeter in theanalyses, rather than notating the range within which each valuewas placed and analyzing the range data rather than the actual.Millimeter figures for most variables originally recorded but notpunched on cards were incorporated into the reanalyzed data. Some63 of the original 4063 subjects with missing body size valueshave been deleted. The entire body of data has been thoroughlyreedited for errors.

USAF.WOM - USAF OFFICERS AND ENLISTED - WOMEN

Survey: 1968 survey of United States Air Force femaleofficers and enlisted personnel

The survey of women of the Air Force was made in the springof 1968 by the Anthropology Branch, Aerospace Medical ResearchLaboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio and the Anthro-pology Research Project, then at Antioch College, Yellow Springs,Ohio. A description of the survey and the results are publishedin ANTHROPOLOGY OF AIR FORCE WOMEN by C.E. Clauser, et al., AMRL-TR-70-5 (AD 746 113), Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory,Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1972 (Ref. 6). Data forage, 123 body size measurements, and grip strength were obtainedfrom a sample of 1,905 women. Thirteen measurements were re-peated on 1,513 subjects with the subjects wearing foundationgarments. Age is reported in tenths of years. Weight is re-ported in pounds. All other variables were recorded in milli-meters.

6

USAFLY.WOM -1968 Subset of female USAF personnel meeting thebody s iz e r e quir e me n ts for en t ry i n toUSAF Undergraduate Pilot Training and retentionas a rated officer.

The subset to represent women pilots was extracted by selec-ting f rom the 1968 USAF survey only those women who meet the AirForce body size criteria for entry into Undergraduate Pilot -

Training and retention as a rated officer. Specifically, onlythose women 18 years of age (qv) or older and between 34 and 39inches, inclusive, in Sitting Height were eligible. In addition,WIall members of the subset had to meet one of the following -

Height-Weight relationships.

Height Weightinches Minimum Maximum

64 103 13965 106 14466 108 14867 111 152

68 114 15669 117 16170 119 16571 122 16972 125 174

73 128 17974 130 18575 133 19076 136 196

A COLLATION OF UNITED STATES AIR FORCE ANTHROPOMETRY

-A- -A- -A-

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%

N in in in in in in incm cm cm cm cm cm cm

ABDINAL DEPTH, SITTING - see also Waist Depth, StandingSubject sits erect, arms relaxed at sides, forearms and

hands directed forward - the horizontal depth of the torso atthe most forward protrusive part of the abdomen during quietbreathing.

USAF.MEN 9.62 1.13 7.6 8.0 9.5 11.7 12.9n = 1236 24.44 2.87 19.3 20.4 24.1 29.6 32.8

ABDOMINAL EXTENSION CIRCU. ANDI - see also AbdominalExtension Circumference Over Foundation Garment,Standing; and Waist Circumference at Natural Beltline,Standing

Subject stands erect - the circumference of the abdomen atthe level of maximum relaxed forward protrusion during quietbreathing.

USAF.WOM 33.72 2.87 28.2 29.4 33.5 38.8 42.3n = 1905 85.64 7.28 71.6 74.8 85.0 98.6 107.4

USAFLY.WOM 33.52 2.02 29.0 30.0 33.7 36.5 37.9n = 455 85.14 5.13 73.7 76.1 85.5 92.8 96.2

ABDOMINAL EXTENSIO CIRCUFERENCE OVER FOUNl TON AMLENTSTANDING - see also Abdominal Extension Circumference,Standing; and Waist Circumference at Natural Beltlineover Foundation Garment, Standing

Subject (female) stands erect, wearing foundation garmentsof choice - the circumference of the abdomen at the level ofmaximum relaxed forward protrusion during quiet breathing.

USAF.WOM 34.44 2.86 29.0 30.3 34.2 39.6 43.0n = 1513 87.48 7.26 73.6 76.9 86.8 100.5 109.3

USAFLY.WOM 34.33 1.96 30.1 31.0 34.4 37.5 39.3n = 345 87.20 4.99 76.4 78.8 87.3 95.3 99.8

9" 9 .".

C , - C .o

A-

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


AUDBI NAL EXT-Q1Z DZflW $TANDII1 - see also AbdominalExtension Depth Over Foundation Garment, Standing; andWaist Depth Over Foundation Garment, Standing

Subject stands erect - the maximum horizontal depth of theabdomen at the level of maximum relaxed forward protrusionduring quiet breathing.

USAF.WOM 8.22 .83 6.7 7.1 8.1 9.8 11.0

n = 1905 20.89 2.12 16.9 17.9 20.6 24.8 27.9

USAFLY.WOM 8.13 .56 6.9 7.2 8.1 9.1 9.6n = 455 20.66 1.43 17.4 18.2 20.6 23.1 24.4

ABDOMINAL EXTENSION DEPTH OVER FOUNDATION GARMENT, STANDING - see

also Abdominal Extension Depth, Standing; and WaistDepth over Foundation Garment, Standing

Subject (female) stands erect, wearing foundation garmentsof choice - the maximum horizontal depth of the abdomen atthe level of maximum relaxed forward protrusion during quietbreathing.

USAF.WOM 7.80 .97 6.1 6.5 7.7 9.6 11.0n = 1513 19.80 2.46 15.4 16.4 19.5 24.4 27.9

USAFLY.WOM 7.61 .67 6.2 6.5 7.6 8.8 9.4n = 345 19.34 1.71 15.7 16.6 19.3 22.3 24.0

ABDQMINAL EXTEN5A HEJT_ IUNG - see also AbdominalExtension Height over Foundation Garment, Standing; andWaist Height at Natural Beltline, Standing

Subject stands erect - the vertical distance from the floorto the level of maximum relaxed forward protrusion of theabdomen during quiet breathing.

USAF.WOM 36.67 1.74 32.8 33.9 36.6 39.6 40.9n = 1905 93.15 4.42 83.4 86.1 93.0 100.7 104.0

USAFLY.WOM 38.20 1.33 35.5 36.2 38.1 40.6 41.8n 455 97.02 3.37 90.2 91.9 96.7 103.2 106.2

ABDQMIPAL EXTENSION HEIGHT OVE FOUNDATION GARMENT, STANDING- see also Abdominal Extension Height, Standing andWaist Height at Natural Beltline, Standing

Subject (female) stands erect, wearing foundation garmentsof choice - the vertical distance from the floor to the levelof maximum relaxed forward protrusion of the abdomen duringquiet breathing.

(Cont'd)

10

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAF.WOM 36.55 1.70 32.8 33.8 36.5 39.4 40.6n = 1513 92.84 4.31 83.2 85.8 92.8 100.1 103.0

USAFLY.WOM 37.98 1.33 35.2 35.9 37.9 40.3 41.4n 345 96.46 3.37 89.5 91.2 96.3 102.4 105.1

ACROO1N HEIGHT, iTTIT - see also Acromion Height, Standing andMidshou .c Height, Sitting

Subject sits erect, head in the Frankfort plane, armshanging relaxed, and forearms and hands extended forward hori-zontally - the vertical distance from the sitting surface tothe right Acromiale.

USAFLY.MEN 24.04 1.12 21.4 22.2 24.0 25.9 26.7

n = 2420 61.05 2.85 54.4 56.5 61.0 65.9 67.7

ACROMIIQN HEIGHT. STANDIN - see also Acromion Height, Sitting andMidshoulder Height, Sitting

Subject stands erect - the vertical distance from thestanding surface to the right Acromiale.

USAF.MEN 56.82 2.45 51.2 52.8 56.8 60.9 62.8n = 1236 144.32 6.22 130.0 134.2 144.3 154.7 159.5

USAFLY.MEN 57.17 2.26 51.9 53.4 57.2 60.9 62.4n = 2420 145.21 5.75 131.9 135.7 145.2 154.8 158.6

USAF.WOM 51.91 2.16 47.3 48.4 51.9 55.6 57.0n = 1905 131.86 5.48 120.1 123.0 131.7 141.1 144.7

USAFLY.WOM 54.00 1.47 51.3 51.8 53.9 56.7 57.9n = 455 137.16 3.74 130.3 131.6 136.8 143.9 147.0

ACROMION-RADIALE LENGTH - see also Shoulder-Elbow LengthSubject stands erect (Typ) with arms hanging at sides - the

straight-line distance between the right Acromiale and theright Radiale.

USAFLY.MEN 12.97 .67 11.4 11.9 13.0 14.1 14.6n = 2420 32.95 1.70 29.1 30.2 32.9 35.8 37.0

USAF.WOM 12.21 .64 10.8 11.1 12.2 13.2 13.7n = 1905 31.01 1.63 27.4 28.3 31.0 33.6 34.7

USAFLY.WOM 12.61 .54 11.3 lt.7 12.6 13.5 14.0n = 455 32.02 1.36 28.7 29.6 32.1 34.2 35.5

11 l;i

" ' " = - ' " " , " ' " " ' " ' ',' ' ' " ' / " _ " " ." "*, *- " '.' . ". . " .' " " -. . -a *. N' . ' - " "

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


ACROMION-TQ-BICEPS CIRCUMFERENCE LEVELSubject stands erect (Typ) with arms hanging at sides- the

straight-line distance between the right Acromiale and theindentation at the distal margin of the deltoid muscle.

USAFLY.MEN 7.48 .59 6.1 6.5 7.5 8.5 8.9n = 2420 19.01 1.50 15.6 16.5 19.0 21.5 22.6

AGE (In years, as of last birthday)

USAF.MEN 29.81 7.24 18.3 19.8 29.2 42.8 49.4n = 1236

USAFLY.MEN 30.03 6.31 22.1 22.6 28.3 42.8 45.7n = 2420

USAF.WOM 23.43 6.45 18.1 18.3 21.0 38.9 46.5n = 1905

USAFLY.WOM* 23.35 6.12 17.8 18.0 20.9 38.2 43.6n = 455

* NOTE:Summary statistics regarding age of the rated women officers

obviously do not reflect accurately those expected from anactual population of USAF women rated officers. To develop anadequate N, subjects as young as 18 years had to be drawn fromthe 1968 USAF survey population. The age distribution of thesubset, therefore, is skewed to the left, a younger populationthan that which would be expected. While weight and bodybreadths, depths, and circumferences may be conservatively esti-mated, stature and other body lengths are considered to be ac-curate.

ANKLE BREADTH - see Bimalleolar Breadth

ANKL CIRCUMFERENCESubject stands with legs slightly apart - the minimum cir-

cumference of the right ankle.

USAF.MEN 8.83 .52 7.7 8.0 8.8 9.7 10.2n = 1236 22.43 1.32 19.6 20.3 22.4 24.7 25.9

USAFLY.MEN 8.82 .50 7.7 8.0 8.8 9.7 10.1n = 2420 22.41 1.26 19.7 20.4 22.4 24.6 25.6

USAF.WOM 8.30 .51 7.2 7.5 8.3 9.2 9.6n = 1905 21.09 1.29 18.3 19.0 21.0 23.3 24.4

(Cont'd)

12

. . . .

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAFLY.WOM 8.44 .45 7.5 7.8 8.4 9.3 9.6n 455 21.44 1.15 19.0 19.7 21.4 23.5 24.5

ANKLE HEIGHT - see also Lateral Malleolus Height and MedialMalleolus Height

Subject stands with weight equally distributed on both feet- the height from the floor to the minimum circumference levelof the right ankle.

USAF.MEN 5.11 .61 4.0 4.3 5.0 6.2 6.7n = 1236 12.99 1.54 10.2 10.8 12.8 15.8 16.9 .,-

USAFLY.MEN 5.40 .45 4.5 4.7 5.4 6.2 6.5n = 2420 13.72 1.15 11.4 12.0 13.6 15.8 16.6

USAF.WOM 4.41 .53 3.4 3.6 4.4 5.4 5.8N = 1905 11.19 1.35 8.7 9.2 11.1 13.6 14.7

USAFLY.WOM 4.56 .54 3.6 3.7 4.5 5.6 5.9n = 455 11.58 1.37 9.1 9.5 11.5 14.1 15.1

ANTERIOR NECK LENGTH - see also Posterior Neck LengthSubject stands erect, head in the Frankfort Plane - the

surface distance from chin-neck intersect to Suprasternale.

USAF.MEN 3.67 .57 2.4 2.7 3.7 4.6 5.0

n = 1236 9.32 1.45 6.0 6.9 9.3 11.7 12.8 -

USAFLY.MEN 3.32 .66 1.6 2.2 3.4 4.4 4.8

n = 2420 8.43 1.68 4.0 5.5 8.5 11.1 12.1

ANTERIOR WMI LENGTH -see Waist-Front Length

ARBM RCFERENCE - see Axillary Arm Circumference and BicepsCircumference, Extended

ARB REACH FRO ALL - see also Thumb-Tip Reach and Maximum Reachfrom Wall

Subject stands erect with heels, buttocks, shoulder bladesand head in contact with a vertical surface. The right arm isextended forward horizontally, elbow locked, hand flattenedand extended forward - the distance from the vertical surfaceto the tip of the 3rd digit.

-. 5-

USAFLY.MEN 34.59 1.63 30.9 31.9 34.6 37.3 38.5n = 4000 87.86 4.15 78.6 81.1 87.8 94.8 97.9

13

:V _y

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


AXILLARY BM CIRCUMEE - see also Biceps Circumference, NExtended and Scye Circumference

Subject stands (Typ), right arm extended with the hand about30 cm (12 in) from the body - the circumference of the arm,perpendicular to its long axis, as high in the axilla aspossible.

USAFLY.MEN 12.50 1.03 10.4 10.9 12.4 14.3 15.0n = 4000 31.74 2.62 26.3 27.6 31.6 36.3 38.1

USAF.WOM 10.80 .92 9.0 9.4 10.7 12.4 13.2n 1905 27.44 2.34 22.8 23.9 27.3 31.5 33.6

USAFLY.WOM 10.67 .69 9.2 9.5 10.7 11.7 12.2n 455 27.11 1.74 23.3 24.1 27.2 29.8 31.0

-B- -B- -B-

BACK CURVATURE LENH - see also Interscye DistanceSubject stands eLect with hands on hips - the surface dis-

tance across the back between midaxillary points on each side, -at the level of maximum anterior protrusion of the busts(females) nipples (men).

USAF.WOM 16.59 1.20 14.1 14.8 16.5 18.7 19.8n = 1905 42.15 3.05 35.8 37.6 41.9 47.6 50.3

USAFLY.WOM 16.63 1.02 14.4 15.0 16.6 18.4 19.0n = 455 42.25 2.60 36.5 38.1 42.1 46.7 48.3

BALL-Qf-FOT CRCUMFERENCE - see also Instep Circumference andHeel-Ankle Circumference

Subject stands with weight equally distributed on both feet- the circumference of the foot at the distal heads of meta-tarsals I and V.

USAF.MEN 9.92 .48 8.9 9.1 9.9 10.7 11.1n = 1236 25.20 1.23 22.6 23.2 25.2 27.3 28.3

USAFLY.MEN 9.78 .48 8.7 9.0 9.8 10.6 11.0n = 2420 24.84 1.23 22.1 22.9 24.8 27.0 28.0

14

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%

N in in in in in in in

cm cm cm cm cm cm cm

DIACBOMIAL DB.EADTH- see also Bideltoid BreadthSubject sits erect, head in the Frankfort plane, arms

hanging relaxed, elbows flexed to about 90 degrees, and fore- Iarms and hands extended forward horizontally - the horizontaldistance between the right and left Acromiale.

USAF.MEN 15.78 .74 14.0 14.6 15.8 17.0 17.5n = 1236 40.09 1.88 35.5 37.0 40.1 43.1 44.4

USAFLY.MEN 16.04 .76 14.2 14.8 16.1 17.3 17.8n = 2420 40.73 1.94 36.0 37.5 40.8 43.8 45.3

USAF.WOM 14.11 .65 12.6 13.1 14.1 15.2 15.7n = 1905 35.84 1.64 31.9 33.2 35.8 38.6 39.8

USAFLY.WOM 14.34 .63 12.8 13.3 14.3 15.4 15.8n = 455 36.43 1.59 32.6 33.8 36.4 39.0 40.2

BIAURICULA BREADTH - see Ear-to-Ear Breadth

BICEPS CIRCUMFERENCE, EXTENDED - see also Biceps Circumference,Flexed; Axillary Arm Circumference and ScyeCircumference

Subject stands (Typ), right arm extended downward with thehand about 30 cm (12 in) from the side of the body - thecircumference of the arm at the point where BicepsCircumference, Flexed (q.v.) is measured.

USAF.MEN 11.52 .96 9.4 10.0 11.5 13.1 13.9n = 1236 29.26 2.43 24.0 25.3 29.2 33.4 35.3

USAFLY.MEN 12.12 .92 10.0 10.6 12.1 13.7 14.4n = 2420 30.79 2.34 25.5 27.0 30.8 34.7 36.7

USAF.WOM 10.08 .90 8.3 8.8 10.0 11.7 12.5n = 1905 25.61 2.29 21.1 22.2 25.4 29.7 31.8

USAFLY.WOM 9.93 .65 8.4 8.8 10.0 10.9 11.3n = 455 25.22 1.66 21.4 22.4 25.3 27.8 28.7

BICEZS CC EBNCBL FLEXED- see also Biceps Circumference,Extended

Subject stands (Typ), flexes right elbow to a right angleand makes a fist while holding the (upper) arm horizontallyout to the side - the circumference of the arm at the maximumbulge of the biceps muscle.

(Cont'd)

15

r...

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


" USAF.MEN 12.78 1.00 10.6 11 .1 12.8 14.4 15.2

n = 1236 32.47 2.54 26.8 28.3 32.5 36.7 38.7

USAFLY.MEN 12.89 .89 10.9 11.5 12.9 14.4 15.1n = 2420 32.74 2.26 27.6 29.1 32.7 36.6 38.3

USAF.WOM 10.55 .91 8.8 9.2 10.5 12.1 13.1n = 1905 26.79 2.32 22.2 23.3 26.6 30.8 33 .2

USAFLY.WOM 10.42 .66 8.8 9.3 10.4 11.5 11.8n = 455 26.47 1.68 22.4 23.6 26.5 29.1 29.9

BICEPS CIUMFERENC RELAXEP - see Biceps Circumference,

Extended

BRITAL BREADTH - see Bi-iliocristale Breadth

BIDELTOID BREADTH- see also Biacromial BreadthSubject sits erect, head in the Frankfort plane, arms hang-

ing relaxed, elbow flexed to about 90 degrees, forearms andhands extended forward horizontally - the horizontal distancebetween the maximum lateral protrusions of the right and leftdeltoid muscles.

USAF.MEN 18.69 .98 16.6 17.1 18.7 20.4 21.1n = 1236 47.46 2.49 42.2 43.5 47.4 51.7 53.7

USAFLY.MEN 18.99 1.01 16.7 17.4 19.0 20.7 21.4n = 2420 48.24 2.56 42.4 44.1 48.2 52.6 54.4

USAF.WOM 16.48 .91 14.4 15.0 16.4 18.1 18.9

n = 1905 41.87 2.31 36.7 38.2 41.8 45.9 48.0

USAFLY.WOM 16.52 .74 14.4 15.3 16.5 17.7 18.1

n = 455 41.97 1.89 36.7 38.8 42.0 45.0 46.1

BIGONIAL BREADTHSubject sits (Typ), mouth closed, upper and lower teeth in

contact, but not clenched - the maximum horizontal breadth ofthe jaw across the gonial angles, using light contact.

USAF.MEN 4.29 .21 3.8 3.9 4.3 4.6 4.8n = 1236 10.90 .54 9.6 10.0 10.9 11.8 12.2

USAFLY.MEN 4.62 .27 4.0 4.2 4.6 5.1 5.3 '4n = 2420 11.73 .69 10.2 10.6 11.7 12.9 13.4

"" (Cont'd) "

16 -

.--- ,.--.- .-...".".. ;. -. , . .- .,. .. -. , --, ",','i . . - ,,:, ; i;,-,,m .,-i. ,.--,

o N W . VW1 : :,. , o , . .J' , R .. WJ W ( Vi W WJ .' '-. . - '. . . -9 .

- . . . - .- - ° ,. - -

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAF.WOM 4.01 .22 3.5 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.6n = 1905 10.19 .56 8.9 9.3 10.2 11.1 11.6

USAFLY.WOM 4.02 .21 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.4 4.5n = 455 10.21 .54 8.9 9.3 10.2 11.1 11.5

BI-ILIOCRISTALE BREADTH - see also Hip Breadth, StandingSubject stands erect - the horizontal distance between the

lateral aspects of the crests of the right and left ilia atthe mid-axillary line. Strong pressure is exerted to approxi-mate a bone-to-bone dimension.

USAF.MEN 12.18 1.02 10.2 10.6 12.1 13.9 14.8n = 1236 30.93 2.58 25.8 27.0 30.8 35.4 37.7

USAFLY.MEN 10.99 .80 8.9 9.6 11.0 12.3 12.9n = 2420 27.92 2.04 22.6 24.4 28.0 31.2 32.9

BIMALLEOLA BREADTHSubject stands - the horizontal distance between the maximum

protrusions of the medial and lateral malleoli of the ankle.• ".

USAF.MEN 2.94 .16 2.6 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.3n = 1236 7.47 .41 6.5 6.8 7.5 8.1 8.5

USAFLY.MEN 2.89 .15 2.6 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.3n = 2420 7.33 .38 6.5 6.7 7.3 8.0 8.3

BIOCLLA BREADIH - see also Interocular Distance andInterpupillary Distance

Subject sits (Typ) - the distance between the outer corners(external canthi) of the eyes.

USAF.MEN 3.82 .19 3.4 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.3n = 1236 9.71 .48 8.7 8.9 9.7 10.5 10.9

USAFLY.MEN 3.61 .19 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.1n 2420 9.17 .49 8.1 8.4 9.2 10.0 10.4

USAF.WOM 3.81 .19 3.3 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.3n = 1905 9.67 .49 8.5 8.9 9.7 10.5 10.8

USAFLY.WOM 3.84 .19 3.4 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.3n = 455 9.75 .47 8.7 9.0 9.7 10.6 10.9

BITRAGION BREADTH - see also Head BreadthSubject sits (Typ) - the straight-line distance across the

skull, from right to left Tragion.(Cont'd)

17

*.S.*.-.-S.-

k~~~~~~ -p -1r - . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAF.MEN 5.60 .24 5.1 5.2 5.6 6.0 6.1n = 1236 14.23 .62 12.9 13.2 14.2 15.3 15.6

USAFLY.MEN 5.61 .22 5.1 5.3 5.6 6.0 6.1n = 2420 14.25 .56 13.0 13.4 14.3 15.2 15.6

USAF.WOM 5.07 .20 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.4 5.6n = 1905 12.89 .50 11.8 12.1 12.9 13.7 14.2

USAFLY.WOM 5.10 .19 4.7 4.8 5.1 5.4 5.6n = 455 12.96 .47 11.9 12.2 12.9 13.8 14.1

BITRAGION-CORONAL ARCSubject sits (Typ) - the surface distance vertically over

the top of the head, from right to left Tragion.

USAF.MEN 14.00 .56 12.8 13.1 14.0 15.0 15.4n = 1236 35.56 1.41 32.4 33.3 35.5 38.0 39.0

USAFLY.MEN 14.08 .50 12.9 13.3 14.1 14.9 15.3n = 2420 35.76 1.26 32.8 33.7 35.8 37.9 38.8

USAF.WOM 13.35 .55 12.1 12.5 13.3 14.3 14.7n = 1905 33.92 1.40 30.8 31.7 33.9 36.3 37.5

USAFLY.WOM 13.46 .56 12.2 12.6 13.4 14.4 14.8n = 455 34.18 1.42 31.0 32.0 34.1 36.7 37.6

BITRAGION-CRINI-ON ARC - see also Bitragion-Minimum Frontal ArcSubject sits (Typ) - the surface distance along the arc from

right to left Tragion passing over the midpoint of the hair-line in the center of the forehead. (If there is obviousbalding, this dimension is omitted.)

USAFLY.MEN 13.04 .51 11.9 12.2 13.0 13.9 14.2n = 3437 33.13 1.29 30.2 31.0 33.1 35.3 36.0

BITRAGION-INION ARC - see also Bitragion-Posterior ArcSubject sits (Typ) - the surface distance along the arc from

right to left Tragion, passing over Inion.

USAFLY.MEN 11.59 .59 10.4 10.7 11.5 12.6 13.1n = 2420 29.45 1.49 26.4 27.2 29.3 32.1 33.3

BITRAGION-MENTO ARCSubject sits (Typ) - the surface distance along the arc from

right to left Tragion, passing over Menton.

(Cont'd)

18 -

%p %

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAF.MEN 12.64 .53 11.4 11.8 12.6 13.5 13.9 .n = 1236 32.10 1.34 29.0 30.0 32.1 34.4 35.2

USAFLY.MEN 12.85 .49 11.8 12.1 12.8 13.7 14.0n = 2420 32.65 1.24 29.9 30.6 32.6 34.7 35.4

BITRAGION-MINIMUM FRNTAL AEC - see also Bitragion-Crinion ArcSubject sits (Typ) - the surface distance along the arc from

right to left Tragion, passing across the forehead just above,but not including the brow ridges.

USAF.MEN 12.10 .43 11.1 11.4 12.1 12.8 13.2n = 1236 30.74 1.10 28.3 29.0 30.7 32.6 33.5

USAFLY.MEN 12.13 .39 11.2 11.5 12.1 12.8 13.1n = 2420 30.81 1.00 28.5 29.2 30.8 32.5 33.2

BITRAGION-POSTERIOR AC - see also Bitragion-Inion ArcSubject sits (Typ) - the surface distance along the arc from

right to left Tragion, passing over the lowest point on theposterior aspect of the skull which can be palpated among theneck muscles.

USAF.MEN 10.43 .48 9.4 9.6 10.4 11.2 11.6n = 1236 26.50 1.21 23.9 24.5 26.5 28.5 29.5

BITRAGION-SUBMANDIBULAR ARCSubject sits (Typ) - the surface distance along the arc from

right to left Tragion, passing under the chin and over thegonial angles of the jaw.

USAF.MEN 11.97 .62 10.6 10.9 12.0 13.0 13.5n = 1236 30.41 1.57 26.9 27.8 30.4 33.0 34.3

USAFLY.MEN 12.20 .62 10.8 11.2 12.2 13.2 34.7n = 2420 30.98 1.58 27.5 28.4 31.0 33.6 34.8

BITRAGION-JSUBNASALE ARCSubject sits (Typ) - the surface distance along the arc from

right to left Tragion, passing across the face just below thenose.

USAF.MEN 11.44 .45 10.4 10.7 11.4 12.2 12.6n = 1236 29.05 1.15 26.5 27.2 29.0 31.0 31.9

USAFLY.MEN 11.54 .40 10.6 10.9 11.5 12.2 12.5n = 2420 29.31 1.02 27.0 27.6 29.3 31.0 31.7

19

II

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%

N in in in in in in incm cm cm cm cm cm cm -

BITROCHANTERIC BREADTH - see also Hip Breadth and BiiliocristaleBreadth

Subject stands erect, feet together - the horizontal dis-tance across the hips between the right and left trochantersof the humerus. The tissue overlying the trochanters iscompressed firmly with the measuring instrument (beam caliper)so as to obtain a bone-to-bone approximation.

USAF.MEN 13.06 .69 11.5 12.0 13.0 14.2 14.8n = 1236 33.17 1.76 29.3 30.4 33.1 36.1 37.6

BI ZYGOMATIC BREADTHSubject sits (Typ) - the straight-line maximum horizontal

breadth of the face across the zygomatic arches.

USAF.MEN 5.59 .21 5.1 5.2 5.6 5.9 6.1n = 1236 14.21 .54 13.0 13.3 14.2 15.1 15.5

USAFLY.MEN 5.60 .20 5.1 5.3 5.6 5.9 6.1n = 2420 14.23 .52 13.0 13.4 14.2 15.1 15.5

USAF.WOM 5.08 .23 4.5 4.7 5.1 5.4 5.6N = 1905 12.90 .58 11.4 11.9 12.9 13.8 14.2

USAFLY.WOM 5.10 .22 4.5 4.7 5.1 5.4 5.6n = 455 12.96 .56 11.4 12.0 13.0 13.8 14.2

-US.T C1RCV MFEENCE - see also Chest Circumference andChest Circumference Below Bust

Subject (female) stands erect - the maximum circumference ofthe torso at the level of the maximum forward protrusion ofthe busts during quiet breathing.

USAF.WOM 35.33 2.24 31.0 32.1 35.0 39.4 42.0n = 1905 89.73 5.70 78.7 81.6 89.0 100.2 106.6

USAFLY.WOM 35.19 1.59 31.4 32.6 35.2 37.8 39.1n = 455 89.39 4.04 79.8 82.7 89.4 96.1 99 .4

BUST DEPTH - see also Chest DepthSubject (female) stands erect - the maximum horizontal depth

of the torso at the level of the maximum forward protrusion ofthe busts, during quiet breathing.

USAF.WOM 9.31 .76 7.8 8.2 9.2 10.7 11.4n = 1905 23.64 1.93 19.9 20.9 23.4 27.2 29.0

USAFLY.WOM 9.25 .60 8.0 8.2 9.3 10.3 10.7n = 455 23.49 1.53 20.2 20.9 23.5 26.1 27.2

20.................................................... .•-

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


BU STPOI NT-TO-BUSTPOINT BREADTH-Subject (female) stands erect - the horizontal distance

between the points of maximum forward protrusion of the busts.

USAF.WOM 7.30 .61 5.9 6.3 7.3 8.3 8.9n = 1905 18.53 1.55 15.0 16.1 18.5 21.2 22.5

USAFLY.WOM 7.27 .54 6.0 6.4 7.2 8.2 8.5n = 455 18.47 1.36 15.2 16.2 18.4 20.8 21.7

BUSTPOINT HEIGHT, STANDING - see also Nipple Height, StandingSubject (female) stands erect -the vertical distance from

the floor to the point of maximum forward protrusion of theright bust.

USAF.WOM 46.58 2.05 42.0 43.3 46.5 50.1 51.6n = 1905 118.32 5.21 106.8 110.0 118.1 127.3 131.1

USAFLY.WOM 48.57 1.52 45.5 46.3 48.5 51.3 52.9n = 455 123.37 3.86 115.6 117.5 123.1 130.4 134.4

BUTTOC CIRCUMFERENCE, SITTING - see Hip Circumference, Sitting

BUTTOCK CIRCUMFERENCE, STANDING - see Hip Circumference, Standing

BUTTOCK CIRCBUMFEENCE OVER FOUNDATION GARMENT, SITTINC - see HipCircumference over Foundation Garment, Sitting

BUTTOI DEPTH, STANDING - see Hip Depth, Standing

BUTTOCK DPT OVER FOUNDATION QARMENT, STANDING - see Hip Depthover Foundation Garment, Standing

BUTTQCK~ HE~IGT, STANING - see also Gluteal Furrow Height,Iliocristale Height and Trochanterion Height

Subject stands erect - the vertical distance from thestanding surface to the level of maximum rearward protrusionof the buttocks.

USAF.MEN 35.63 1.83 31.5 32.6 35.6 38.7 40.1

n = 1236 90.51 4.65 79.9 82.9 90.5 98.2 101.8

USAFLY.MEN 35.48 1.73 31.6 32.7 35.4 38.4 39.7

n = 2420 90.11 4.39 80.2 83.1 90.0 97.5 100.9

USAF.WOM 32.37 1.64 28.9 29.7 32.3 35.1 36.3n = 1905 82.21 4.16 73.3 75.4 82.1 89.2 92.1

(Cont'd)

21

.'--

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAFLY.WOM 33.61 1.31 30.7 31.6 33.5 35 .9 37.4n = 455 85.38 3.32 78.0 80.3 85.1 91.3 94.9

BUTTOCK-HEEL LENGTH - see also Buttock-Knee LengthSubject sits erect on a table, buttocks and lower back

against a wall and the right leg extended as far as possibleon the table, foot flexed as much as possible (the left leg isallowed to hang, but supported, over the edge of the table) -the distance from the wall (right buttock) to the base of theright heel.

USAFLY.MEN 42.70 2.02 38.3 39.4 42.7 46.1 47.7n = 4000 108.46 5.14 97.2 100.2 108.4 117.0 121.1

BUTTOCK-KNE LENGTH - see also Buttock-Heel Length and Buttock-Popliteal Length

Subject sits erect, feet resting on a surface adjusted sothat the knees are flexed to about right angles and thighshorizontal - the horizontal distance from the rearmost surfaceof the right buttock to the forward surface of the kneecap (ortibial tuberosity).

USAF.MEN 23.83 1.10 21.3 22.0 23.8 25.7 26.6n = 1236 60.53 2.80 54.1 56.0 60.5 65.2 67.5

USAFLY.MEN 23.78 1.06 21.4 22.1 23.8 25.6 26.5n 2420 60.40 2.70 54.3 56.1 60.3 65.0 67.3

USAF.WOM 22.61 1.04 20.4 21.0 22.6 24.4 25.1n = 1905 57.43 2.63 51.8 53.2. 57.3 61.9 63.7

USAFLY.WOM 23.18 .80 21.5 21.9 23.1 24.6 25.1

n = 455 58.89 2.04 54.6 55.7 58.7 62.5 63.8

BUTTOCK-LEG LENGTH - see Buttock-Heel Length

DUTTOCK-POPLITEAL LENGTH - see also Buttock-Knee LengthSubject sits erect on a table, feet resting on a surface

adjusted so that the knees are bent at about right angles andthighs horizontal, the backs of the calves in contact with theedge of the table - the horizontal distance from the mostposterior protrusion of the right buttock to the juncture ofthe underside of the right thigh and the back of the leg (theforward edge of the table).

USAF.MEN 19.61 1.04 17.2 18.0 19.6 21.4 22.3n = 1236 49.82 2.64 43.6 45.6 49.8 54.3 56.7

(Cont' d)

22

-.

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAFLY.MEN 19.83 1.02 17.6 18.2 19.8 21.5 22.3n = 2420 50.37 2.58 44.6 46.1 50.4 54.6 56.6

USAF.WOM 18.78 1.09 16.5 17.1 18.7 20.7 21.6n = 1905 47.71 2.76 42.0 43.5 47.5 52.6 55.0

USAFLY.WOM 19.27 .95 17.3 17.8 19.2 20.9 21.8n 455 48.94 2.42 44.0 45.2 48.8 53.2 55.4

-C-D-E- -C-D-E- -C-D-E-

CALF CIRCUMFERENCE, STANDINGSubject stands with legs slightly apart - the maximum cir-

cumference of the right leg in the calf region, perpendicularto its long axis.

USAF.MEN 14.49 1.00 12.3 12.9 14.5 16.1 16.8n = 1236 36.81 2.53 31.2 32.7 36.8 41.0 42.7

USAFLY.MEN 14.64 .89 12.6 13.2 14.6 16.1 16.8n = 2420 37.19 2.27 32.0 33.5 37.2 41.0 42.6

USAF.WOM 13.44 .89 11.6 12.0 13.4 14.9 15.6n = 1905 34.14 2.25 29.4 30.6 34.1 37.9 39.7

USAFLY.WOM 13.53 .75 11.9 12.3 13.5 14.8 15.2n = 455 34.36 1.90 30.3 31.2 34.4 37.5 38.7

CA HEIGHTSubject stands erect - the vertical distance from the

standing surface to the level of maximum circumference of theright calf.

USAF.MEN 14.36 .94 12.4 12.9 14.3 16.0 16.7n = 1236 36.48 2.38 31.4 32.7 36.4 40.6 42.4

USAFLY.MEN 14.00 .87 12.1 12.6 14.0 15.5 16.0N = 2420 35.55 2.22 30.7 32.0 35.5 39.3 40.7

CRV1ICALE HEIGHT STADIN:Subject stands erect - the vertical distance from the

standing surface to Cervicale.

USAF.MEN 59.23 2.49 53.4 55.2 59.2 63.4 65.3n = 1236 150.44 6.32 135.7 140.2 150.4 161.1 165.9

.* (Cont'd)

23

L7

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAFLY.MEN 59.87 2.29 54.4 56.1 59.8 63.7 65.4n = 2420 152.06 5.82 138.2 142.5 152.0 161.8 166.0

USAF.WOM 54.80 2.17 50.2 51.3 54.8 58.4 60.0n = 1905 139.20 5.52 127.6 130.3 139.1 148.4 152.5

USAFLY.WOM 57.00 1.44 54.4 54.9 56.9 59.6 61.2 ".

n = 455 144.77 3.65 138.3 139.4 144.4 151.5 155.4

CHES BREADTH - see also Chest Breadth, BoneSubject stands erect, arms slightly abducted - the horizon-

tal distance across the thorax at the level of the nipples(men) or most anterior protrusion of the bust (women).

USAF.MEN 12.69 .89 10.7 11.3 12.6 14.3 15.0n = 1236 32.24 2.26 27.3 28.8 32.1 36.2 38.2

USAFLY.MEN 12.91 .83 11.1 11.6 12.9 14.4 15.1n = 2420 32.78 2.12 28.3 29.5 32.7 36.5 38.4

USAF.WOM 11.02 .75 9.4 9.9 11.0 12.4 13.1n = 1905 27.99 1.91 24.0 25.1 27.8 31.4 33.2

USAFLY.WOM 11.06 .60 9.6 10.1 11.0 12.1 12.5n = 455 28.08 1.52 24.3 25.6 28.0 30.7 31.7

. CH= BREADTH, BONE - see also Chest BreadthSubject stands erect, arms slightly abducted - the horizon-

tal distance across the thorax at the level of the nipples.The tissue overlying the rib cage is compressed with the mea-suring instrument to obtain an approximation of a costal dimen-sion.

USAF.MEN 11.78 .78 10.0 10.5 11.7 13.1 13.7n = 1236 29.92 1.99 25.5 26.7 29.8 33.3 34.9

HE.Sa F R.EL - see also Chest Circumference at Scye andBust Circumference

Subject stands erect, arms initially raised, then loweredafter measuring tape is in place - the maximum horizontalcircumference of the chest at the level of the nipples duringnormal breathing.

" USAF.MEN 38.47 2.64 33.0 34.3 38.3 43.0 45.1n = 1236 97.71 6.70 83.7 87.1 97.4 109.2 114.6

USAFLY.MEN 38.80 2.50 33.4 34.9 38.7 43.1 45.0n = 2420 98.55 6.35 84.8 88.6 98.3 109.4 114.4

24

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

=i ) -i ..- . '. . , ' " " -' ' : / " ' - " ' .,- " .' . ,'" ". " ". • • .,-' -' - . . " . i - " '

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


CHEST CIRCUMFERENC AT SCYE - see also Chest Circumference belowBust and Bust Circumference '-.

Subject stands erect, arms initially raised, then loweredafter the tape is in place - the maximum horizontal circum-ference of the chest at the level of the arm scye duringnormal breathing.

USAFLY.MEN 40.26 2.39 34.9 36.4 40.2 44.3 46.1n = 2420 102.26 6.07 88.6 92.5 102.1 112.4 117.0

USAF.WOM 33.17 1.95 29.3 30.3 33.0 36.7 38.9n = 1905 84.25 4.96 74.3 77.0 83.7 93.2 98.8

USAFLY.WOM 33.19 1.46 29.6 30.8 33.1 35.7 36.7n • 455 84.31 3.71 75.1 78.3 84.2 90.6 93.3

CUEST CIRCU.MFERENCE BELOW BUST - see also Chest Circumference atScye and Bust Circumference

Subject stands erect, arms slightly abducted to permitclearance of the measuring tape - the maximum horizontal cir-cumference of the torso at the level just below the cups ofthe bra, during quiet breathing.

USAF.WOM 29.26 1.92 25.6 26.5 29.1 32.7 34.9n = 1905 74.33 4.87 65.0 67.2 73.8 83.1 88.5

USAFLY.WOM 29.24 1.41 26.1 26.9 29.3 31.6 32.6n = 455 74.28 3.58 66.3 68.3 74.3 80.3 82.9

CHES DEPTH - see also Bust DepthSubject stands erect - the maximum horizontal depth of the

torso at the level of the nipples during quiet breathing.

USAF.MEN 9.39 .86 7.6 8.0 9.4 10.8 11.5n = 1236 23.86 2.19 19.2 20.4 23.8 27.5 29.2

USAFLY.MEN 9.65 .76 8.0 8.4 9.6 10.9 11.5n = 2420 24.52 1.93 20.3 21.3 24.5 27.7 29.2

CHE.ST HEIGHT-L SANIDING - see Nipple Height, Standing andBustpoint Height, Standing

CHIN PRJECTION - see Menton Projection

CHIN-TO-BACK a HEAD - see Menton-to-Back of Head

CHIN-TQ-HAIRLINE - see Menton-to-Crinion Length

CHIN-TO-TOP DE HEAD - see Menton-to-Top of Head

25

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


CHIN-TO-NASAL ROO DEPRESSION- see Menton-Nasal Root DepressionLength

CHIN-TO-WALL - see Menton-to-Back of Head

CHIN PROMINENCE-TO-WALL - see Menton-to-Back of Head

CRISTALE HEIQH - see Iliocristale Height

CROTCH HEIGHT - see also Gluteal Furrow Height and Penale HeightSubject stands erect, feet approximately eight inches apart

- the distance from the floor to the midpoint of the crotchbetween the genitalia and the right thigh.

USAF.MEN 32.40 1.71 28.4 29.6 32.4 35.3 36.5n = 1236 82.29 4.35 72.2 75.3 82.2 89.6 92.7

USAFLY.MEN 33.49 1.63 29.8 30.8 33.5 36.2 37.4n = 2420 85.07 4.15 75.6 78.3 85.0 92.0 94.9

USAF.WOM 29.33 1.59 25.9 26.8 29.3 32.0 33.2n = 1905 74.50 4.03 65.8 68.1 74.4 81.4 84.3

USAFLY.WOM 30.53 1.28 27.8 28.6 30.4 32.8 34.3n 455 77.54 3.26 70.7 72.6 77.3 83.4 87.0

CROTCH LENGTHSubject stands, legs slightly apart - the surface distance

through the crotch and over the middle of the right buttockfrom the level of the umbilicus to the waist level on the backabove the middle of the right buttock.

USAF.MEN 27.18 1.90 23.1 24.2 27.1 30.4 31.7n = 1236 69.03 4.83 58.6 61.4 68.8 77.3 80.6

USAFLY.MEN 27.80 1.74 24.1 25.1 27.7 30.8 32.2n = 2420 70.61 4.43 61.3 63.6 70.4 78.2 81.7

DAJTYLI HEIGHT - see also Metacarpale III HeightSubject stands erect with arms hanging at the sides, elbows

fully extended and fingers pointing to the standing surface -

the vertical distance from the standing surface to the tip ofthe right middle finger.

USAF.MEN 26.09 1.44 22.8 23.7 26.1 28.5 29.8n - 1236 66.27 3.66 57.8 60.3 66.2 72.4 75.6

USAFLY.MEN 26.45 1.38 23.2 24.2 26.4 28.8 29.8n = 2420 67.18 3.51 58.9 61.5 67.1 73.2 75.6

26

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


* ~ ULMID ARCSubject stands erect, arms hanging naturally at sides - the

surface distance from the right acromion to the insertion ofthe deltoid muscle onto the humerus.

USAF.MEN 6.05 .49 5.0 5.3 6.0 6.9 7.3n = 1236 15.37 1.24 12.8 13.5 15.3 17.5 18.5

USAFLY.MEN 6.26 .52 5.2 5.5 6.2 7.2 7.7n = 2420 15.91 1.33 13.2 13.9 15.8 18.3 19.7

FAR BR ADTk!Subject sits (Typ) - the maximum breadth of the ear perpen-

dicular to its long axis.

USAF.MEN 1.44 .12 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.7n = 1236 3.66 .30 2.9 3.2 3.7 4.2 4.4

USAFLY.MEN 1.50 .12 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8n 2420 3.80 .30 3.1 3.3 3.8 4.3 4.6

USAF.WOM 1.17 .13 .8 .9 1.2 1.4 1.5n = 1905 2.98 .33 2.1 2.4 3.0 3.5 3.7

USAFLY.WOM 1.19 .13 .9 .9 1.2 1.4 1.5n = 455 3.01 .33 2.2 2.4 3.0 3.5 3.7

EAR LENGTH - see also Ear Length above TragionSubject sits (Typ) - the maximum length of the right ear

parallel to its long axis.

USAF.MEN 2.59 .18 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.0n = 1236 6.58 .45 5.6 5.9 6.6 7.3 7.7

USAFLY.MEN 2.60 .17 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.0n = 2420 6.60 .43 5.6 5.9 6.6 7.3 7.7

USAF.WOM 2.06 .17 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.5n = 1905 5.24 .44 4.2 4.5 5.2 6.0 6.3

USAFLY.WOM 2.08 .17 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.4n = 455 5.28 .44 4.2 4.5 5.3 5.9 6.2

BAR LENGTH ABOV TRAGION - see also Ear LengthSubject sits (Typ) - the vertical distance from Tragion to

the top of the ear parallel to its long axis.

(Cont'd)

27

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAF.MEN 1.17 .11 .9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4n = 1236 2.98 .29 2.3 2.5 3.0 3.4 3.6

USAFLY.MEN 1.16 .11 .9 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.5n = 2420 2.94 .29 2.3 2.5 2.9 3.5 3.7

EAR PROTRUSION"Subject sits (Typ) - the maximum protrusion of the ear,

measured at a right angle to the surface of the head at themastoid process.

USAF.MEN .87 .13 .6 .7 .9 1.1 1.2n = 1236 2.22 .33 1.5 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.0

USAFLY.MEN .85 .13 .6 .6 .8 1.1 1.2n = 2420 2.16 .34 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.8 3.0

EAR-TQ-EARSubject sits (Typ) - the maximum horizontal distance between

the most lateral points on the rignt and left ears.

USAF.MEN 7.38 .33 6.6 6.9 7.4 7.9 8.1n = 1236 18.74 .84 16.7 17.4 18.7 20.1 20.7

USAFLY.MEN 7.41 .32 6.7 6.9 7.4 8.0 8.2n = 2420 18.83 .81 17.0 17.5 18.8 20.2 20.8

USAF.WOM 6.23 .37 5.5 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.1n = 1905 15.83 .95 13.9 14.2 15.8 17.4 18.0

USAFLY.WOM 6.28 .37 5.5 5.7 6.3 6.9 7.1n = 455 15.96 .93 14.0 14.4 15.9 17.5 18.1

ECTOCANTHUS-TO-BACK Qf LEA - see also Ectocanthus-to-Top of HeadSubject stands (Typ), head oriented in the Frankfort plane -

the horizontal distance from Ectocanthus to the back of thehead.

USAF.MEN 6.92 .27 6.3 6.5 6.9 7.4 7.6n = 1236 17.58 .68 16.0 16.5 17.6 18.7 19.3

USAFLY.MEN 7.00 .26 6.4 6.6 7.0 7.4 7.6n = 2420 17.79 .66 16.2 16.7 17.8 18.9 19.3

USAF.WOM 6.44 .38 5.7 5.9 6.4 7.1 7.5n = 1905 16.37 .97 14.4 14.9 16.3 18.1 19.1

USAFLY.WOM 6.51 .37 5.8 5.9 6.5 7.2 7.5n = 455 16.54 .93 14.7 15.1 16.5 18.2 19.1

28 !m*. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .

kI,

F ~~~ -7 -7 1

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


ECTOCANTHUS-TO-TOP OF HEAD - see also Ectocanthus-to-Back of HeadSubject stands (Typ), head oriented in the Frankfort plane -

the vertical distance from Ectocanthus to the top of the head(Vertex).

USAF.MEN 4.51 .29 3.8 4.1 4.5 5.0 5.2n = 1236 11.45 .73 9.7 10.3 11.4 12.7 13.3

USAFLY.MEN 4.70 .30 4.0 4.2 4.7 5.2 5.4n = 2420 11.95 .77 10.2 10.7 11.9 13.2 13.8

USAF.WOM 4.63 .36 3.9 4.1 4.6 5.3 5.6n = 1905 11.76 .92 9.9 10.4 11.7 13.4 14.2

USAFLY.WOM 4.71 .35 4.0 4.2 4.7 5.3 5.6n = 455 11.96 .89 10.1 10.6 11.9 13.5 14.2

ECTOCANTHUS-TO-VERTE - see Ectocanthus-to-Top of Head

ECTOCANTHUS-TO-WALL - see Ectocanthus-to-Back of Head

ELBOW BREADTH, BONESubject flexes right elbow to 90 degrees - the maximum

breadth across the humeral epicondyles, with firm pressure toapproximate a bony dimension.

USAF.MEN 2.84 .15 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.2n = 1236 7.21 .39 6.3 6.6 7.2 7.9 8.1

USAFLY.MEN 2.79 .14 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.1n = 2420 7.08 .36 6.2 6.5 7.1 7.7 7.9

USAF.WOM 2.41 .12 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.7n = 1905 6.13 .31 5.4 5.6 6.1 6.7 6.9

USAFLY.WOM 2.46 .11 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.7n = 455 6.26 .29 5.5 5.8 6.3 6.7 6.9

ELBOW C-QCMERENC E, EXTMEBED - see also Elbow Circumference,Flexed

Subject stands (Typ), right elbow fully extended and arm atabout 30 degrees from the side of the body - the circumferenceof the elbow perpendicular to the long axis of the arm passingover the tip of the olecranon process.

USAF.MEN 10.58 .60 9.3 9.6 10.6 11.6 12.1n = 1236 26.88 1.53 23.7 24.4 26.8 29.5 30.7

(Cont'd)

29

-- .....;,,'" ,. -'"..'""..''.+.''.-' ''.-' ,. -'+. ',.-: -''.,','.'-.-""-t'L'-,,-A,."'.,, '. ", ", -.'.. ." . , - - . -' .'- ."t . ."-" S . . ... +.

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAFLY.MEN 10.89 .56 9.7 10.0 10.9 11.9 12.3n = 2420 27.67 1.43 24.6 25.4 27.6 30.1 31.1

ELBCW CI BfER.EVCE.L FLEXED - see also Elbow Circumference,Extended

Subject stands (Typ), right elbow flexed to about 90degrees, arm elevated laterally to the horizontal position,and hand made into a fist - the circumference of the elbowover the tip of the olecranon process.

USAF.MEN 12.45 .80 10.7 11.1 12.4 13.8 14.5n 1236 31.62 2.03 27.2 28.3 31.6 35.0 36.9

USAFLY.MEN 12.30 .69 10.8 11.2 12.3 13.5 14.0n = 2420 31.24 1.75 27.4 28.5 31.2 34.2 35.6

USAF.WOM 10.62 .70 9.1 9.5 10.6 11.8 12.4n = 1905 26.98 1.78 23.0 24.2 26.9 30.0 31.5

USAFLY.WOM 10.83 .61 9.5 9.8 10.8 11.9 12.1n = 455 27.52 1.55 24.1 25.0 27.5 30.1 30.8

ELBOW CIRCUMFERENCE. RELAXED - see Elbow Circumference, Extended

' ELBOW HEIGHT, .STADIN - see also Elbow Rest HeightSubject stands erect, arms hanging naturally at sides - the

vertical distance from the floor to the depression between thedistal end of the humerus and the proximal end of the radius(Radiale), at the elbow of the right arm.

USAF.MEN 43.47 1.96 38.8 40.3 43.5 46.8 48.1n = 1236 110.41 4.97 98.6 102.3 110.4 118.8 122.3

USAFLY.MEN 44.21 1.80 39.9 41.3 44.2 47.2 48.4n = 2420 112.29 4.57 101.4 104.8 112.2 120.0 123.0

ELBOW RES HEIGHT - see also Elbow Height, StandingSubject sits erect, (upper) arms hanging relaxed, forearms

and hands extended forward and horizontal - the vertical dis-tance from the sitting surface to the bottom of the rightelbow.

USAF.MEN 9.44 1.07 7.0 7.7 9.4 11.3 12.1n = 1236 23.98 2.71 17.8 19.6 23.9 28.6 30.7

USAFLY.MEN 9.91 1.03 7.5 8.2 9.9 11.6 12.4n = 2420 25.16 2.61 19.1 20.9 25.1 29.5 31.5

(Cont'd)

30

, .-, .- . . . . . . . , - . -. . -., , .. - . - . , - . . .P- - . . . , - -. , .- -, .-,. . . , .- ( .' ., - - , -.

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAF.WOM 8.94 .97 6.8 7.4 8.9 10.6 11.3n = 1905 22.71 2.4b 17.3 18.7 22.7 26.9 28.8

USAFLY.WOM 9.41 .89 7.5 8.0 9.4 10.9 11.5n = 455 23.91 2.26 19.0 20.3 23.8 27.8 29.1

ELLO-GI LENGTH - see also Forearm-Hand LengthSubject stands erect (Typ), right (upper) arm hanging re-

laxed, elbow flexed to 90 degrees, forearm extended forwardand grasping a pencil vertically in the grip of the right hand- the horizontal distance from the back of the right elbow(olecranon process) to the axis of the pencil.

USAFLY.MEN 13.86 .64 12.5 12.8 13.9 14.9 15.4n = 2420 35.20 1.62 31.7 32.6 35.2 37.9 39.1

.E _W-TELB W BREADTH - see also Forearm-to-Forearm BreadthSubject sits erect (Typ), (upper) arms hanging at sides,

forearms and hands extended horizontally and forward - themaximum horizontal distance across the lateral surfaces of theelbows.

USAFLY.MEN 17.28 1.40 14.5 15.2 17.2 19.8 20.9n = 4000 43.90 3.55 37.0 38.6 43.6 50.2 53.2

ELBOW-WRIS LENGTH - see also Radiale-Stylion LengthSubject stands erect (Typ), right arm hanging at the side,

elbow flexed to 90 degrees, the forearm and hand extendedforward horizontally, hand flattened - the distance from thetip of the right elbow to the wrist (Stylion).

USAF.MEN 11.36 .57 10.1 10.4 11.3 12.3 12.7n = 1236 28.85 1.45 25.7 26.5 28.8 31.3 32.3

USAFLY.MEN 11.81 .56 10.5 10.9 11.8 12.7 13.1

n = 2420 29.99 1.41 26.7 27.7 30.0 32.4 33.4

HEIGHT, SITTING - see also Eye Height, StandingSubject sits erect, head in the Frankfort plane, (upper)

arms hanging relaxed, forearms and hands extended forwardhorizontally - the vertical distance from the sitting surfaceto the right internal canthus (USAF.MEN) or external canthus(USAFLY.MEN, USAF.WOM, AND USAFLY.WOM).

USAF.MEN 31.37 1.33 28.0 29.2 31.3 33.5 34.4n = 1236 79.67 3.37 71.2 74.2 79.6 85.2 87.5

. .

(Cont'd)

31

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAFLY.MEN 31.87 1.19 29.2 30.0 31.8 33.9 34.8n = 2420 80.95 3.02 74.1 76.2 80.9 86.1 88.3

USAF.WOM 29.02 1.20 26.3 27.1 29.0 31.0 31.9n = 1905 73.70 3.06 66.9 68.7 73.7 78.8 81.1

USAFLY.WOM 30.19 .80 28.5 28.9 30.2 31.6 32.4n 455 76.69 2.02 72.3 73.5 76.6 80.2 82.4

LIZEHZE HTj 1AkIE-DG - see also Eye Height, SittingSubject stands erect, looking directly forward, head

oriented in the Frankfort plane - the vertical distance fromthe floor to the internal canthus of the right eye.

USAFLY.MEN 64.70 2.37 59.1 60.8 64.7 68.6 70.4n = 4000 164.34 6.02 150.1 154.4 164.4 174.3 178.8

EYE-TO-BACK OF HEAD - see Ectocanthus-to-Back of Head

E=nDEY DILTAE - see Biocular Breadth and InterpupillaryDistance

EY-TO-TO QF HEAD - see Ectocanthus-to-Top of Head

-F-G- -F-G- -F-G- --

FACE BREADTH - see Bizygomatic Breadth

EAC LENGTH - see Menton-Nasal Root Depression Length

FEMORAL BREADTH - see Knee Breadth, Bone

FIBULA HEIGHT, STANDING - see also Knee Height, StandingSubject stands erect - the vertical distance from the

standing surface to the top of the right fibula.

USAFLY.MEN 17.27 .89 15.3 15.8 17.3 18.7 19.4n = 2420 43.87 2.25 38.8 40.2 43.8 47.6 49.4

FNG 111 DIAMETERSubject inserts Finger III into a series of graduated holes

- the diameter of the hole which most closely approximates themaximum diameter of the finger.

USAFLY.MEN .84 .05 .7 .8 .9 .9 .9n = 4000 2.13 .12 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.4

32

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99% 4,


FINGER i LENGTH - see First Phalanx Length, Digit III

FIRST PHALANX LENGTH, DIGISubject's right hand is made into a fist - the length of the

first segment of the middle finger across the surfaces of thethird metacarpal and the second phalanx.

USAFLY.MEN 2.67 .12 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.9n = 4000 6.78 .30 6.1 6.3 6.8 7.3 7.5

FOOT BREADTH - see also Heel BreadthSubject stands, weight equally distributed on both feet -

the maximum breadth of the foot perpendicular to its longi-tudinal axis.

USAF.MEN 3.87 .20 3.4 3.5 3.9 4.2 4.3n = 1236 9.82 .52 8.6 9.0 9.8 10.7 11.0

USAFLY.MEN 3.85 .20 3.4 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.5n 2420 9.77 .50 8.7 9.0 9.8 10.6 11.0

USAF.WOM 3.49 .20 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.0n = 1905 8.87 .60 7.7 8.0 8.9 9.8 10.2

USAFLY.WOM 3.55 .19 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.9 4.0n = 455 9.01 .47 7.8 8.2 9.0 9.9 10.2

FOOT CIRCUMFERENCE - see Ball-of-Foot Circumference

FOO LENGTH - see also Instep LengthSubject stands, weight equally distributed on both feet -

the maximum length of the foot to the longest toe, parallel tothe longitudinal axis of the foot.

USAF.MEN 10.56 .49 9.4 9.8 10.6 11.4 11.7n = 1236 26.81 1.24 24.0 24.8 26.8 28.9 29.8

USAFLY.MEN 10.64 .47 9.6 9.9 10.6 11.4 11.8n = 2420 27.03 1.19 24.3 25.1 27.0 29.0 29.9

USAF.WOM 9.48 .44 8.5 8.7 9.5 10.2 10.6n = 1905 24.07 1.13 21.5 22.2 24.1 26.0 26.8

USAFLY.WOM 9.76 .35 8.9 9.1 9.8 10.4 10.7n = 455 24.79 .90 22.7 23.2 24.8 26.3 27.1

33

SOURCF X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%

N in in in in in in inCM cm cm cm cm cm

FKRAB L L'MfL IXTDM _D- see also Forearm Circumference,F 1 e xE d

Subject s~ands iTyp), right elbow fully extended, hand re-laxed and abe it 30 cm from the side of the body - the maximumcircumference of t'ie forearm perpendicular to its longitudinalaxis.

USAF.MEN 10.93 .63 9.6 9.9 10.9 12.0 12.4n = 1236 27.75 1.61 24.3 25.1 27.8 30.4 31.5

USAFLY.MEN 11.09 .57 9.8 10.2 11.1 12.1 12.5n = 2420 28.16 1.46 24.9 25.8 28.1 30.6 31.7

USAF.WOM 9.24 .54 8.1 8.4 9.2 10.1 10.6n = 1905 23.48 1.38 20.6 21.3 23.4 25.8 27.0

USAFLY.WOM 9.28 .43 8.3 8.5 9.3 10.0 10.3n = 455 23.57 1.09 21.1 21.7 23.6 25.3 26.1

FOREARM CIRCUMFERENCE, FLEXED - see also Forearm Circumference,Extended

Subject stands (Typ), extends right arm forward, flexeselbow to about a right angle in the vertical plane and makes atight fist - the maximum circumference of the forearm perpen-dicular to its longitudinal axis.

USAF.MEN 11.68 .72 10.1 10.5 11.7 12.9 13.3n = 1236 29.67 1.83 25.6 26.7 29.7 32.7 33.8

USAFLY.MEN 11.72 .62 10.3 10.7 11.7 12.8 13.3n = 2420 29.77 1.58 26.3 27.2 29.7 32.4 33.7

USAF.WOM 9.83 .60 8.6 8.9 9.8 10.8 11.4n = 1905 24.98 1.52 21.7 22.6 24.9 27.5 28.9

USAFLY.WOM 9.89 .49 8.7 9.1 9.9 10.7 11.0n = 455 25.11 1.24 22.1 23.0 25.1 27.1 28.0

F REABIM CIRCUFERENCE, RELAXED - see Forearm Circumference,Extended

FOREARM-GRIP LENGTH - see Elbow-Grip Length

1'o

34

*o" * "op*.."* " .* °*"*.°*..*'-*-*." * -. . . .","" .. '. ."-.. .. . " .*"" - '

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


FOREARM-HAND LENGTH - see also Elbow-Grip LengthSubject stands erect (Typ), right arm hanging naturally at

side, elbow flexed to 90 degrees, forearm and hand directedforward and horizontal, hands flat and palm inward - thedistance from the tip of the right elbow to the tip of thelongest finger.

USAFLY.MEN 18.85 .80 17.0 17.5 18.9 20.2 20.7n = 4000 47.88 2.03 43.2 44.6 47.9 51.2 52.6

FQBEARB-T_fFQREARM BREADTH - see also Elbow-to-Elbow BreadthSubject sits erect (Typ), upper arms hanging relaxed, elbows

flexed to 90 degrees and forearms and hands extended forwardhorizontally and flat - the distance between the lateral sur-faces of the forearms.

USAF.MEN 19.46 1.69 15.8 16.8 19.4 22.4 23.9n = 1236 49.43 4.28 40.2 42.6 49.3 56.8 60.6

USAFLY.MEN 21.39 1.49 18.0 19.0 21.4 23.9 24.9

n = 2420 54.32 3.78 45.8 48.2 54.2 60.7 63.3

FUNCTIONAL REACH - see Thumb-Tip Reach

FUNCTIONAL REACH, EXTENDED - see Thumb-Tip Reach, Extended

GLABELLA-TO-BACK OF HEAD - see also Head LengthSubject stands (Typ), head oriented in the Frankfort plane -

the horizontal distance from Glabella to the back of the head.

USAF.MEN 7.86 .27 7.2 7.4 7.9 8.3 8.5n = 1236 19.97 .69 18.3 18.8 20.0 21.1 21.6

USAFLY.MEN 8.01 .26 7.4 7.6 8.0 8.5 8.7n = 2420 20.35 .67 18.8 19.3 20.3 21.5 22.0

GLABELLA-TO-TOP Q HEADSubject stands (Typ), head oriented in the Frankfort plane

- the vertical distance from Glabella to the top of the head(Vertex).

USAF.MEN 3.55 .35 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.1 4.4n = 1236 9.01 .89 7.0 7.6 9.0 10.5 11.1

USAFLY.MEN 3.65 .38 2.8 3.0 3.6 4.3 4.6n = 2420 9.27 .97 7.2 7.7 9.3 10.9 11.7

GLABELLA-TO-VERTEX - see Glabella-to-Top of Head

35

-. -*-. .*- - - - - r ~ r '' - - rr rt- - * '." ~ ~ - * .. ,< -.. -.

.. -

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


-LABELLA-TO-WALL - see Glabella-to-Back of Head

GLUTEAL ARCSubject stands - the vertical surface distance over the

maximum protrusion of the right buttock from the glutealfurrow to the level of the waist (Umbilicus) in back.

USAFLY.MEN 11.63 .78 9.8 10.4 11.6 13.0 13.5n = 4000 29.55 1.99 24.8 26.3 29.5 32.9 34.2

-GLUA1 L FBRQW EIJGHT - see also Buttock Height, TrochanterionHeight and Crotch Height

Subject stands erect - the vertical distance from thestanding surface to the lowest point in the right glutealfurrow.

USAF.MEN 31.65 1.69 27.8 29.0 31.6 34.5 35.7n = 1236 80.38 4.28 70.6 73.6 80.2 87.7 90.6

USAFLY.MEN 31.93 1.58 28.2 29.4 31.9 34.6 35.7n = 2420 81.11 4.01 71.7 74.6 81.0 87.9 90.8

USAF.WOM 28.62 1.56 25.3 26.2 28.6 31.3 32.4n = 1905 72.70 3.96 64.2 66.4 72.6 79.4 82.2

USAFLY.WOM 29.82 1.30 26.9 27.7 29.8 32.1 33.4n = 455 75.75 3.30 68.2 70.4 75.6 81.5 84.9

QRL DIAMETER, INSIDE - see also Grip Diameter, OutsideSubject holds a cone at the largest circumference that he

can grasp and encircle with his thumb and middle finger justtouching - record the diameter of the cone where the thumb andmiddle finger touch.

USAFLY.MEN 1.87 .13 1.6 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.2n = 4000 4.76 .33 4.1 4.2 4.8 5.2 5.6

GRI DIAMETER OUTSIDE - see also Grip Diameter, InsideSubject holds a cone at the largest circumference that he

can grasp and encircle with his thumb and middle finger justtouching - the distance from the joint of the first and secondphalanges of the thumb to the knuckle of the middle finger(metacarpal-first phalanx joint).

USAFLY.MEN 4.08 .22 3.5 3.7 4.1 4.4 4.6n = 4000 10.36 .56 9.0 9.4 10.4 11.3 11.7

36

LI

-H- -H- -H-

HAND BREADTH AT METACARPAL - see also Hand Breadth at ThumbRight hand flattened, palm up, fingers extended and together

- a..the maximum breadth of the hand from Metacarpale II to

Metacarpale V.

USAF.MEN 3.50 .18 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.8 3.9n = 1236 8.90 .45 7.9 8.2 8.9 9.6 9.9

USAFLY.MEN 3.50 .16 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.8 3.9n = 2420 8.90 .41 8.0 8.2 8.9 9.6 9.9

USAF.WOM 2.97 .15 2.6 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.3n = 1905 7.55 .39 6.7 6.9 7.6 8.2 8.5

USAFLY.WOM 3.02 .15 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.3n = 455 7.68 .37 6.8 7.1 7.7 8.3 8.5

HAND BREADTH AT THUMB - see also Hand Breadth at MetacarpaleRight hand flattened, palm up, fingers extended and to-

gether, thumb in the plane of the hand and lightly touchingthe side of the hand - the breadth of the hand at MetacarpaleI, (thumb) perpendicular to the long axis of the hand.

USAFLY.MEN 4.01 .20 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.5n = 2420 10.19 .50 9.1 9.4 10.2 11.0 11.4

HAND CIR UM ERENCE AT MTACAR.PA - see also Hand Circumferenceover Thumb

Right hand flattened, fingers extended and together - thecircumference around the hand at the level of Metacarpale IIand Metacarpale V.

USAF.MEN 8.50 .39 7.6 7.9 8.5 9.2 9.4n 1236 21.60 .99 19.3 20.0 21.6 23.3 23.9

USAFLY.MEN 8.48 .37 7.6 7.9 8.5 9.1 9.4n = 2420 21.55 .94 19.4 20.0 21.5 23.1 23.8

USAF.WOM 7.21 .36 6.4 6.6 7.2 7.8 8.1n = 1905 18.32 .91 16.3 16.8 18.3 19.8 20.6

USAFLY.WOM 7.31 .32 6.6 6.8 7.3 7.8 8.1n = 455 18.57 .82 16.7 17.2 18.5 19.9 20.5

HAND ICIRCUMERENCE OMER THUMB - see also Hand Circumference atMetacarpale

Right hand flattened, fingers extended and together, thumbin the plane of the hand and lightly touching its side - thecircumference of the hand at the level of Metacarpale I,perpendicular to the long axis of the hand.

(Cont'd)

37

". "":''' - - .' "".9. """ .". ."" , ". . , .. " ' .. . ' , . . '- .- - . ...-. ,.. ' . . ' ,,.,

'l'4"

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAF.MEN 10.04 .47 9.0 9.3 10.0 10.8 11 .1n = 1236 25.50 1.19 22.8 23.6 25.5 27.5 28.3

USAFLY.MEN 10.14 .43 9.2 9.5 10.1 10.9 11.1n = 2420 25.75 1.08 23.4 24.1 25.7 27.6 28.3

HAND LENGTH - see also Palm LengthRight hand extended, flattened, palm up, fingers extended

and together - the distance from the proximal edge of thenavicular bone in the wrist (USAF.MEN) or from the distalwrist crease (USAFLY.MEN, USAF.WOM and USAFLY.WOM) to the tipof the longest finger parallel to the long axis of the hand.

USAF.MEN 7.71 .36 6.9 7.1 7.7 8.3 8.6n = 1236 19.59 .91 17.6 18.1 19.6 21.1 21.8

USAFLY.MEN 7.52 .32 6.8 7.0 7.5 8.1 8.3n = 2420 19.11 .82 17.3 17.8 19.1 20.5 21.1

USAF.WOM 7.24 .38 6.4 6.7 7.2 7.9 8.2n = 1905 18.38 .96 16.4 16.9 18.3 20.1 20.8

USAFLY.WOM 7.46 .34 6.7 6.9 7.4 8.0 8.2n 455 18.94 .86 17.0 17.6 18.9 20.4 20.9

HAND THICKNESS AT METACARPALE IIIRight hand flattened, fingers extended and together - the

thickness of the hand at the metacarpal-phalangeal joint ofthe third finger.

USAF.MEN 1.18 .08 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4n = 1236 2.99 .20 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.5

USAFLY.MEN 1.09 .08 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3n = 2420 2.77 .21 2.2 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.3

HEAD BREADTH - see also Bitragion Breadth and Head Breadth,Maximum Frontal

Head erect - the maximum breadth of the head above thetemples (the cranium) perpendicular to the midsagittal plane.

USAF.MEN 6.12 .21 5.6 5.8 6.1 6.5 6.6n = 1236 15.54 .54 14.3 14.7 15.5 16.5 16.8

USAFLY.MEN 6.14 .21 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.5 6.7n = 2420 15.60 .54 14.4 14.7 15.6 16.5 16.9

". (Cont'd)

38 -

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAF.WOM 5.72 .23 5.1 5.3 5.7 6.1 6.3n = 1905 14.52 .59 13.1 13.5 14.5 15.5 16.0

USAFLY.WOM 5.74 .23 5.2 5.4 5.7 6.1 6.3n = 455 14.57 .58 13.1 13.6 14.6 15.5 15.9

HEAD BR-EADTHt- MAXIMUM FRO.NTAL - see also Head Breadth andBitragion Breadth

Subject sits (Typ) - the horizontal distance across the . "lateral bony margins of the brow ridges.

USAF.MEN 4.53 .19 4.1 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.0n 1236 11.50 .48 10.4 10.7 11.5 12.3 12.6

USAFLY.MEN 4.57 .18 4.1 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.0n = 2420 11.60 .46 10.5 10.9 11.6 12.4 12.7

HEAD CIRCUMFERENCESubject sits (Typ), head erect - the maximum circumference

of the head above, but not including the brow ridges.

USAF.MEN 22.48 .60 21.1 21.5 22.5 23.5 24.0n = 1236 57.09 1.52 53.7 54.6 57.1 59.7 60.9

USAFLY.MEN 22.65 .56 21.4 21.7 22.6 23.6 24.0n = 2420 57.52 1.43 54.4 55.2 57.5 59.9 61.0

USAF.WOM 21.60 .64 20.2 20.6 21.6 22.7 23.1n = 1905 54.87 1.62 51.2 52.3 54.8 57.6 58.8

USAFLY.WOM 21.77 .60 20.4 20.8 21.7 22.8 23.3n = 455 55.30 1.52 51.9 52.9 55.2 57.9 59.1

HEAD DIAGOAL.L INIQ.N _TQ PERONASALE - see Head Diagonal, Maximumfrom Inion

HEAD DIAGONAL& MAXIMUM FER.kM _CHI - see Head Diagonal, Maximumfrom Menton

HEAD DIAGNAL, MAXIUM FROM ININ - see also Pronasale-to-Back ofHead; Head Diagonal, Maximum from Nuchale and HeadLength

Subject sits (Typ), head erect - the greatest straight-linedistance from Inion to the most distant point on the face,usually the nose or chin.

USAFLY.MEN 8.64 .40 7.7 8.0 8.6 9.3 9.6n = 2420 21.94 1.01 19.6 20.2 22.0 23.6 24.3

39

. . . .

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


HEAD DIAGONAL, MAXIM-UM FROM MENTON - see also Chin Prominence-to- N.-.

Back of HeadSubject sits (Typ), head erect - the greatest straight-line

distance from Menton to the most distant point at the back ofthe head, usually near the juncture of the occipital and thetemporal bones of the cranium.

USAFLY.MEN 10.08 .31 9.4 9.6 10.1 10.6 10.8n = 2420 25.60 .76 23.9 24.4 25.6 26.9 27.4

READ DIAGONAL, MAXIMUM FROE NUfHALE - see also Head Diagonal,Maximum from Inion

Subject sits (Typ), head erect - the greatest straight-linedistance from Nuchale (inferior to Inion, palpable in the neckmuscles on the posterior-inferior aspect of the skull) to themost distant point on the face, usually the nose or chin.

USAF.MEN 7.82 .30 7.2 7.4 7.8 8.3 8.5n = 1236 19.86 .75 18.2 18.7 19.8 21.1 21.7

BEAD IAGONAL, AXIMUM FROM OIPL - see Head Diagonal, Maximumfrom Inion

HEAD DIAOA. MENTON IQ OCCIPUT .

Subject sits (Typ), head erect - the straight-line distancefrom Menton to Occiput.

USAF.MEN 10.00 .33 9.3 9.4 10.0 10.6 10.8n = 1236 25.40 .84 23.5 24.0 25.4 26.8 27.4

IEAD HEIGHT - see Tragion-to-Top of Head

HEAD LENGTH - see also Glabella-to-Back of Head and HeadDiagonal, Maximum from Inion

Subject sits (Typ), head erect - the maximum length of thehead between the Glabella and the Occiput in the midsagittalplane.

USAF.MEN 7.81 .27 7.2 7.4 7.8 8.3 8.5n = 1236 19.83 .68 18.2 18.7 19.8 21.0 21.5

USAFLY.MEN 7.82 .26 7.2 7.4 7.8 8.3 8.5n = 2420 19.87 .67 18.3 18.8 19.9 21.0 21.5

USAF.WOM 7.25 .27 6.6 6.8 7.2 7.7 7.9n = 1905 18.41 .68 16.8 17.3 18.4 19.5 20.0

USAFLY.WOM 7.33 .26 6.7 6.9 7.3 7.8 7.9n = 455 18.62 .67 16.9 17.5 18.6 19.7 20.0

40

. . . . * . -

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


HEEL BREADT- see also Foot BreadthSubject stands with weight equally distributed on both feet

- the maximum breadth of the right heel behind the projectionsof the ankle bones at a right angle to the long axis of thefoot.

USAFLY.MEN 2.63 .15 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.9 3.0n = 4000 6.69 .37 5.9 6.1 6.7 7.3 7.6

HEEL CIRCUMFERENCE - see Heel-Ankle Circumference

-JL- CIRCUMFERENCE - see also Ball of Foot Circumferenceand Instep Circumference

Subject stands with weight equally distributed on both feet- the circumference of the aft part of the foot, passing underthe inferior edge of the heel in contact with the floor andover the anterior ankle-foot juncture.

USAF.MEN 13.38 .60 12.1 12.4 13.3 14.4 15.0n = 1236 33.98 1.53 30.7 31.5 33.9 36.6 38.2

USAFLY.MEN 13.37 .56 12.1 12.5 13.4 14.3 14.7n = 2420 33.95 1.41 30.7 31.7 33.9 36.3 37.3

HEIGHT- see Stature

HIT BREADT, SITTING - see also Hip Breadth, Standing and Thigh-to-Thigh Breadth, Sitting

Subject sits, feet resting on a surface adjusted so that theknees are flexed to about 90 degrees and thighs are parallel -the horizontal distance across the widest part of the hips.

USAF.MEN 14.63 .97 12.6 13.1 14.6 16.3 17.3n = 1236 37.16 2.41 31.9 33.2 37.1 41.3 44.0

USAFLY.MEN 14.88 .91 12.9 13.4 14.8 16.4 17.2n 2420 37.79 2.30 32.7 34.2 37.7 41.8 43.8

HI. BREADTH- STANDING - see also Hip Breadth, Sitting; 'Bitrochanteric Breadth, Standing; Hip Breadth overFoundation Garment, Standing; and BiiliocristaleBreadth

Subject stands erect, feet together - the horizontal dis-tance across the widest part of the hips.

USAF.MEN 13.73 .79 12.0 12.5 13.7 15.1 15.9n = 1236 34.88 2.00 30.5 31.7 34.8 38.3 40.3

(Cont'd)

" 41

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAFLY.MEN 13.89 .74 12.2 12.7 13.9 15.1 15.8n = 2420 35.27 1.88 31.0 32.3 35.2 38.5 40.2

USAF.WOM 13.77 .87 11.9 12.4 13.7 15.3 16.1n = 1905 34.97 2.22 30.2 31.6 34.8 38.8 40.9

USAFLY.WOM 13.90 .69 12.3 12.8 13.9 15.0 15.6n = 455 35.31 1.74 31.3 32.5 35.3 38.2 39.7

HIP DRBEAD-H DYER EDUDAM1 I - TARBi.Nh BAV.GD - see also HipBreadth, Standing

Subject (female) stands erect, feet together, wearing found-ation garments of choice - the horizontal distance across thewidest part of the hips.

USAF.WOM 13.26 .84 11.4 12.0 13.2 14.7 15.5n = 1513 33.67 2.14 29.1 30.4 33.6 37.4 39.4

USAFLY.WOM 13.37 .64 12.0 12.3 13.4 14.4 14.9n = 345 33.95 1.62 30.5 31.3 34.0 36.6 37.9

HJIP F flCIiCF.M .- - see also Hip Circumference,Standing and Hip Circumference over Foundation Garment,Sitting

Subject sits erect on a table, knees together, feet unsup-ported - the circumference around the hips, just under thebuttocks where they touch the sitting surface in the rear, andup at about 45 degrees across the lap in the furrow betweenthe torso and thighs.

U USAF.MEN 41.17 3.03 35.3 36.2 41.3 46.0 49.7n = 1236 104.58 7.69 89.6 91.9 104.8 116.9 126.2

USAFLY.MEN 42.38 2.65 36.7 38.2 42.3 47.0 49.1n = 2420 107.64 6.74 93.1 97.1 107.4 119.3 124.6

USAF.WOM 39.37 2.40 34.4 35.7 39.2 43.6 46.5n = 1905 100.00 6.09 87.4 90.8 99.5 110.8 118.0

USAFLY.WOM 39.64 1.61 36.1 37.0 39.6 42.3 43.5n 455 100.68 4.08 91.8 93.9 100.7 107.4 110.5

HIP CIRCUMFERENCE. STANDING - see also Hip Circumference, Sittingand Hip Circumference 7 Inches below Waist overFoundation Garment, Standing

Subject stands erect - the horizontal circumference aroundthe hips at the level of maximum buttock protrusion.

(Cont'd)

42

.,..'-.. .-

., r1 .- r r- r - - W- - r- r-r--. - -.

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAF.MEN 38.08 2.41 33.0 34.3 38.0 42.2 44.3n = 1236 96.73 6.12 83.7 87.1 96.5 107.2 112.6

USAFLY.MEN 38.83 2.17 34.0 35.3 38.8 42.5 44.2n = 2420 98.62 5.51 86.4 89.7 98.5 107.9 112.3

HIP CIRCUMFERENCE OVER FOUARMDAION -ALTL SITTING - see also HipCircumference, Sitting

Subject (female) sits erect on a table, knees together, feetunsupported, wearing foundation garments of choice - thecircumference around the hips, just under the buttocks wherethey touch the sitting surface in the rear, and up at about 45degrees across the lap in the furrow between the torso andthighs.

USAF.WOM 39.22 2.40 34.4 35.7 39.0 43.4 46.4n 1513 99.62 6.10 87.3 90.6 99.1 110.3 117.8

USAFLY.WOM 39.35 1.59 35.9 36.6 39.4 41.9 42.9n= 345 99.94 4.04 91.2 93.0 100.0 106.5 109.0

HIP CIRCUMFERENCE 7" BELqW WAIST LEVEL. STANIN - see also HipCircumference 7" below Waist Level, over FoundationGarment, Standing and Hip Circumference 9" below WaistLevel, Standing

Subject stands erect, heels together, weight distributedequally on both feet - the horizontal circumference of thetorso 7 inches below "natural" waist (belt line).

USAF.WOM 36.87 2.20 32.3 33.5 36.7 40.7 43.3n = 1905 93.64 5.59 82.0 85.1 93.2 103.3 109.9

USAFLY.WOM 37.01 1.54 33.3 34.4 37.0 39.5 40.4n = 455 94.00 3.92 84.7 87.4 94.0 100.3 102.5

HIP CIRCUEFERENCE 2 BELOW WAT LEVEL, TANDI - see also HipCircumference 9" Below Waist Level, over FoundationGarment, Standing and Hip Circumference 7" below WaistLevel, Standing

Subject stands erect, heels together, weight distributedequally on both feet - the horizontal circumference of thetorso 9 inches below "natural" waist (belt line).

USAF.WOM 37.51 2.37 32.3 33.8 37.4 41.6 44.1n = 1905 95.27 6.02 82.0 85.8 95.0 105.6 112.1

USAFLY.WOM 37.78 1.67 33.9 34.9 37.8 40.4 41.5n = 455 95.95 4.25 86.1 88.7 96.0 102.7 105.5

43

"" ' ~...." ... -,"' ', -".. '".. . '..;",. -. --.- :..i.-..-

| ..... -

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


HIP CIRCUEFERENCE 7 BELLW WAIST LEVEL, OVER FQUNDAIN GA.MENT,S1ANDING - see also Hip Circumference 7" below WaistLevel, Standing and Hip Circumference 9" below WaistLevel, over Foundation Garment, Standing

Subject (female) stands erect, heels together, weight dis-tributed equally on both feet, and wearing foundation garmentsof choice - the horizontal circumference of the torso 7 inchesbelow "natural" waist (belt line).

USAF.WOM 36.89 2.22 32.5 33.6 36.7 40.8 43.7n = 1513 93.71 5.65 82.5 85.3 93.3 103.6 111.1

USAFLY.WOM 36.88 1.48 33.7 34.4 36.9 39.3 40.4n = 345 93.67 3.77 85.6 87.3 93.7 99.7 102.7

HJIP CIRCUEFERENC2E 9" BELOW WAIST LEVEL, OVER FOUNATION ARM.MENT.S9TANDING - see also Hip Circumference 9" below WaistLevel, Standing and Hip Circumference 7" below WaistLevel, over Foundation Garment, Standing

Subject (female) stands erect, heels together, weight dis-tributed equally on both feet, and wearing foundation garmentsof choice - the horizontal circumference of the torso 9 inchesbelow "natural" waist (belt line).

USAF.WOM 37.52 2.30 32.5 33.9 37.4 41.4 43.9n = 1513 95.30 5.83 82.6 86.2 95.1 105.2 111.6

USAFLY.WOM 37.63 1.61 33.9 34.8 37.7 40.2 41.1n 345 95.58 4.09 86.2 88.5 95.7 102.2 104.5

I.P DEPTH, TANDIN - see also Hip Depth over Foundation Garment,Standing

Subject stands erect - the horizontal depth of the hips atthe level of the maximum rearward protrusion of the buttocks.

USAF.MEN 9.76 .89 7.9 8.3 9.7 11.3 11.9n = 1236 24.78 2.25 20.0 21.2 24.7 28.6 30.3

USAFLY.MEN 9.44 .81 7.7 8.2 9.4 10.8 11.4n = 2420 23.97 2.05 19.4 20.7 23.9 27.5 28.8

USAF.WOM 8.33 .70 6.9 7.2 8.3 9.6 10.3n 1905 21.15 1.79 17.4 18.4 21.0 24.3 26.2

USAFLY.WOM 8.28 .53 7.1 7.4 8.3 9.2 9.6n = 455 21.02 1.35 18.0 18.8 21.0 23.3 24.3

44

....................................

- , • . - -. - . . - -.-- , - . -j , {

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


HIP DEPTH OVER FOUNDATION GARMENT, STANDG - see also Hip Depth,Standing

Subject (female) stands erect, wearing foundation garmentsof choice - the horizontal depth of the hips at the level ofthe maximum rearward protrusion of the buttocks.

USAF.WOM 8.50 .78 7.0 7.4 8.4 9.9 11.0n = 1513 21.59 1.97 17.9 18.7 21.4 25.2 28.0

USAFLY.WOM 8.40 .54 7.2 7.5 8.4 9.3 9.8n = 345 21.34 1.37 18.4 19.0 21.4 23.6 25.0

IP HEIGHT - see Buttock Height, Trochanterion Height andCristale Height, Standing

HUMERAL BREADTH- see Elbow Breadth, Bone

-I-J-K-L- -I-J-K-L- -I-J-K-L-

ILIOCRISTALE HEIGHT, STANDIN - see also Trochanterion Height andButtock Height, Standing

Subject stands erect - the vertical distance from thestanding surface to the superior rim of the ilium in themidaxillary line (Iliocristale).

USAF.MEN 40.91 2.07 36.0 37.5 40.9 44.4 46.2n = 1236 103.9 5.27 91.4 95.3 103.8 112.8 117.3

USAFLY.MEN 42.97 1.89 38.5 39.9 43.0 46.1 47.5n 2420 109.15 4.80 97 .9 101.3 109.1 117.2 120.7

INSTEP CIRCUMFERENCE- see also Heel-Ankle Circumference and Ballof Foot Circumference

Subject stands with weight equally distributed on both feet- the circumference of the right foot passing under the archand in a vertical plane over the instep.

USAF.MEN 10.57 .52 9.4 9.7 10.6 11.5 11.9n = 1236 26.85 1.32 24.0 24.7 26.8 29.1 30.3

USAFLY.MEN 10.11 .48 9.1 9.4 10.1 10.9 11.3n = 2420 25.69 1.21 23.1 23.8 25.6 27.8 28.8

45

* . . - .. I

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


INSTEP LENGTH - see also Foot LengthSubject stands with weight equally distributed on both feet

- the horizontal distance from the heel forward and parallelto the long axis of the foot to the metatarsal-phalangealjoint I (the "ball" of the foot) on the medial side.

USAF.MEN 7.69 .37 6.9 7.1 7.7 8.3 8.6n = 1236 19.53 .95 17.4 18.0 19.5 21.1 21.9

USAFLY.MEN 7.79 .37 6.9 7.2 7.8 8.4 8.7 - ,n = 2420 19.79 .95 17.6 18.3 19.8 21.4 22.1

1NTZEBDLLAB DISTM1CE - see also Biocular Breadth, andInterpupillary Distance

Subject sits (Typ), head erect - the distance between theinner corners (Internal Canthi) of the eyes.

USAF.MEN 1.24 .11 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.5n = 1236 3.16 .28 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.6 3.9

USAFLY.MEN 1.31 .11 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.6n 2420 3.33 .28 2.7 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.0

INTERPUPILLARY DISIANCE - see also Interocular Distance andBiocular Breadth

Subject sits (Typ), head erect, eyes focused at a distantobject - the distance between the centers of the subject'spupils.

USAF.MEN 2.52 .14 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.8 2.9n = 1236 6.41 .36 5.5 5.8 6.4 7.0 7.3

USAFLY.MEN 2.47 .14 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.8n = 2420 6.27 .36 5.5 5.7 6.3 6.9 7.2

1NTERSCYE DISTIANICE - see also Interscye Distance, Maximum andBack Curvature Length

Subject stands erect (Typ), upper arms hanging at sides andforearms extended horizontally - the surface distance betweenthe right and left scye landmarks.

USAF.MEN 15.08 1.17 12.4 13.1 15.1 17.0 18.0n = 1236 38.30 2.98 31.6 33.4 38.3 43.3 45.6

USAFLY.MEN 15.26 1.48 11.7 12.8 15.3 17.7 18.7n = 2420 38.76 3.76 29.8 32.5 38.8 45.0 47.5

(Cont' d)

46

- .-- ~.---

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAF.WOM 13.80 .96 11.7 12.3 13.8 15.4 16.2n = 1905 35.06 2.44 29.7 31.2 35.0 39.2 41.0

USAFLY.WOM 13.78 .91 11.7 12.2 13.8 15.2 15.7n 455 35.01 2.32 29.7 31.0 35.1 38.7 39.8

INTERSCYE DISTANCE., MAXIMUM- see also Interscye DistanceSubject stands with torso flexed forward at the hip to about

90 degrees, arms hanging relaxed in the downward postion - thesurface distance between the right and left scye marks (markedwhile subject is standing erect, as for Interscye Distance).

USAFLY.MEN 24.23 1.19 21.3 22.3 24.2 26.2 27.0n = 2420 61.54 3.02 54.0 56.6 61.5 66.6 68.7

USAF.WOM 19.44 1.30 16.3 17.3 19.5 21.5 22.4n = 1905 49.39 3.29 41.4 43.9 49.4 54.7 56.9

USAFLY.WOM 19.74 1.22 16.5 17.7 19.8 21.7 22.3n = 455 50.14 3.09 42.0 44.9 50.2 55.1 56.7

JAW BREADTH - see Bigonial Breadth

KN_ BREADTH, BON - See also Knee-to-Knee BreadthSubject sits with right knee flexed to about 90 degrees -

the maximum breadth between the femoral epicondyles, with firmpressure to approximate a bony dimension.

USAF.MEN 3.76 .19 3.3 3.5 3.7 4.1 4.2n = 1236 9.55 .48 8.5 8.8 9.5 10.4 10.7

USAFLY.MEN 3.93 .18 3.5 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.4n = 2420 9.98 .45 9.0 9.3 10.0 10.7 11.1

USAF.WOM 3.20 .18 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.6n = 1905 8.12 .45 7.0 7.4 8.1 8.9 9.2

USAFLY.WOM 3.23 .17 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.7n 455 8.21 .43 7.0 7.5 8.2 8.9 9.3

KNEE C UEREE SITTI]iG -see also Knee Circumference,Standing

Subject sits erect, feet resting on a surface so that thethighs are horizontal and the knees are flexed to about 90degrees - the maximum circumference of the right knee, passingunder the popliteal area and up at about 45 degrees over theknee.

(Cont'd)

47

. .. . * . .t

5 -' - . . " '- - -. - . . . - . - . -- -. ' . i. - ..i . .-- . '." " " "

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAF.TMEN 15.30 .91 13.5 13.9 15.2 16.9 17.7n = 1236 38.85 2.32 34.2 35.2 38.7 42.8 44.9

USAFLY.MEN 15.47 .83 13.7 14.2 15.4 16.9 17.6

n 2420 39.30 2.12 34.8 36.0 39.2 43.0 44.7

EIE C STANDING - see also Knee Circumference,

SittingSubject stands erect - the circumference of the right knee

over the center of the patella.

USAF.MEN 15.07 .86 13.3 13.7 15.0 16.5 17.3n = 1236 38.29 2.19 33.7 34.8 38.2 42.0 43.9

USAFLY.MEN 15.23 .81 13.4 13.9 15.2 16.6 17.3n = 2420 38.68 2.07 34.0 35.4 38.6 42.2 43.8

USAF.WOM 14.29 .89 12.5 12.9 14.2 15.8 16.6n = 1905 36.30 2.27 31.7 32.8 36.2 40.2 42.3

USAFLY.WOM 14.45 .69 12.8 13.3 14.4 15.6 16.0n = 455 36.71 1.74 32.6 33.8 36.7 39.6 40.7

K E HEIGT. SITTING - see also Knee Height, Standing; Patella-Top Height, Standing and Popliteal Height, Sitting

Subject sits with feet resting on a surface adjusted so thatthe thighs are horizontal and the knees are flexed to about 90degrees - the vertical distance from the footrest surface tothe superior margin of the right patella (USAF.MEN). ForUSAFLY.MEN this landmark was palpated and marked on standingsubject.

USAF.MEN 21.80 1.03 19.5 20.1 21.8 23.5 24.4 . 'n = 1236 55.37 2.62 49.5 51.1 55.3 59.7 61.9

USAFLY.MEN 21.95 .98 19.7 20.4 21.9 23.6 24.4n = 2420 55.76 2.49 50.1 51.7 55.7 59.9 61.9

KN{E. BEIGHT, SANiDING - see also Knee Height, Sitting; Patella-Top Height, Standing; Patella-Bottom Height, Standingand Tibiale Height, Standing

Subject stands erect - the vertical distance from the floorto the middle of the right patella.

USAFLY.MEN 19.55 .98 17.3 18.0 19.5 21.2 21.9n 2420 49.65 2.49 44.0 45.7 49.6 53.9 55.7

48

. * . -~. .* -. . * * - ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

g. 4 "..

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


KNEE-TO-KNEE- see also Knee Breadth, Bone and Hip Breadth,Sitting

Subject sits erect, feet resting on a surface so that thethighs are horizontal, knees are together and flexed to about90 degrees - the maximum horizontal distance across thelateral surfaces of the knees (lateral epicondyles of the -.- '

humerus).

USAF.MEN 8.96 .78 7.5 7.8 8.9 10.3 11.4n = 1236 22.76 1.98 19.1 19.8 22.6 26.2 28.9

USAFLY.MEN 7.92 .49 6.9 7.2 7.9 8.8 9.3n = 4000 20.11 1.25 17.6 18.3 20.0 22.4 23.6

KNUCKLE HEIGHT, STANDING - see Metacarpale III Height, Standing

LARYNX-zTQ-BAC OF HESubject stands erect, head oriented in the Frankfort plane -

the horizontal distance from the back of the head to the mostforward projection of the larynx ("Adam's Apple").

USAFLY.MEN 6.95 .46 5.8 6.2 7.0 7.7 8.0n = 4000 17.65 1.18 14.8 15.7 17.7 19.6 20.3

LARYNX-TO-WALL - see Larynx-to-Back of Head

LATERAL ALEOL HEIGHT - see also Medial Malleolus Height andAnkle Height

Subject stands, weight equally distributed on both feet -the height of the most projecting point of the lateral mal-leolus of the right foot.

USAF.MEN 2.83 .25 2.3 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.4n = 1236 7.20 .63 5.9 6.2 7.2 8.2 8.7

USAFLY.MEN 2.77 .21 2.3 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.3n = 2420 7.04 .54 5.8 6.2 7.0 8.0 8.4

USAF.WOM 2.67 .23 2.1 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.3n = 1905 6.77 .59 5.3 5.8 6.8 7.8 8.3

USAFLY.WOM 2.77 .21 2.3 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.3n = 455 7.04 .53 5.8 6.1 7.0 8.0 8.5

LEG CIRCUMFERE]C.E - see Calf Circumference and ThighCircumference, Standing

49

I. '"",', ° '"'"", - ' '"""" "" "" ""' . 4 .""' -" " , ' ,% ' "" ' ." " " - "- ""

" .- . , - - - . " " ' -" •"•°-" ' .-.- .

-- .-

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


LIP LENGTH - see also Lip Length, Smiling and Lip-to-Lip DistanceSubject sits (Typ), facial muscles relaxed and mouth closed

- the maximum distance between the corners of the mouth.

USAF.MEN 2.00 .16 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.4n = 1236 5.08 .41 4.2 4.4 5.1 5.8 6.1

USAFLY.MEN 2.06 .15 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.4n = 2420 5.23 .37 4.3 4.6 5.2 5.8 6.1

USAF.WOM 1.72 .17 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.1n = 1905 4.38 .42 3.5 3.7 4.4 5.1 5.4

USAFLY.WOM 1.72 .16 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.1n = 455 4.38 .41 3.5 3.7 4.4 5.1 5.4

LIP LENGTH, SMILING - see also Lip LengthSubject sits, mouth closed, but smiling - the maximum dis-

tance between the corners of the mouth.

USAF.MEN 2.31 .25 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.8 3.0n = 1236 5.87 .64 4.6 4.9 5.8 7.0 7.5

LIP PROTRUSION-TO-BACK OF HEADSubject stands (Typ), head in Frankfort plane - the hori-

zontal distance from the back of the head to the most anteriorprojection of the lips in the midsagittal plane.

USAF.MEN 8.17 .35 7.4 7.6 8.1 8.7 9.0n = 1236 20.76 .88 18.9 19.3 20.7 22.2 22.8 -

USAFLY.MEN 8.33 .34 7.5 7.8 8.3 8.9 9.1n = 2420 21.16 .86 19.1 19.7 21.2 22.5 23.0

USAF.WOM 7.60 .42 6.7 7.0 7.6 8.3 8.8n = 1905 19.30 1.06 17.1 17.7 19.2 21.2 22.3

USAFLY.WOM 7.63 .41 6.7 7.0 7.6 8.3 8.8n = 455 19.39 1.03 17.1 17.8 19.3 21.2 22.3

LIP PROTRUSION-TO-WA - see Lip Protrusion-to-Back of Head

LIP-TO-LIP LENGTH - see also Lip LengthSubject sits (Typ), facial muscles relaxed and mouth closed

- the maximum distance between the lower margin of the lowerlip to the upper margin of the upper lip.

(Cont'd)

50

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAF.MEN .68 .15 .4 .4 .7 .9 1.1n = 1236 1.72 .37 .9 1.1 1.7 2.3 2.9

USAFLY.MEN .68 .15 .3 .4 .7 .9 1.0n = 2420 1.73 .38 .7 1.1 1.8 2.3 2.6

LO WE ARE CCUMFERENCE, EXND - see Forearm Circumference,Extended

LDWER ARMi ILC~L E, E - see Forearm Circumference,Flexed

LDE ARE EE_ LAX - see Forearm Circumference,Extended

,L-Q qER IZj IgJFEREIC A. P - see also ThighCircumference, Standing and Thigh Circumference,Sitting

Subject stands - the circumference of the thigh just abovethe right knee, over the medial vastus muscle but distal toany portion of the lateral vastus muscle.

USAF.MEN 16.59 1.36 13.8 14.4 16.6 18.9 20.2n = 1236 42.13 3.45 35.0 36.6 42.1 48.0 51.4

USAFLY.MEN 17.30 1.36 14.3 15.1 17.3 19.6 20.7n 4000 43.95 3.46 36.2 38.3 43.9 49.8 52.5

-M-N- -M-N- -M-N-

MAXIMUM FRONAL HEA BREADTH - see Head Breadth, Maximum Frontal

MAXIMUMf REACH FME WALL - see also Arm Reach from Wall and Thumb-Tip Reach, Extended A

Subject stands erect in a corner of a room (Typ), backpressed against the rear wall, right shoulder thrust as farforward as possible, right arm and hand extended horizontallyalong the side wall - the distance from the rear wall to thetip of the longest finger.

USAFLY.MEN 38.59 1.86 34.3 35.5 38.6 41.7 43.1n = 4000 98.01 4.73 87.2 90.1 98.0 105.8 109.5

51

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


MEDIAL MALLELUS HEIGHT - see also Lateral Malleolus Height,Sphyrion Height, and Ankle Height

Subject stands with weight equally distributed on both feet- the height of the most projecting point on the medial mal-leolus.

USAF.MEN 3.28 .23 2.7 2.9 3.3 3.7 3.9n = 1236 8.32 .58 6.8 7.4 8.3 9.3 9.8

USAFLY.MEN 3.37 .22 2.9 3.0 3.4 3.7 3.9 "_n = 2420 8.57 .57 7.3 7.6 8.6 9.5 9.9

MENTON PRO"ECTISubject stands erect, head oriented in the Frankfort plane-

the straight-line distance from the most forward point of thechin to its juncture with the neck.

USAFLY.MEN 1.87 .26 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.5n 4000 4.76 .66 3.3 3.7 4.8 5.9 6.4

MENTON-CRINION LEGTHSubject sits, facial muscles are relaxed and jaws are closed

- the distance vertically from the bottom surface of the chin(Menton) to the midpoint of the hair line (Crinion). If thereis evidence of balding, this measurement is omitted.

USAFLY.MEN 7.35 .35 6.6 6.8 7.4 7.9 8.2n = 4000 18.68 .90 16.7 17.2 18.7 20.2 20.9

MENTON-NASAL RQ DEPRESSIO LETH - see also Menton-SubnasaleLength

Subject sits (Typ) - the straight-line distance from Mentonto the deepest point of the Nasal Root Depression (Sellion).

USAF.MEN 4.64 .27 4.0 4.2 4.6 5.1 5.3n = 1236 11.79 .68 10.2 10.7 11.8 12.9 13.4

USAFLY.MEN 4.74 .24 4.2 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.3n = 2420 12.03 .61 10.7 11.0 12.0 13.0 13.5

USAF.WOM 4.19 .24 3.6 3.8 4.2 4.6 4.8n = 1905 10.63 .61 9.2 9.6 10.6 11.7 12.1

USAFLY.WOM 4.25 .23 3.7 3.9 4.3 4.6 4.8n = 455 10.79 .59 9.4 9.8 10.8 11.8 12.3

MENTON-SELIXON LENGTH - see Menton-Nasal Root Depression Length

52

i . • .

S . . .. -.. . . . . - • . . . - . "

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


MENTON-SUBNASALE LENGTH - see also Menton-Nasal Root DepressionLength

Subject sits (Typ) with facial muscles relaxed and mouthclosed - the straight-line distance from Menton to Subnasale.

USAF.MEN 2.69 .23 2.2 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.2n = 1236 6.83 .59 5.5 5.8 6.8 7.8 8.2

USAFLY.MEN 2.72 .21 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.2n = 2420 6.90 .53 5.7 6.1 6.9 7.8 8.1

USAF.WOM 2.18 .20 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.7n = 1905 5.54 .51 4.3 4.7 5.5 6.4 6.8

USAFLY.WOM 2.22 .20 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.7n = 455 5.64 .50 4.5 4.8 5.6 6.5 6.9

MENTON-TO-BACK OF - see also Menton-to-Top of Head and HeadDiagonal, Maximum from Menton

Subject stands erect (Typ) with head in Frankfort plane -the horizontal distance from the back of the head to theforward projection of the chin.

USAF.MEN 7.67 .44 6.6 6.9 7.7 8.4 8.7n = 1236 19.47 1.13 16.8 17.6 19.5 21.3 22.1

USAF.WOM 7.18 .45 6.2 6.5 7.1 7.9 8.4n = 1905 18.23 1.14 15.8 16.5 18.2 20.2 21.2

USAFLY.WOM 7.18 .45 6.2 6.5 7.2 8.0 8.5n = 455 18.23 1.14 15.8 16.4 18.2 20.2 21.5

MENTON-TO-TOP F HEA - see also Menton-to-Back of HeadSubject stands erect (Typ), head oriented in the Frankfort

plane - the vertical distance from Menton to the top of thehead (Vertex).

USAF.MEN 8.81 .40 7.8 8.1 8.8 9.5 9.7n = 1236 22.39 1.02 19.9 20.7 22.4 24.1 24.7

USAFLY.MEN 8.96 .40 8.0 8.3 9.0 9.6 9.9n = 2420 22.77 1.02 20.4 21.1 22.8 24.5 25.1

USAF.WOM 8.63 .45 7.6 7.9 8.6 9.4 9.7n = 1905 21.91 1.14 19.2 20.1 21.9 23.8 24.6

USAFLY.WOM 8.78 .43 7.9 8.1 8.8 9.5 9.8n = 455 22.31 1.09 20.0 20.6 22.3 24.1 24.9

53

I

4. *-

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


MENTON-TO-VERTEX - see Menton-to-Top of Head 4..

MENTON-TQ-WALL - see Menton-to-Back of Head

KETACARPAL-E 111 .E1-GH-T, A VDIG - see also Dactylion Height,Standing

Subject stands erect - the distance from the standing sur-face to the largest knuckle of the right hand (the juncture ofthe metacarpal and first phalanx of third [middle] finger).

USAFLY.MEN 30.05 1.43 26.8 27.7 30.0 32.4 33.4n 4000 76.32 3.64 68.1 70.4 76.3 82.3 84.9

MIDSHOULD HEIGHT, SITTING - see also Acromial Height, SittingSubject sits erect, head in the Frankfort plane, upper arms

hanging relaxed, and forearms and hands directed forward - thevertical distance from the sitting surface to a point midwayalong the superior surface of the shoulder between the base ofthe neck and the tip of the shoulder (Acromiale).

USAF.MEN 25.09 1.15 22.4 23.2 25.1 27.0 27.9n = 1236 63.74 2.93 57.0 59.0 63.7 68.6 70.9

USAFLY.MEN 25.43 1.08 23.0 23.7 25.4 27.3 28.0n = 2420 64.59 2.74 58.3 60.2 64.5 69.2 71.1

USAF.WOM 22.83 1.05 20.6 21.2 22.8 24.6 25.3n = 1905 58.00 2.66 52.3 53.7 57.9 62.5 64.4

USAFLY.WOM 23.80 .74 22.2 22.6 23.7 25.1 25.7n = 455 60.46 1.89 56.3 57.5 60.3 63.7 65.2

MIIUFRONTAL JHEAD) ARC ..

Subject sits (Typ) - the minimum surface distance across theforehead above the brow ridges between the greatest medialindentations of the temporal lines just superior to the zygo-matic arches on each side of the forehead.USAF.MEN 4.82 .34 4.1 4.3 4.8 5.4 5.7

n = 1236 12.25 .87 10.3 10.9 12.2 13.8 14.4

USAFLY.MEN 5.35 .31 4.7 4.8 5.4 5.9 6.1

n = 2420 13.60 .79 11.9 12.3 13.6 14.9 15.5

MOUTH BREADTH - see Lip Length

MOUTH BREADTH, SMILING - see Lip Length, Smiling

NASAL BREADTH - see Nose Breadth

54

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%

N in in in in in in in

cm cm cm cm cm cm cm

NASAL ROOT BREADTH - see also Nose BreadthSubject sits (Typ) - the breadth of the nasal root at its

deepest point.

USAF.MEN .73 .10 .5 .6 .7 .9 1.0n = 1236 1.86 .26 1.3 1.4 1.9 2.3 2.5

USAFLY.MEN .61 .08 .4 .5 .6 .8 .8n = 4000 1.55 .21 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.9 2.0

NASAL RQ HIiQT. STA1DIN - see Nasal Root Depression Height,Standing

NAZAL ROOT DEESONI 1EIGHTL STANDING - see also Eye Height,Standing

Subject stands erect, head oriented in the Frankfort plane -the vertical distance from the floor to the point of greatestindentation where the bridge of the nose meets the forehead(Nasal Root Depression or Sellion).

USAFLY.MEN 64.96 2.37 59.4 61.1 65.0 68.9 70.7n = 4000 165.00 6.03 150.9 155.1 165.0 175.0 179.5

NASAL RQT DE READ - see also Nasal RootDepression-to-Top of Head

Subject stands erect (Typ), head oriented in the Frankfortplane - the horizontal distance from Nasal Root Depression(Sellion) to the back of the head.

USAF.MEN 7.78 .26 7.2 7.4 7.8 8.2 8.4n = 1236 19.77 .67 18.2 18.7 19.8 20.9 21.4

USAFLY.MEN 7.94 .26 7.3 7.5 7.9 8.4 8.6n = 2420 20.17 .66 18.7 19.1 20.2 21.3 21.8

NASAL RQ- D-E]BEIOQ.N-TO-TP .QF HEAD - see also Nasal RootDepression-to-Back of Head

Subject stands erect, head oriented in the Frankfort plane -the vertical distance from Nasal Root Depression (Sellion) tothe top of the head (Vertex).

USAF.MEN 4.19 .33 3.5 3.7 4.2 4.8 5.0n = 1236 10.63 .84 8.8 9.3 10.6 12.1 12.7

USAFLY.MEN 4.23 .37 3.4 3.6 4.2 4.9 5.1n = 2420 10.75 .94 8.7 9.'2 10.7 12.3 13.0

NASAL ROOT DEPRESSION-TO-VERTEX - see Nasal Root Depression-to-Top of Head

55

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


NASAL ROOT DEPRESSION-TO-WALL - see Nasal Root Depression-to-Backof Head

S NECK CIRCUMFERENCESubject stands erect, head in the Frankfort plane - the

circumference of the neck, including the Adam's apple, per-pendicular to the long axis of the neck.

USAF.MEN 15.00 .81 13.1 13.7 15.0 16.4 17.0

n = 1236 38.10 2.06 33.4 34.9 38.0 41.6 43.2

USAFLY.MEN 15.09 .75 13.5 13.9 15.1 16.4 17.0n = 2420 38.34 1.91 34.3 35.4 38.3 41.7 43.3

USAF.WOM 13.29 .66 11.9 12.2 13.3 14.4 15.0n = 1905 33.75 1.68 30.2 31.1 33.7 36.7 38.2

USAFLY. WOM 13.39 .59 12.1 12.4 13.4 14.4 14.7n = 455 34.02 1.49 30.8 31.6 34.0 36.5 37.4

NECK-TO-BUSTPOINTSubject (female) stands erect looking straight ahead, wear-

ing bra of choice - the straight-line distance from the rightlateral neck-shoulder juncture in the lateral line to the tipof the right bust.

USAF.WOM 10.04 .74 8.4 8.9 10.0 11.3 11.9n = 1905 25.49 1.89 21.4 22.5 25.4 28.8 30.3

USAFLY.WOM 10.11 .64 8.6 9.0 10.1 11.1 11.5n = 455 25.67 1.62 21.9 22.9 25.7 28.2 29.1

NIPPLE HEIGHT, STANDING - see also Bustpoint Height, StandingSubject stands erect, head in the Frankfort plane - the

vertical distance from the standing surface to the center ofthe right nipple.

USAF.MEN 50.32 2.24 45.2 46.7 50.3 54.1 55.6n = 1236 127.81 5.68 114.8 118.6 127.8 137.3 141.2

USAFLY.MEN 50.88 2.06 46.1 47.6 50.8 54.4 55.7n = 2420 129.24 5.24 117.1 120.8 129.1 138.1 141.6

NOSE BREADTH - see also Nasal Root BreadthSubject sits (Typ) - the maximum horizontal breadth of the

nose.

(Cont'd)

56

.. . . . . . ..*~.*

• • • -. . . - . ." . . ..*. . ' ., ' .. ," , ., . • . 2 ' ,. '' '. . ' ' " , . • ", 2 . .,

-. -~. t- .- i ~~ w'-----

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAF.MEN 1.37 .12 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8n = 1236 3.48 .31 2.9 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

USAFLY.MEN 1.39 .11 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.7n = 2420 3.54 .29 2.9 3.1 3.5 4.1 4.3

USAF.WOM 1.26 .13 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.6n = 1905 3.19 .33 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.8 4.2

USAFLY.WOM 1.25 .12 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.6n = 455 3.18 .31 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.1

NOSE LENGTH - see also Subnasale-Nasal Root Depression Length andNose Protrusion

Subject sits (Typ) - the straight-line distance from themidpoint of the nasal root depression to the bottom of thenose.

USAFLY.MEN 2.00 .13 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.3 -

n = 4000 5.09 .34 4.3 4.5 5.1 5.7 5.9

NOSE PRTRUSION - see also Nose Length and Subnasale-Nasal RootDepression Length

Subject sits (Typ) - the distance from the juncture of thenasal septum and the philtrum of the upper lip to the maximumforward protrusion of the nose.

USAF.MEN .99 .11 .7 .8 1.0 1.1 1.2.n = 1236 2.51 .27 1.8 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.1

USAFLY.MEN .89 .11 .6 .7 .9 1.1 1.2n = 4000 2.27 .28 1.6 1.8 2.3 2.7 3.0

NOSE-TO-BACK H HEAD - see Pronasale-to-Back of Head

NOS-TO-O OQF HEAD- see Pronasale-to-Top of Head

4 o° . .5 7

' 57.- ".. . . . . . .' --.

-O-P-Q-R- -O-P-Q-R- -O-P-Q-R-

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


I.

EEADREACH STANDING - see also Thumb-Tip Reach, ExtendedSubject stands erect along side of, but not touching, a

side-wall mounted scale, and looking straight ahead. Holdinga special pointer (or pencil) in the grip of the right fist,the pointer is raised as high as possible while keeping thefeet flat on the floor and the pointer horizontal - the verti-cal distance from the floor to the tip of the pointer (grip).

USAF.WOM 78.44 3.37 71.3 72.9 78.4 84.0 86.0n = 1905 199.23 8.56 181.2 185.2 199.2 213.3 218.4

PALM LENGTH - ser also Hand LengthRight forearm and hand horizontal, palm up, hand flat,

fingers together and extended - the distance from the proximaledge of the navicular bone of the wrist (USAF.MEN) or distalwrist crease at the base of the thumb (USAFLY.MEN) to thefurrow formed where the middle finger folds upon the palm,just distal to the callous at the base of that finger.

USAF.MEN 4.48 .24 3.9 4.1 4.4 4.9 5.0n = 1236 11.37 .61 10.0 10.4 11.3 12.4 12.8

USAFLY.MEN 4.26 .21 3.8 3.9 4.3 4.6 4.8n = 2420 10.83 .54 9.6 10.0 10.8 11.8 12.1

AL T HEIH. LANDIN - see also Patella-Top Height,Standing and Knee Height, Sitting

Subject stands erect, feet together - the distance from thefloor to the inferior margin of the patella.

USAF.MEN 18.36 1.04 16.1 16.7 18.3 20.2 21.1n = 1236 46.63 2.65 41.0 42.4 46.5 51.2 53.5

EATELLA-Tf flEIGHT. S5-TANDING - see also Patella-Bottom Height,Standing and Knee Height, Sitting

Subject stands erect - the vertical distance from thestanding surface to the superior margin of the right patella.

USAF.MEN 20.54 1.07 18.2 18.8 20.5 22.3 23.3n = 1236 52.17 2.73 46.3 47.7 52.1 56.7 59.2

USAFLY.MEN 20.72 1.01 18.4 19.1 20.7 22.4 23.2n = 2420 52.62 2.56 46.8 48.5 52.6 56.9 58.9

58

.. . . . . . . .. ---. ..

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


2 L HEIGHT - see also Crotch HeightSubject (male) stands erect - the vertical distance from the

floor to the anterior (ventral) juncture of the penis with the *.,. .

abdomen.

USAFLY..MEN 34.53 1.73 30.6 31.7 34.5 37.4 38.7n = 4000 87.71 4.40 77.6 80.5 87.7 95.0 98.3

PHILTRUM LENGTHSubject stands (Typ), facial muscles relaxed, mouth closed -

the length of the shallow groove (philtrum) which runs verti-cally from the center of the upper lip to the nasal septum.

USAF.MEN .62 .10 .4 .4 .6 .8 .9n = 1236 1.57 .26 1.0 1.1 1.6 2.0 2.2

USAFLY.MEN .61 .11 .4 .4 .6 .8 .9n = 2420 1.55 .28 .9 1.1 1.5 2.0 2.2

PQ.PLITEAL HEIGHT DTINIG - see also Knee HeightSubject sits erect, feet resting on a surface adjusted so

that the thighs are horizontal and the knees are flexed toapproximate right angles - the vertical distance from thefootrest surface to the underside of the tendon of the rightbiceps femoris muscle, laterally where it dives into the fleshof the leg.

USAF.MEN 17.43 .90 15.5 16.0 17.4 18.9 19.8n = 1236 44.28 2.28 39.4 40.6 44.2 48.1 50.2

USAFLY.MEN 17.20 .89 15.2 15.8 17.2 18.7 19.3n = 2420 43.70 2.25 38.5 40.1 43.7 47.5 49.1

USAF.WOM 16.16 .73 14.2 14.9 16.2 17.4 18.1n = 1905 41.05 1.86 36.2 38.0 41.0 44.1 45.9

USAFLY.WOM 16.63 .63 15.3 15.7 16.6 17.8 18.3n = 455 42.24 1.59 38.9 39.9 42.1 45.2 46.5

POSTERIOR NEC LENGTH - see also Anterior Neck LengthSubject stands erect, head in the Frankfort plane - the

surface distance from Cervicale to the lowest point that canbe palpated at the base of the skull posteriorly (USAF.MEN) orto Inion (USAFLY.MEN).

USAF.MEN 3.90 .58 2.6 3.0 3.9 4.9 5.4n = 1236 9.90 1.47 6.6 7.5 9.9 12.4 13.6

(Cont'd)

59

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAFLY.MEN 5.22 .67 3.7 4.2 5.2 6.4 6.7n = 2420 13.25 1.69 9.5 10.6 13.2 16.2 17.1

WPTERIOR AIST LENGTH - see Waist-Back Length

PRONASALE-TO-BACK OF HEAD - see also Pronasale-to-Top of Head andHead Diagonal, Maximum from Inion

Subject stands, head oriented in the Frankfort plane - thehorizontal distance from the tip of the nose (Pronasale) tothe back of the head.

USAF.MEN 8.77 .31 8.1 8.3 8.8 9.3 9.5n = 1236 22.28 .79 20.5 21.0 22.3 23.6 24.2

USAFLY.MEN 8.93 .30 8.2 8.4 8.9 9.4 9.6n = 2420 22.68 .75 20.9 21.4 22.7 23.9 24.4

USAF.WOM 8.34 .38 7.6 7.8 8.3 9.0 9.4n 1905 21.19 .96 19.2 19.7 21.1 22.9 23.9

USAFLY.WOM 8.43 .37 7.6 7.9 8.4 9.1 9.4n = 455 21.41 .94 19.2 20.0 21.4 23.0 23.9

PRONASALE-TO-TOP F H.EAD - see also Pronasale-to-Back of Head -Subject stands, head oriented in the Frankfort plane - the

vertical distance from the tip of the nose (Pronasale) to thetop of the head (Vertex).

USAF.MEN 5.79 .38 4.9 5.2 5.8 6.4 6.7n = 1236 14.70 .96 12.5 13.2 14.7 16.3 17.0

USAFLY.MEN 5.80 .43 4.9 5.1 5.8 6.5 6.9n = 2420 14.74 1.10 12.3 13.0 14.7 16.6 17.4

USAF.WOM 5.81 .46 4.9 5.1 5.8 6.6 7.1n = 1905 14.76 1.17 12.3 12.9 14.7 16.8 18.0

USAFLY.WOM 5.93 .45 5.0 5.2 5.9 6.7 7.2n = 455 15.05 1.14 12.7 13.3 15.0 17.1 18.3

PRONASALE-TO-VERTEX - see Pronasale-to-Top of Head

PRONASALE-TO-WALL - see Pronasale-to-Back of Head

RADIALE-STYLION LENGTHSubject stands, arms hanging at sides and right forearm

supinated (rotated "outward," palm forward) - the straight-line distance between the right Radiale and right Stylion.

(Cont'd)

60

• A .. q

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAFLY.MEN 10.58 .56 9.3 9.7 10.6 11.5 11.9n = 2420 26.88 1.42 23.6 24.6 26.9 29.3 30.2

USAF.WOM 9.21 .54 8.0 8.3 9.2 10.1 10.6 Vn = 1905 23.39 1.37 20.3 21.2 23.4 25.7 26.9

USAFLY.WOM 9.52 .46 8.5 8.8 9.5 10.3 10.7n = 455 24.17 1.17 21.5 22.3 24.1 26.2 27.1

-S- -S- -S-

SAGITTAL ARCSubject sits (Typ) - the distance along the superior surface

of the skull and within the midsagittal (XZ) plane fromGlabella to the lowest palpable point on the base of the skullposteriorly (USAF.MEN) to Inion (USAFLY.MEN, USAF.WOM andUSAFLY.WOM).

USAF.MEN 15.17 .58 13.8 14.3 15.2 16.2 16.6n = 1236 38.52 1.48 35.1 36.2 38.5 41.1 42.1

USAFLY.MEN 13.64 .65 12.1 12.5 13.6 14.7 15.1n 2420 34.64 1.66 30.9 31.9 34.7 37.3 38.4

USAF.WOM 13.70 .59 12.4 12.8 13.7 14.7 15.3 - -.

n = 1905 34.79 1.49 31.4 32.4 34.7 37.3 38.8

USAFLY.WOM 13.87 .58 12.6 13.0 13.8 14.9 15.4n 455 35.23 1.48 31.9 32.9 35.1 37.9 39.0

SCYE CIRCUMFERENCE - see also Axillary Arm CircumferenceSubject stands (Typ), arms hanging at sides - the circum-

ference of the right arm at the shoulder, as high as possiblein the armpit and passing over Acromion (USAF.MEN) verticallyover the shoulder (USAFLY.MEN, USAF.WOM, and USAFLY.WOM).

USAF.MEN 17.36 .99 15.1 15.7 17.4 19.0 19.9n = 1236 44.10 2.51 38.4 39.9 44.1 48.2 50.6

USAFLY.MEN 19.04 1.10 16.5 17.2 19.0 20.9 21.7n= 2420 48.36 2.79 42.0 43.8 48.4 53.0 55.2

USAF.WOM 14.61 .90 12.7 13.2 14.5 16.2 16.9n = 1905 37.10 2.29 32.3 33.6 36.9 41.1 43.1

(Cont' d)

61

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAFLY.WOM 14.72 .73 13.0 13.5 14.7 15.9 16.4n = 455 37.40 1.85 33.0 34.3 37.4 40.4 41.6

SELLION-TO-TOP OF HEAD - see Nasal Root Depression-to-Top of Head

SELLION-TO-VERTEX - see Nasal Root Depression-to-Top of Head

SELLION-TO-WALL - see Nasal Root Depression-to-Back of Head

S LDR BREADTH - see Biacromial Breadth and Bideltoid Breadth

SHOULDE CIRMFERENCESubject stands erect, arms hanging relaxed at sides - themaximum circumference of the shoulders at the level of thegreatest lateral protrusion of the deltoid muscles.

USAF.MEN 45.61 2.33 40.6 41.9 45.6 49.6 51.4n = 1236 115.84 5.93 103.0 106.4 115.7 125.9 130.5

USAFLY.MEN 46.33 2.29 41.0 42.7 46.3 50.2 52.0n = 2420 117.69 5.82 104.2 108.4 117.5 127.6 132.0

USAF.WOM 39.53 2.02 35.6 36.5 39.4 43.1 45.2n = 1905 100.41 5.14 90.5 92.6 100.0 109.4 114.7

USAFLY.WOM 39.67 1.59 36.0 37.1 39.6 42.3 43.1n= 455 100.77 4.03 91.4 94.2 100.7 107.4 109.6

SHOULDER HEIGHT, SITTING - see Acromion Height, Sitting and Mid-Shoulder Height, Sitting

SHOULDER HIGHT STANDING - see Acromion Height, Standing

SHOULDER LENGTHSubject stands erect (Typ), arms hanging relaxed at sides -

the surface distance along the top of the right shoulder fromthe juncture of the neck and the shoulder to Acromion (Acrom-iale) in the mid-axillary line.

USAF.MEN 6.64 .51 5.4 5.8 6.7 7.5 7.9n = 1236 16.87 1.30 13.8 14.8 16.9 19.1 20.0

USAFLY.MEN 6.54 .50 5.5 5.7 6.5 7.4 7.8 -""

n = 2420 16.60 1.26 13.9 14.6 16.6 18.7 19.8

USAF.WOM 5.77 .40 4.8 5.1 5.7 6.5 6.8n = 1905 14.66 1.02 12.3 13.0 14.6 16.4 17.2

(Cont'd)

62

• ....

SOURCE X SD I% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAFLY.WOM 5.92 .39 4.9 5.2 5.9 6.6 6.9n = 455 15.04 .98 12.5 13.3 15.0 16.7 17.4

SHOULDER-ELBOW LENGTH - see also Acromion-Radiale Length -Subject sits erect, arms hanging relaxed at sides, elbow

flexed to 90 degrees, forearms and hands directed forwardhorizontally - the vertical distance from the right Acromion(Acromiale) to the bottom of the elbow (olecranon process).

USAF.MEN 14.60 .72 12.9 13.4 14.6 15.8 16.3n = 1236 37.09 1.83 32.8 34.1 37.1 40.2 41.4

USAFLY.MEN 14.15 .67 12.6 13.1 14.1 15.3 15.7n 2420 35.95 1.71 32.1 33.2 35.9 38.8 40.0

SHOULDER-TO-BICEP CIRCUMFERENCE LEVEL - see Acromion-to-BicepsCircumference Level

SITTING HEIGHT - see also Sitting Height, RelaxedSubject sits erect, head in the Frankfort plane, arms

hanging naturally at sides, elbows flexed to 90 degrees,forearms and hands directed forward - the vertical distancefrom the sitting surface to the top of the head.

USAF.MEN 35.95 1.39 32.4 33 .7 35.9 38.3 39.2n = 1236 91.31 3.52 82.4 85.7 91.2 97.2 99.6

USAFLY.MEN 36.68 1.25 33.9 34.7 36.7 38.8 39.6n = 2420 93.18 3.18 86.2 88.1 93.1 98.6 100.6

USAF.WOM 33.70 1.25 31.0 31.7 33.7 35.8 36.7n 1905 85.60 3.17 78.7 80.4 85.6 90.9 93.1

USAFLY.WOM 35.01 .70 34.0 34.1 34.9 36.4 37.0n = 455 88.92 1.79 86.3 86.6 88.7 92.4 94.1

SITTING HEIGHT, RELAXED - see also Sitting HeightSubject sits relaxed with head in the Frankfort plane - the

vertical distance from the sitting surface to the top of thehead.

USAF.WOM 33.18 1.28 30.3 31.1 33.2 35.3 36.2n = 1905 84.28 3.25 77.1 78.9 84.3 89.7 91.9

USAFLY.WOM 34.51 .76 33.0 33.4 34.4 35.9 36.7n 455 87.66 1.93 83.9 84.9 87.4 91.2 93.2

63

K -, -* -- -K -o".

- . ... . .. -

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%

N in in in in in in incm cm cm cm cm cm cm 4-7

SKIN FOLD: DORSAL HAN.-Subject stands relaxed (Typ) - measured in the center of the

dorsum (back) of the right hand taking care not to includeblood vessels.

USAF.MEN .10 .02 <.1 .1 .1 .2 .2n 1236 .25 .06 .1 .2 .2 .4 .4

SKI FOLD: JUXT. NIPPLESubject stands relaxed - measured 5 cm above the right

nipple, following Langer's lines.

USAF.MEN .17 .07 .1 .1 .2 .2 .6n = 1236 .42 .19 .2 .2 .4 .6 1.4

USAFLY.MEN .54 .26 .1 .2 .5 1.0 1.2n = 2420 1.36 .67 .4 .5 1.3 2.6 3.1

SKIN FOLD. MEDIAL CALF-Subject stands with right foot resting on the seat of a

chair so that the right hip and knee are flexed to about rightangles - measured at the level of greatest circumference ofthe calf on the median line.

USAF.WOM .63 .20 .1 .3 .6 1.0 1.1n = 1905 1.59 .52 .2 .7 1.6 2.5 2.9

USAFLY.WOM .60 .20 . .2 .6 .9 1.1n = 455 1.52 .51 .2 .6 1.5 2.3 2.7

SKI FOLD. SUBSCAPULASubject stands relaxed - measured just below the inferior

angle of the right scapula, following Langer's lines.

USAF.MEN .52 .20 .2 .3 .5 .9 1.1n = 1236 1.33 .52 .6 .7 1.2 2.4 2.9

USAFLY.MEN .54 .21 .2 .3 .5 .9 1.2n = 2420 1.37 .53 .6 .7 1.3 2.4 3.1

USAF.WOM .51 .19 .2 .3 .5 .9 1.1n 1905 1.29 .48 .6 .7 1.2 2.2 2.9

USAFLY.WOM .46 .15 .2 .3 .4 .7 1.0 -.n 455 1.17 .38 .6 .7 1.1 1.9 2.5

64

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


SKIN FOLD: SUPRAILIAC "Subject stands relaxed - measured at the level of the right

iliac crest, following Langer's lines.

USAF.MEN .67 .31 .2 .2 .7 1.2 1.4n = 1236 1.71 .79 .4 .6 1.7 3.1 3.6

USAFLY.MEN 1.03 .46 .2 .3 1.0 1.8 2.1n = 2420 2.62 1.18 .5 .8 2.6 4.6 5.3

USAF.WOM .78 .28 .3 .4 .8 1.2 1.5n = 1905 1.97 .70 .7 .9 1.9 3.2 3.8

USAFLY.WOM .72 .23 .3 .3 .7 1.1 1.3n = 455 1.84 .59 .7 .8 1.9 2.8 3.2

SKIN FOLD SUPRAPATELLASubject stands relaxed - measured at the superior margin of

the right patella, following Langer's lines.

USAFLY.MEN .29 .09 .1 .2 .3 .5 .5n = 2420 .73 .23 .3 .4 .7 1.2 1.4

SKIN FOLD TRICEPSSubject stands relaxed, arms hanging at sides - measured on

the dorsum (back) of the right arm, midway between Acromialeand the tip of the olecranon proces, following Langer's lines.

USAF.MEN .41 .19 .1 .2 .4 .7 1.0n = 1236 1.04 .47 .3 .4 1.0 1.9 2.5

USAFLY.MEN .50 .20 .2 .2 .5 .9 1.0n = 2420 1.27 .51 .4 .5 1.2 2.2 2.7

USAF.WOM .75 .21 .3 .4 .7 1.1 1.3n = 1905 1.90 .54 .8 1.1 1.9 2.8 3.4

USAFLY.WOM .72 .18 .4 .4 .7 1.0 1.1n = 455 1.82 .46 .9 1.1 1.8 2.5 2.9

SKI FLDQ XIPHOID LEVEL ON MIDAXILLARY LINESubject stands relaxed - measured at the level of the in-

ferior margin of the xiphoid process on the right midaxillaryline, following Langer's lines.

USAF.MEN .49 .24 .1 .2 .5 .9 1.1n = 1236 1.24 .62 .3 .4 1.2 2.4 2.9

(Cont'd)

65

...................

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAFLY.MEN .48 .22 .1 .2 .4 .9 1.1n = 2420 1.21 .57 .4 .5 1.1 2.3 2.9

SLEEVE INSEAM LENGTH - see also Sleeve LengthSubject stands, right arm extended downward with the hand

about 6 inches (15 cm) from the side of the body - thestraight-line distance from the inferior margin of the tendonof the pectoralis major muscle which forms the anteriorboundary of the right axilla (arm pit) to the wrist (Stylion).

USAF.MEN 19.22 1.04 17.0 17.5 19.2 20.9 21.8n = 1236 48.82 2.63 43.3 44.5 48.8 53.2 55.3

USAFLY.MEN 19.11 1.01 16.8 17.5 19.1 20.8 21.5n = 2420 48.54 2.56 42.7 44.4 48.5 52.8 54.7

USAF.WOM 17.37 .95 15.3 15.8 17.3 19.0 19.7n = 1905 44.13 2.42 38.7 40.2 44.0 48.2 49.9

USAFLY.WOM 18.01 .80 16.3 16.8 18.0 19.4 20.2n = 455 45.74 2.04 41.3 42.6 45.6 49.2 51.3

SL.E.EVE L.ENGTH - see also Sleeve Length: Spine-to-Scye Segment;Sleeve Length: Spine-to-Elbow Segment and SleeveInseam Length

Subject stands, arms held in a horizontal plane, elbowsflexed to about right angles, dorsal surfaces of the firstphalanges of the fists opposed in front of the chest, andshoulders relaxed - the horizontal surface distance from themidline of the thoracic spine to the end of the ulnar styloidprocess of the right wrist, over the tip of the the rightelbow.

USAF.MEN 34.79 1.49 31.6 32.4 34.8 37.3 38.6n = 1236 88.37 3.79 80.2 82.2 88.3 94.7 98.1

USAFLY.MEN 35.75 1.39 32.7 33.5 35.7 38.1 39.0 .n = 2420 90.81 3.52 83.1 85.2 90.7 96.8 99.1

USAF.WOM 31.33 1.31 28.5 29.2 31.3 33.5 34.7n = 1905 79.58 3.32 72.4 74.2 79.5 85.1 88.0

USAFLY.WOM 32.18 1.09 29.8 30.6 32.1 34.1 35.2n = 455 81.73 2.77 75.7 77.6 81.5 86.7 89.4

66

IL*

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


SLEEVE LENGTH SPINE-TO-ELBOW SEGMENT - see also Sleeve LengthSubject stands, arms held in a horizontal plane, elbows

flexed to about right angles, dorsal surfaces of the firstphalanges of the fists opposed in front of the chest, andshoulders relaxed - the horizontal surface distance from themidline of the thoracic spine to the tip of the right elbow(olecranon process).

USAF.MEN 23.22 1.07 20.7 21.4 23.2 25.0 25.9n =1236 58.97 2.73 52.5 54.4 59.0 63.4 65.7

USAFLY.MEN 23.85 1.03 21.6 22.2 23.8 25.6 26.4n = 2420 60.57 2.62 54.8 56.4 60.5 65.0 67.0

USAF.WOM 20.99 .95 18.9 19.5 21.0 22.6 23.4n = 1905 53.32 2.41 48.0 49.4 53.3 57.3 59.4

*USAFLY.WOM 21.54 .83 19.8 20.2 21.5 23.0 23.6n = 455 54.72 2.11 50.3 51.4 54.6 58.3 60.0

SLEEV LENGTH." SPINE-TO-SCYE SE.EN - see also Sleeve LengthSubject stands, arms held in a horizontal plane, elbows

flexed to about right angles, dorsal surfaces of the firstphalanges of the fists opposed in front of the chest, andshoulders relaxed - the horizontal surface distance from themidline of the thoracic spine to the right scye.

USAF.MEN 9.39 .74 7.7 8.3 9.4 10.7 11.1n = 1236 23.85 1.87 19.6 21.0 23.8 27.1 28.3

? ? ? Probable difference in landmark interpretation ? ? ?between USAF.MEN and USAFLY.MEN, USAF.WOM & USAFLY.WOM

USAFLY.MEN 11.20 .71 9.6 10.0 11.2 12.4 12.9n = 2420 28.45 1.81 24.3 25.5 28.4 31.5 32.7

USAF.WOM 8.02 .54 6.8 7.2 8.0 8.9 9.3n = 1905 20.37 1.36 17.2 18.3 20.3 22.7 23.7

USAFLY.WOM 8.12 .54 6.8 7.3 8.1 9.1 9.6n = 455 20.62 1.36 17.3 18.5 20.6 23.0 24.5

SLEEVE LENGTH. SPINE-TO-WRIST - see Sleeve Length

67

67'"

.- o

.o

.-

- . . *' . . .

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


SPAN ~-Subject stands erect with arms extended horizontally and

laterally to their maxima, hands flat, fingers extended - the at .

distance between the tips of digits III.

USAFLY.MEN 70.79 2.92 63.9 66.0 70.8 75.6 77.6n = 4000 179.81 7.42 162.4 167.6 179.8 192.0 197.0

SPHYR QN HEIGHT - see also Medial Malleolus HeightSubject stands erect, weight distributed equally on both

feet - the distance from the floor to the distal margin of themedial epicondyle of the right tibia at the ankle.

USAF.MEN 2.63 .25 2.0 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.2

n = 1236 6.68 .63 5.1 5.7 6.7 7.7 8.1

STATURE - see also Stature, MaximumSubject stands erect, head in the Frankfort plane, heels

together, and weight distributed equally on both feet - thedistance from the floor to the top of the head.

USAF.MEN 69.21 2.65 63.1 65.0 69.2 73.7 75.5n = 1236 175.80 6.74 160.3 165.0 175.7 187.1 191.8

- USAFLY.MEN 69.82 2.44 64.3 65.8 69.8 73.9 75.5n = 2420 177.34 6.19 163.2 167.2 177.3 187.7 191.8

USAF.WOM 63.82 2.36 58.9 60.0 63.8 67.8 69.5n = 1905 162.10 6.00 149.5 152.4 162.0 172.1 176.5

USAFLY.WOM 66.32 1.48 63.9 64.3 66.1 69.2 70.7n = 455 168.46 3.77 162.3 163.3 167.9 175.8 179.5

MATURE, MAXIMU - see also StatureSubject stands erect, head in the Frankfort plane, heels

together, and weight distributed equally on both feet. Sub-ject takes a deep breath, stretches to maximum stature, main-taining head orientation, and feet flat on the floor - thevertical distance from the floor to the top of the head.

USAF.WOM 64.07 2.37 59.1 60.2 64.0 68.0 69.9n = 1905 162.75 6.02 150.0 152.9 162.6 172.8 177.5

USAFLY.WOM 66.57 1.49 64.3 64.6 66.3 69.4 70.9n = 455 169.10 3.78 163.2 164.0 168.5 176.4 180.0

68

....................................-....... ., , ..., i... -.<-. ,,.: ,. ,.$,". "" ". -"v''' -" ' .' , " " "," " ' <, :

'"- " """"""- "" -. n .. . . . ..- i - n

I%.

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


STOMION-TO-TOP DE HEAD-Subject stands (Typ), head oriented in the Frankfort plane -

the vertical distance from the point of contact between theupper and lower lips in the mid-sagittal plane to the top orthe head.

USAF.MEN 7.13 .35 6.3 6.5 7.1 7.7 8.0n = 1236 18.11 .90 15.9 16.6 18.1 19.6 20.2

USAFLY.MEN 7.23 .39 6.3 6.6 7.2 7.9 8.2n = 2420 18.37 1.00 16.1 16.7 18.4 20.0 20.7

USAF.WOM 7.02 .44 6.0 6.3 7.0 7.8 8.1n = 1905 17.83 1.12 15.3 16.1 17.8 19.7 20.7

USAFLY.WOM 7.15 .43 6.2 6.5 7.1 7.9 8.2n 455 18.16 1.09 15.8 16.5 18.1 20.0 20.9

STOMION-TO-VERTEX - see Stomion-to-Top of Head

STRAP LENGTH .

Subject (female) stands erect with head in Frankfort plane,wearing bra of choice - the surface distance from the tip ofthe right bust upward and across the back of the neck to thetip of the left bust.

USAF.WOM 25.68 1.54 22.3 23.3 25.6 28.4 29.6n = 1905 65.22 3.92 56.7 59.2 64.9 72.1 75.2

USAFLY.WOM 25.90 1.25 23.1 23.8 25.9 28.0 28.7n = 455 65.79 3.17 58.7 60.5 65.8 71.0 73.0

S AD 1A.E-T-Q-ASAL R-DT DEESI1N - see also Nose Length andNose Protrusion

Subject stands (Typ) - the vertical distance from subnasaleto the deepest point in the nasal root depression.

USAF.MEN 2.03 .15 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.4n = 1236 5.16 .37 4.3 4.6 5.2 5.8 6.0

USAFLY.MEN 2.02 .15 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.4n = 2420 5.13 .37 4.2 4.5 5.1 5.7 6.0

USAF.WOM 1.79 .16 1.4 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.2n = 1905 4.55 .41 3.6 3.9 4.5 5.2 5.6

USAFLY.WOM 1.82 .16 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.2n 455 4.62 .40 3.6 4.0 4.6 5.3 5.5

69

* .°*., . ..

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


SUBNASALE-SELLION LENGTH - see Subnasale-to-Nasal Root DepressionLength

* SUBNASALE-TO-BACK OF HEAD - see also Subnasale-to-Top of Head Z-Subject stands (Typ), head oriented in the Frankfort plane -

" the horizontal distance from Subnasale to the back of the head.

USAFLY.MEN 8.26 .31 7.5 7.7 8.3 8.8 9.0n = 2420 20.99 .79 19.1 19.7 21.0 22.3 22.8

USAF.WOM 7.74 .39 6.9 7.2 7.7 8.4 8.8n = 1905 19.66 .98 17.6 18.2 19.6 21.4 22.4

USAFLY.WOM 7.81 .38 6.9 7.2 7.8 8.5 8.9n 455 19.83 .97 17.6 18.3 19.8 21.5 22.5

SUBNASALE-TO-TOP OF HEAD - see also Subnasale-to-Back of HeadSubject stands (Typ), head oriented in the Frankfort plane -

the vertical distance from Subnasale to the top of the head.

USAFLY.MEN 6.33 .40 5.4 5.7 6.3 7.0 7.3n = 2420 16.09 1.02 13.8 14.5 16.1 17.8 18.5

USAF.WOM 6.26 .43 5.3 5.6 6.2 7.0 7.4n = 1905 15.91 1.10 13.5 14.2 15.9 17.8 18.7

USAFLY.WOM 6.39 .42 5.5 5.7 6.4 7.1 7.5n = 455 16.23 1.07 14.0 14.5 16.2 18.1 19.1

SUBNASALE-TO-VERTEX - see Subnasale-to-Top of Head

SUBNASALEO-WALL- see Subnasale-to-Back of Head

SUBSTERNAL_ HEIGHT, 2_TANDING - see also Suprasternale Height,Standing

Subject stands erect - the vertical distance from the floorto the lowest point on the breast bone (Substernale).

USAFLY.MEN 48.72 1.99 44.1 45.5 48.7 52.0 53.5n = 4000 123.75 5.06 112.1 115.6 123.7 132.2 135.9

S ASERNALE iHIGHT, STANDING - see also Substernale Height,Standing

Subject stands erect - the vertical distance from thestanding surface to Suprasternale (lowest point in the notchat the upper end of the breast bone).

(Cont'd)

70

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAF.MEN 56.42 2.35 51.1 52.6 56.4 60.3 61.9n = 1236 143.30 5.96 129.9 133.6 143.3 153.2 157.2

USAFLY.MEN 57.17 2.17 52.2 53.7 57.1 60.8 62.3n = 2420 145.20 5.50 132.5 136.3 145.1 154.5 158.2

USAF.WOM 51.97 2.09 47.4 48.6 51.9 55.5 57.0n = 1905 132.00 5.30 120.5 123.4 131.9 140.9 144.8

USAFLY.WOM 54.03 1.39 51.5 52.0 53.9 56.7 58.0n = 455 137.23 3.52 130.8 132.2 136.8 143.9 147.2

-T-U-V- -T-U-V- -T-U-V-

IHIH CIB.UMfFB..E., ITTIIG - see also Thigh Circumference,Standing and Lower Thigh Circumference

Subject sits erect on a table, thighs lightly touching andfeet unsupported - the circumference of the right upper thigh,in a plane perpendicular to its long axis and as high in thecrotch as possible.

USAF.MEN 22.59 1.95 18.4 19.4 22.6 25.9 27.6n = 1236 57.37 4.96 46.7 49.3 57.3 65.8 70.2

USAFLY.MEN 22.78 1.68 18.8 20.0 22.8 25.6 26.9n = 2420 57.87 4.27 47.7 50.8 57.9 65.0 68.3

T IGH- CIRC-U MfEZNCL, STANDIN - see also Thigh Circumference,Sitting and Lower Thigh Circumference, Standing

Subject stands, legs slightly apart - the circumference ofthe right upper thigh, in a plane perpendicular to its longaxis at the level of the lowest point on the gluteal furrow.

USAF.MEN 22.34 1.84 18.3 19.3 22.3 25.4 26.9n = 1236 56.75 4.67 46.5 49.1 56.7 64.5 68.2

USAFLY.MEN 23.15 1.74 19.1 20.3 23.1 26.0 27.4n = 2420 58.81 4.43 48.5 51.5 58.8 66.2 69.7

USAF.WOM 21.84 1.66 18.2 19.2 21.8 24.6 26.3n = 1905 55.48 4.22 46.3 48.7 55.3 62.6 66.7

USAFLY.WOM 21.82 1.32 18.6 19.5 21.9 23.9 24.8n = 455 55.43 3.36 47.2 49.5 55.6 60.8 63.0

71

* ,-* *,-.-....-..-* ~ ** .* **.,..,,,. ,..**. . . -- .- ,

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


THIG CLEARANCE- -,

Subject sits, feet resting on a surface adjusted so that thethighs are horizontal and the knees are flexed to 90 degrees -

the distance from the sitting surface to the highest point onthe right thigh.

USAF.MEN 6.22 .54 5.1 5.4 6.2 7.2 7.6n = 1236 15.80 1.36 13.0 13.7 15.7 18.2 19.3

USAFLY.MEN 6.51 .54 5.3 5.6 6.5 7.4 7.8n = 2420 16.53 1.38 13.4 14.3 16.5 18.8 19.9

USAF.WOM 4.90 .49 3.8 4.1 4.9 5.7 6.1n 1905 12.44 1.25 9.8 10.4 12.4 14.6 15.5

USAFLY.WOM 5.00 .45 4.0 4.2 5.0 5.7 6.0n = 455 12.69 1.14 10.1 10.7 12.7 14.5 15.3

THIGH-TO-THIGIH BREADTH, SITTING - see also Thigh-to-Thigh Breadthover Foundation Garment, Sitting and Hip Breadth,Standing

Subject sits erect, thighs parallel and feet unsupported -

the maximum horizontal distance across the thighs.

USAF.WOM 15.04 1.13 12.6 13.3 14.9 17.0 18.1n 1905 38.19 2.86 32.1 33.8 38.0 43.3 45.9

USAFLY.WOM 15.04 .89 13.1 13.6 15.0 16.5 17.2n 455 38.20 2.26 33.2 34.5 38.2 41.9 43.7

THIGH-TO-THIGH BREADTH, SITTING, OVER FOUNDATION GARMENT - seealso Thigh-to-Thigh Breadth, Sitting

Subject (female) sits erect, thighs parallel and feet unsup-ported, wearing foundation garments of choice - the maximumhorizontal distance across the thighs.

USAF.WOM 14.67 1.04 12.5 13.1 14.6 16.5 17.5n = 1905 37.25 2.65 31.7 33.2 37.1 41.9 44.5

USAFLY.WOM 14.69 .78 12.8 13.3 14.7 15.9 16.5n= 455 37.32 1.98 32.6 33.9 37.4 40.5 41.8

.2 .'

72 -

l - * - -. . . . . . . . .

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


TMB-_T_ REACH - see also Thumb-Tip Reach, Extended; Arm Reachfrom Wall and Vertical Reach

Subject stands erect with heels, buttocks, shoulder bladesand head in contact with a wall or other vertical surface. _The right arm is rotated forward to the horizontal, perpendi-cular to the rear wall, thumb and forefinger tips opposed in agrasping attitude, thumb extended and parallel to the axis ofthe arm and forearm - the distance from the wall to the tip ofthe thumb.

USAF.MEN 30.76 1.61 27.1 28.2 30.7 33.5 34.6n = 1236 78.12 4.08 68.9 71.7 77.9 85.1 88.0

USAFLY.MEN 31.62 1.57 28.0 29.1 31.6 34.3 35.6n = 2420 80.31 3.98 71.2 73.9 80.2 87.0 90.3 Wr

USAF.WOM 29.18 1.53 25.7 26.6 29.2 31.7 32.8n = 1905 74.13 3.88 65.3 67.7 74.2 80.5 83.3

USAFLY.WOM 29.99 1.30 27.5 28.0 29.9 32.2 33.6n 455 76.17 3.30 69.8 71.1 76.0 81.9 85.3

THUMB-TIP REACH, EXTENDED - see also Thumb-Tip Reach and MaximumReach from Wall

Subject stands erect with heels, buttocks, shoulder bladesand head in contact with a wall or other vertical surface.The right arm is rotated forward to the horizontal, perpendi-cular to the rear wall, thumb and forefinger tips opposed in agrasping attitude, thumb extended and parallel to the axis ofthe arm and forearm. The subject then thrusts the rightshoulder and arm forward maximally without breaking contactbetween the wall and the center of the back and left shoulderblade - the distance from the wall to the tip of the thumb.

USAFLY.MEN 35.27 1.78 31.1 32.4 35.2 38.3 39.6n 2420 89.59 4.51 79.1 82.3 89.4 97.3 100.7

USAF.WOM 33.00 1.92 28.8 29.9 33.0 36.3 37.8n = 1905 83.83 4.88 73.2 76.0 83.7 92.3 96.1

USAFLY.WOM 34.03 1.67 30.5 31.4 33.9 37.0 38.1n = 455 86.43 4.24 77.4 79.8 86.2 94.0 96.9

73

......................... .... "

-- . -- -)-: ;w o

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


TIBIALE HEIGHT STANDING - see also Knee Height, StandingSubject stands erect, feet separated a distance of about 4

inches and weight distributed equally on both feet - thevertical distance from the standing surface to the proximalmedial margin of the right tibia, typically within the dimpleimmediately inferior and medial to the patella.

USAF.WOM 16.53 .94 14.5 15.1 16.5 18.1 18.9n = 1905 41.98 2.38 36.9 38.2 41.9 46.1 48.0

USAFLY.WOM 17.20 .82 15.4 16.0 17.1 18.7 19.4n = 455 43.69 2.08 39.2 40.6 43.5 47.5 49.2

TRAGION HEIHT, STANDIN - see also Eye Height, StandingSubject stands erect, head oriented in the Frankfort plane -

the vertical distance from the floor to Tragion. X.:

USAFLY.MEN 63.93 2.37 58.5 60.0 63.9 67.8 69.6n = 4000 162.38 6.02 148.6 152.5 162.4 172.3 176.8

TRAGION-TO-BACK Oa HEAD - see also Tragion-to-Top of HeadSubject stands erect (Typ), head oriented in the Frankfort

plane - the horizontal distance from Tragion to the back ofthe head.

USAF.MEN 3.89 .26 3.3 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.5n = 1236 9.87 .67 8.4 8.8 9.9 11.0 11.5

USAFLY.MEN 4.07 .26 3.5 3.7 4.1 4.5 4.7n = 2420 10.33 .65 8.9 9.3 10.3 11.4 11.9

USAF.WOM 4.00 .35 3.3 3.5 4.0 4.6 5.1n = 1905 10.17 .90 8.4 8.9 10.1 11.8 12.9

USAFLY.WOM 4.04 .35 3.3 3.5 4.0 4.7 5.1N = 455 10.26 .90 8.4 9.0 10.2 11.9 12.9

TRAGION-TO-TOP f HEA - see also Tragion-to-Back of HeadSubject stands erect (Typ), head oriented in the Frankfort

plane - the vertical distance from Tragion to the top of thehead.

USAF.MEN 5.18 .25 4.6 4.8 5.2 5.6 5.8n = 1236 13.15 .63 11.6 12.1 13.1 14.2 14.7

USAFLY.MEN 5.30 .24 4.7 4.9 5.3 5.7 5.9n = 2420 13.45 .61 12.0 12.4 13.5 14.5 14.9

(Cont'd)

74

2." -. .

7- WT P

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


USAF.WOM 5.01 .30 4.4 4.6 5.0 5.5 5.8 t P

n = 1905 12.73 .76 11.1 11.6 12.7 14.1 14.7

USAFLY.WOM 5.08 .30 4.5 4.6 5.1 5.6 5.8

n = 455 12.91 .77 11.4 11.7 12.9 14.2 14.7

TRAGION-TO-VERTEX - see Tragion-to-Top of Head

TRAGION-TO-WALL - see Tragion-to-Back of Head

TRDCHANTERION HEIGHT - see also Buttock Height, Gluteal FurrowHeight, and Iliocristale Height

Subject stands erect - the vertical distance from thestanding surface to Trochanterion on the right thigh.

USAF.MEN 36.46 1.88 32.2 33.5 36.4 39.7 41.1n = 1236 92.61 4.77 81.8 85.1 92.4 100.9 104.5

USAFLY.MEN 36.99 1.71 33.1 34.2 37.0 39.9 41.1n = 2420 93.96 4.35 84.0 86.9 93.9 101.3 104.3

USAF.WOM 32.55 1.68 28.8 29.8 32.5 35.4 36.6n = 1905 82.67 4.27 73.2 75.7 82.6 89.8 92.9

USAFLY.WOM 33.83 1.36 30.9 31.7 33.7 36.3 37.6n 455 85.94 3.45 78.6 80.6 85.7 92.1 95.6

VERIAL GRIP REA2 STANDING - see Overhead Reach

VERTICAL K CIRCUMFERENCE, SITTING - see also Vertical TrunkCircumference, Standing

Subject sits erect with thighs slightly apart - the longi-tudinal circumference of the torso, from the midpoint of theright shoulder, downward following the surface of the back andwaist, over the right buttock, through the crotch between thegenitalia and the right thigh, upward over the abdomen andchest, back to the midpoint of the right shoulder.

USAF.MEN 62.44 2.87 56.1 57.7 62.4 67.2 69.6n = 1236 158.60 7.28 142.4 146.5 158.6 170.8 176.7

USAFLY.MEN 63.51 2.74 57.4 59.2 63.4 68.2 70.3n = 2420 161.31 6.95 145.8 150.4 161.0 173.2 178.5 ?."-

USAF.WOM 59.08 2.58 53.7 54.9 59.0 63.4 65.5n = 1905 150.07 6.56 136.4 139:4 149.9 161.0 166.3

USAFLY.WOM 60.90 1.70 57.0 58.1 60.9 63.7 65.2n = 455 154.69 4.33 144.7 147.6 154.6 161.8 165.6

75

............. . . . *. . .- .

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


TRTICA TRUNK CIRC EFERENCE, BANIUN - see also Vertical TrunkCircumference, Sitting

Subject stands erect with legs slightly apart - the longi-tudinal circumference of the torso, from the midpoint of theright shoulder, downward following the surface of the back and ..

waist, over th- right buttock, through the crotch between thegenitalia and the right thigh, upward over the abdomen andchest, back to the midpoint of the right shoulder.

USAF.MEN 65.98 3.07 59.0 61.0 65.9 71.1 73.4n = 1236 167.58 7.80 149.9 154.9 167.5 180.7 186.5

USAFLY.MEN 66.17 2.82 59.6 61.7 66.1 70.9 73.2n = 2420 168.07 7.16 151.5 156.7 167.8 180.2 185.9

USAF.WOM 60.80 2.70 55.2 56.5 60.7 65.5 67.9n = 1905 154.43 6.87 140.2 143.5 154.1 166.3 172.5

USAFLY.WOM 62.39 1.83 57.8 59.3 62.4 65.4 67.0n = 455 158.46 4.64 146.7 150.6 158.4 166.0 170.1

-W-X-Y-Z- -W-X-Y-Z- -W-X-Y-Z-

WAIST DREADTH AT NAT-URAL DELTLIME L SANDING - see also WaistBreadth at Umbilicus, Standing and Waist Breadth overFoundation Garment, Standing

Subject stands erect - the horizontal distance across thetrunk at the level of the natural waist (beltline).

USAF.MEN 12.14 1.01 10.1 10.6 12.1 13.9 14.8n = 1236 30.84 2.57 25.6 26.9 30.7 35.3 37.5

USAF.WOM 9.50 .76 8.0 8.4 9.4 10.8 11.6n = 1905 24.13 1.94 20.3 21.2 24.0 27.6 29.4

USAFLY.WOM 9.54 .58 8.2 8.6 9.5 10.6 11.0n = 455 24.22 1.48 20.8 21.9 24.1 26.8 27.9

WAIST BREADTH AT THAUION, STANDIN..Subject stands erect - the horizontal distance across the

trunk at the level of Omphalion (Navel).

USAFLY.MEN 12.19 .94 10.1 10.7 12.2 13.8 14.7n = 2420 30.96 2.39 25.8 27.2 30.9 35.0 37.3

76

-a-s.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . .... %".

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


WA-IST BREADTH AT NATU AL BELTLINE D__V.ER FOUNDATION QARb.E N i

STANDING - see also Waist Breadth at Natural Beltline,Standing

Subject (female) stands erect, wearing foundation garmentsof choice - the horizontal distance across the trunk at thelevel of the natural waist (beltline).

USAF.WOM 8.42 .76 7.0 7.3 8.3 9.8 10.6n = 1513 21.39 1.92 17.9 18.6 21.2 24.9 26.9

USAFLY.WOM 8.43 .56 7.2 7.6 8.4 9.4 9.8n = 345 21.42 1.41 18.4 19.2 21.3 23.9 25..0

AIST CIUMERE AT NATURAL BELTLIE., STANDING - see alsoAbdominal Extension Circumference, Standing; and WaistCircumference at Natural Beltline over FoundationGarment

Subject stands erect with abdomen relaxed - the circum-ference of the waist at the level of the natural lateral waistindentation.

USAF.MEN 33.28 3.18 27.2 28.3 33.1 38.7 41.1n = 1236 84.53 8.07 69.2 71.9 84.2 98.4 104.3

USAF.WOM 26.46 2.16 22.7 23.4 26.2 30.4 33.1n = 1905 67.20 5.46 57.6 59.5 66.5 77.2 84.0

USAFLY.WOM 26.30 1.43 23.2 23.9 26.3 28.7 29.6n = 455 66.81 3.64 58.9 60.8 66.7 73.0 75.2

WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE AT NATURAL BLTLIN OVER FOUNDATION GARM4ENT, .- see also Waist Circumference at Natural

Beltline, Standing; and Abdominal ExtensionCircumference over Foundation Garment, Standing

Subject stands erect, wearing foundation garments of choice- the horizontal distance across the trunk at the level of thenatural waist (beltline).

USAF.WOM 26.07 2.08 22.4 23.3 25.8 30.0 32.4n = 1513 66.23 5.28 57.0 59.1 65.4 76.3 82.3

USAFLY.WOM 25.95 1.33 23.0 23.8 25.9 28.2 29.1n 345 65.92 3.38 58.4 60.4 65.9 71.7 74.0

WAIST CIRCUFERENC AT NAVEL, SITTI - see Waist Circumferenceat Omphalion, Sitting

77

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


WAIST CICUMFER.ENCE AT O.M.PBALIO.Q SITTNG - see also WaistCircumference at Omphalion, Standing and WaistCircumference, Natural, Standing

Subject sits erect - the horizontal circumference of thewaist at the level of Omphalion (navel).

USAFLY.MEN 34.41 2.95 28.0 29.7 34.3 39.4 42.0n = 2420 87.41 7.49 71.2 75.4 87.1 100.2 106.6

WAIST C AT OPfALIMN STANDING - see also Waist -Circumference, Natural, Standing and WaistCircumference at Omphalion, Sitting

Subject stands erect - the horizontal circumference of thewaist at the level of Omphalion (navel).

USAFLY.MEN 34.49 2.91 28.2 29.8 34.4 39.4 41.7n = 2420 87.60 7.38 71.7 75.7 87.4 100.1 105.9

WAIST DEPTH AT NATURAL S STANDING - see also Waist Depthat Natural Beltline over Foundation Garment, Standing

Subject stands erect, looking straight ahead, heels to-gether, weight distributed equally on both feet - the maximumhorizontal depth of the torso at the level of the naturalbeltline during quiet breathing.

USAF.MEN 8.81 1.02 6.9 7.2 8.7 10.6 11.7n = 1236 22.39 2.60 17.6 18.4 22.2 26.9 29.6

USAF.WOM 6.70 .66 5.5 5.8 6.6 7.9 9.0n = 1905 17.01 1.67 14.0 14.8 16.8 20.2 22.9

USAFLY.WOM 6.62 .43 5.6 5.9 6.6 7.3 7.7n = 455 16.82 1.08 14.2 15.0 16.8 18.6 19.5

WAIST DEPTH AT NATURAL ELTLIN OVER FOUGATTQI fARMENT. STANDING- see also Waist Depth at Natural Beltline, Standing;and Abdominal Extension Depth, Standing

Subject (female) stands erect, looking straight ahead, heelstogether, weight distributed equally on both feet, wearingfoundation garments of choice - the maximum horizontal depthof the torso at the level of the natural beltline during quietbreathing.

USAF.WOM 6.16 .73 4.9 5.2 6.1 7.5 8.7n = 1513 15.65 1.85 12.5 13.2 15.4 19.2 22.1

USAFLY.WOM 6.07 .47 5.0 5.3 6.1 6.9 7.4n 345 15.41 1.19 12.7 13.4 15.4 17.4 18.8

78

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


TVAIB URIE l DBIALIIILTAIM - see also Waist Depth atNatural Beltline, Standing

Subject stands erect - the maximum horizontal depth of thetorso at the level of Omphalion (navel), during quietbreathing.

*USAFLY.MEN 8.78 .86 7.0 7.4 8.7 10.3 11.1n = 2420 22.31 2.18 17.8 18.9 22.2 26.1 28.1

AIST HEIGHT NATURAL BTN SITTING - see also Waist Heightto Natural Beltline, Standing

Subject sits erect, feet resting on a surface so that theknees are flexed to a right angle, - the vertical distancefrom the sitting surface to the level of the natural lateralwaist indentation.

USAFLY.MEN 9.24 .75 7.4 7.9 9.3 10.4 10.9n = 4000 23.46 1.91 18.8 20.2 23.5 26.5 27.6

USAF.WOM 9.20 .68 7.6 8.1 9.2 10.3 10.8n = 1905 23.37 1.73 19.2 20.5 23.4 26.2 27.5

USAFLY.WOM 9.53 .59 8.0 8.5 9.5 10.5 10.9n = 455 24.21 1.50 20.2 21.7 24.2 26.7 27.6

W-AIS! k1EI-HT ID NAM HAL BELThLIE, MlDI1 - see also WaistHeight to Natural Beltline, Sitting; AbdominalExtension Height, Standing

Subject stands erect, looking straight ahead, heels to-gether, weight distributed equally on both feet - the distancefrom the floor to the level of the natural beltline.

USAF.MEN 41.50 2.09 36.8 38.1 41.5 44.9 46.5n = 1236 105.42 5.31 93.5 96.7 105.4 114.1 118.0

USAF.WOM 39.48 1.77 35.7 36.7 39.4 42.5 43.8n = 1905 100.28 4.50 90.6 93.1 100.1 107.9 111.2

USAFLY.WOM 41.00 1.33 38.3 38.9 40.9 43.3 44.7n = 455 104.15 3.39 97.3 98.8 103.9 110.1 113.5

79

• ._ . .. . . ... . ... . . .- - . . " . . ,- . . . . . . .. - -. . _

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


WAIST 1LEIGHT TQ NATURAL BELTLIE OVER FQ1]DAT1QN GAREN , "[L

k.T'ANDING - see also Waist Height at Natural Beltline,Standing and Abdominal Extension Height overFoundation Garment, Standing

Subject (female) stands erect, looking straight ahead, heels - -

together, weight distributed equally on both feet, wearing

foundation garments of choice - the distance from the floor to . -

the level of the natural beltline.

USAF.WOM 39.68 1.73 35.8 36.9 39.6 42.6 43.8n = 1905 100.80 4.40 90.9 93.7 100.7 108.2 111.3

USAFLY.WOM 41.17 1.32 38.4 39.1 41.1 43.5 44.9n = 455 104.57 3.36 97.6 99.3 104.4 110.5 114.1

WAIST HEIIGH Q ALIO.HTANDING - see also Waist Height,Sitting

Subject stands erect - the distance from the standingsurface to Omphalion (navel).

USAFLY.MEN 41.92 1.86 37.6 38.9 41.9 45.0 46.3n = 2420 106.47 4.72 95.6 98.7 106.4 114.3 117.6

WAIST-BAfK LENGTH - see also Waist-Front Length and AnteriorWaist Length

Subject stands erect - the surface distance from Cervicaledown the middle of the back to the projected level of Om-phalion (navel).

USAF.MEN 18.57 1.02 16.1 16.9 18.6 20.2 20.9n = 1236 47.17 2.60 41.0 42.9 47.2 51.4 53.0

USAFLY.MEN 18.47 .93 16.4 17.0 18.4 20.1 20.7n = 2420 46.92 2.37 41.6 43.1 46.9 50.9 52.6

USAF.WOM 15.95 .87 13.9 14.5 15.9 17.4 18.0n = 1905 40.51 2.22 35.4 37.0 40.4 44.3 45.8

USAFLY.WOM 16.62 .72 15.0 15.5 16.6 17.9 18.4n = 455 42.21 1.84 38.1 39.3 42.1 45.4 46.7

WAIST-FRQNT LENI - see also Anterior Waist Length and Waist-Back Length

Subject stands erect - the surface distance from Supraster-nale to the center of the navel.

USAF.MEN 15.65 .96 13.5 14.1 15.6 17.3 18.3n = 1236 39.76 2.45 34.4 35.9 39.6 44.0 46.4

(Cont ' d)

80

F - -. . . . . . . . . .. _

SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


..

USAFLY.MEN 15.91 .87 14.1 14.5 15.9 17.4 18.2n = 2420 40.42 2.22 35.8 36.9 40.3 44.2 46.2

USAF.WOM 13.22 .77 11.6 12.0 13.2 14.5 15.2n = 1905 33.58 1.96 29.4 30.5 33.5 36.9 38.6

USAFLY.WOM 13.61 .72 12.0 12.4 13.6 14.8 15.7n = 455 34.57 1.82 30.4 31.6 34.5 37.7 39.8

WEIGHT (MASS) (in LBS AND KGS)The subject is nude or wearing brief undergarments - read to

the nearest pound.

USAF.MEN 167.22 23.14 118.6 130.3 166.4 206.7 227.9n = 1236 75.87 10.59 53.8 59.1 75.5 93.8 103.4

USAFLY.MEN 173.54 21.42 127.6 140.2 172.4 210.7 227.7n = 2420 78.74 9.72 57.9 63.6 78.2 95.6 103.3

USAF.WOM 127.24 16.57 96.3 102.3 126.1 156.3 175.2n = 1905 57.73 7.52 43.7 46.4 57.2 70.9 79.5

USAFLY.WOM 131.16 10.69 105.6 112.4 131.8 147.9 153.6n = 455 59.51 4.85 47.9 51.0 59.8 67.1 69.7

WRIST BREADTH, BONE -Subject stands (Typ) - the maximum bony distance across the

wrist between the medial epicondyle of the ulna and thelateral epicondyle of the radius of the right forearm.

USAF.MEN 2.30 .13 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.6n 1236 5.84 .32 5.1 5.3 5.8 6.4 6.6

WRIST CIRCUMFERENCESubject stands (Typ) - the minimum circumference of the

wrist proximal to the styloid process of the ulna.

USAF.MEN 6.79 .33 6.1 6.3 6.8 7.3 7.6n = 1236 17.24 .83 15.4 15.9 17.2 18.6 19.2

USAFLY.MEN 6.93 .36 6.2 6.4 6.9 7.6 7.9n = 2420 17.59 .92 15.7 16.2 17.5 19.2 20.0

USAF.WOM 5.89 .28 5.3 5.4 5.9 6.4 6.6n = 1905 14.96 .71 13.4 13.8 14.9 16.2 16.8

USAFLY.WOM 5.98 .24 5.4 5.6 6.0 6.4 6.6n 455 15.20 .60 13.8 14.2 15.2 16.3 16.7

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SOURCE X SD 1% 5% 50% 95% 99%


Subject stands erect, arms hanging naturally - the verticaldistance from the standing surface to the notch distal to thestyloid process of the radius of the forearm at the wrist(Stylion).

USAF.MEN 33.86 1.65 30.0 31.1 33.9 36.6 3u.0n = 1236 86.00 4.18 76.1 79.1 86.0 92.9 96.5

USAFLY.MEN 34.09 1.55 30.6 31.6 34.0 36.7 37.8n = 2420 86.58 3.94 77.6 80.2 86.5 93.3 96.0

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49.

GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS

ABDUCT (abduction) - to move from a position near or parallel tothe axis of the body or body part.

ACROMIAL - pertaining to the acromial process of the scapula(shoulder blade).

ACROMIALE - landmark title for the most lateral point on theacromial process of the scapula (shoulder blade).Frequently interchangeable with Acromion. -

ACROMION - the most lateral point on the acromial process of thescapula (shoulder blade). Frequently interchangeable withAcromiale.

ADDUCT (adduction) - to move toward a position closer or more

parallel to the axis of the body or body part.

ANTERIOR - pertaining to the front (ventral) part of the body.

ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE - the uppermost of two pairs ofprominences (the other being the Anterior Inferior IliacSpine) on the anterior (ventral) rims of the ilia, onepair of the several bones comprising the bony pelvis.

ARM - the segment of the upper limb between the gleno-humeraljoint (shoulder) and the elbow, commonly, but incorrectlyreferred to as the "upper" arm.

AURICLE - the largely cartilaginous external ear (pinna).

AURICULAR - referring to the auricle.

AXILLA - the armpit.

AXILLARY - referring to the axilla, the armpit region.

BALL OF FOOT - the fleshy "cushioning" found on the plantarsurface of the foot in the region of the distal ends of themetatarsal bones.

BICEPS - the large muscle on the anterior aspect of the arm.

CANTHUS (pl. canthi) - the "corners" of the eyes, medial(internal or endo-) and lateral (external or ecto-).

CERVICAL SPINE - that part of the vertebral column within theneck.

83

CERVICALE - landmark title for the spine of the 7th cervicalvertebra.

CORONAL (PLANE) - the vertical (frontal) YZ plane.

CRANIUM - the upper part of the skull, bounded by the browridges, external auditory meatuses and the occiput.

CRINION - landmark title for the point in the midsagittal (XZ)plane of the forehead at the hairline.

*" DACTYLION - landmark title for the tip of the middle finger.

DELTOID MUSCLE - the triangular mass of muscle covering the pointof the shoulder, originating from the clavicle, acromion andscapula and inserting onto the shaft of the humerus.

. DISTAL - away from a point of origin or from the torso,opposite of proximal.

ECTOCANTHUS - see Canthus

ENDOCANTHUS - see Canthus

EPICONDYLE - immediately adjacent (toward the midsection of thebone invoved) to the condyle or articularsurface of a joint.

EXTERNAL - farther away (relatively) from the center or central

axis of the body or body segment.

EXTERNAL CANTHUS - see Canthus

FIBULA - the most lateral of the two long bones of the leg.

FRANKFORT PLANE - a standard plane of orientation of the head,realized when the lowest point in the margin of the left eyesocket (orbit) and the left tragion (superior margin of theexternal auditory meatus) are in a common horizontal plane.

FRONTAL (PLANE) - the vertical (coronal) YZ plane.

GLABELLA - landmark title for the most forward point in themidline of the forehead between the brow ridges.

GLUTEAL FURROW - the furrow formed by the juncture of the buttockand the posterior aspect of the thigh.

GONIAL ANGLE - the angle at the posterior aspect of the lower jaw(mandible) formed by the intersection of thevertical portion (ramus) with the lower edge of the horizon-tal portion (body) just inferior to the ear lobe (Gonion).

HELIX OF THE EAR - the external ear (pinna).

84 5

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HUMERUS - the long-bone of the ("upper") arm.

ILIOCRISTALE - landmark title for the superior rim of the iliumin the mid-lateral line.

ILIUM (pl. Ilia) - one of the three (pairs of) bones of thepelvis, the others being the ischium and pubis.

INDEX FINGER - digit II of the hand, next to the thumb: theforefinger.

INION - landmark title for the (usually) prominent bony protrub- .erance at the posterior of the head: the external occipitalprotuberance.

INTERNAL CANTHUS- see Canthus.

LANGER'S LINES (Lines of Lynd) - directions along which the skinwill more easily fold or tear due to the orientation ofunderlying collagen fibers.

LARYNX - the organ of voice production. The "Adam's Apple" is themost obvious external manifestation.

LATERAL - to the right or left of the vertical fore-and-aft mid-line (mid-sagittal) plane of a bilaterally symmetrical body:orthogonal to the plane of symmetry: opposite is medial.

LEG - the segment of the lower limb between the knee and theankle: the shank.

MALLEOLUS - the projecting distal heads of the Fibula (laterally)

and of the Tibia (medially) at the ankle.

MANDIBLE - the lower jaw.

MASTOID PROCESS - the bony projection of the Temporal bone of theskull just behind the ear.

MEDIAL - toward (relatively) the mid-line (midsagittal) plane ofthe body: opposite is lateral.

MENTON - landmark title for the lower surface of the tip of thechin in the midsagittal plane.

METACARPAL - any of the five long bones of the palm between thoseof the wrist (carpals) and those of the fingers and thumb(phalanges).

r. METACARPAL-PHALANGEAL JOINT - any of the five joints of the handbetween the metacarpal bones of the palm and the firstphalanges of the fingers and thumb. V

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METACARPALE - landmark title for the bony prominence (knuckle) onthe back (dorsum) of the hand formed by the joint betweenthe third metacarpal and the phalanx of the third (middle)finger.

NATURAL WAIST - the level of greatest lateral indentation in theabdominal region. If no natural waist can be determined,the level at which the belt is worn can be substituted.

NAVICULAR BONE - a carpal bone of the wrist. The proximal edgeof the navicular bone roughly corresponding to the distalwrist crease at the base of the thumb, from which HandLength is measured.

OCCIPUT - the most posterior portion (prominence) of the oc-cipital bone, at the back of the head.

OLECRANON PROCESS - the bony tip of the elbow: the bonyprominence at the proximal extreme of the ulna, one of thetwo long bones of the forearm.

OMPHALION - landmark title for the navel (umbilicus).

PATELLA - the kneecap.

PHALANGEAL - referring to a phalanx or to the phalanges, the longbones of the fingers and toes.

PHALANX (pl. Phalanges) - any of the long bones of the fingersand toes.

PHILTRUM - the shallow groove running from the upper membranouslip to the base of the nasal septum.

PINNA- the primarily cartilaginous external ear.

POPLITEAL - pertaining to the area of the back of the leg di-rectly behind the knee.

PRONASALE - landmark title for the tip of the nose.

PROSTHION- landmark title for the gumline between the two uppermedial incisor teeth.

PROXIMAL - the end or portion of a body segment closest to thetrunk - opposite is distal.

RADIAL - referring to the radius, one of the two long bones ofthe forearm on the thumb side.

RADIALE - landmark title for the space between the articularsurface of the proximal head of the Radius and the lateralepicondyle of the Humerus, at the elbow.

86

RADIUS - one of the two long bones of the forearm on the thumb .-..side.

RAMUS (pl. Rami) - a projecting part, elongated process. Thehorizontal (body) as well as the posterior more or lessvertical (ascending) part of the lower jaw (Mandible). Thelatter ramus articulates with the skull.

SCYE - the shirt sleeve hole.

STERNUM - the "breastbone."

STOMION - the point of contact between the upper and lower lipsin the midsagittal plane.

STYLION - landmark title for the tip of the styloid process ofthe radius, on the thumb side of the wrist.

STYLOID PROCESS (Radial and Ulnar) - blade-like boney projec-

tions of each, the Radius and Ulna, at the wrist.

SUBMANDIBULAR - under the mandible or lower jaw.

SUBNASALE - landmark title for the point inferior to the nose

where the base of the nasal septum meets the philtrum.

SUBSTERNALE - landmark title for the middle of the lower end ofthe breastbone.

SUPINE (Supination) - lying on the back, face or ventral(anterior) surface upward.

SUPRASTERNALE - landmark title for the lowest point of the(jugular) notch at the upper end of the breastbone(sternum).

TRAGION - landmark title for the notch just above the tragus ofthe ear. This point corresponds approximately to the upperedge of the ear hole (external auditory meatus) of theskull.

TRAGUS - the small cartilaginous flap in front of the ear hole.

ULNA - one of the two long bones of the forearm on the littlefinger side of the forearm.

ULNAR - referring to the ulna.

UMBILICUS - the navel. "..

XIPHOID PROCESS - the inferior segment of the sternum.

ZYGOMATIC ARCH - the bony arch running along the side of thecheek to the ear, formed by the zygomatic process (Zygoma)of the Temporal and the Zygomatic bones of the skull.

87

o- -.

LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Anthropology Research Project, Webb Associates, Editors,1978, Anthropometric Source Book, Vol. I: "Anthropometry for De-signers," Chapter III, "Anthropometry," by McConville, J.T. andLaubach, L.L., NASA Reference Publication 1024, National Aero-nautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Infor-mation Office.

2. Anthropology Research Project, Inc., 1982, "AAMRL Anthro-pometric Data Book," 3rd Edition, Yellow Springs, Ohio.

3. Churchill, E., Churchill T. and Kikta, P., 1977, "The AMRLAnthropometric Data Bank Library: Volumes I - V," AMRL-TR-77-1,Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air ForceBase, Ohio.

4. Churchill, E., Churchill T. and Kikta, P., 1978, "Intercor-relations of Anthropometric Measurements: A Source Book for USAData," AMRL-TR-77-2, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory,Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

5. Churchill, E. and Astrachan, M., 1950, "Some Notes on Ele-mentary Statistical Methods," Yellow Springs, Ohio.

6. Clauser, C.E., Tucker, P.E., McConville, J.T., Churchill,E., Laubach, L.L., and Reardon, J.A., 1972, "Anthropometry of AirForce Women," AMRL TR-70-5, Aerospace Medical Research Labora-tory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

7. Department of Defense, 1980, "Military Handbook, Anthropo-metry of U.S. Military Personnel," DOD-HDBK-743.

8. Garrett, J.W. and Kennedy, K.W., 1971, "A Collation of An-thropometry," AMRL TR-68-1, Aerospace Medical Research Labora-tory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

9. Grunhofer, H.J. and Kroh, G., Editors, 1975, A Reve oAnhoLome_11ic Daa oQ eman Air Eorce and United States AirForce Fyin ersonnel - 9, AGARDograph-AG-205, TechnicalEditing and Reproduction, Ltd., Harford House, 7-9 Charlotte St.,London.

10. Hertzberg, H.T.E., Daniels, G.S. and Churchill, E.,1954, "Anthropometry of Flying Personnel - 1950," WADC TR 52-321,Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,Ohio.

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