co2ceorreservoir!workflow! - nortex...
TRANSCRIPT
2nd Biennial CO2 for EOR as CCUS Conference
Houston, TX October 5, 2015
Me@n Karakas
CO2-‐EOR Reservoir Workflow
RMC Objec@ves
Ø Iden@fy current key technology gaps Ø Focus on interfaces between different disciplines Ø Integrate data, informa@on, exper@se and workflows Ø Maintain a balance between the short term high impact
research and long term needs Ø Develop dynamic reservoir monitoring (DRM) workflows Ø Focus areas:
• Shale, • Carbonate, • Deep water
Faculty & PhD Students Ø Prof. Aminzadeh (Principal Director) Ø Prof. Ershaghi Ø Prof. Jessen Ø Prof. Jafarpour Ø Dr. Yesser Haj Nasser (Post Doc)
• Magdalene Ante (NETL) • Ahmed Bubshait (Saudi Aramco) • Mehran Hosseini • Nima Jabbari • Me@n Karakas (Chevron Fellowship) • Debotyam Maity (now with Gas Technology Ins@tute) • Noha Najem (Kuwait Oil Company) • Arman Nejad • Mahshad Samnejad • Tayeb Ta`i (now with Aera Energy) • Robert Walker (Chevron Fellowship)
CO2-‐EOR Research Objec@ves
Ø To conduct a through research to understand how we could mi@gate the undesirable effects during CO2-‐EOR implementa@ons
Ø To understand the CO2 fluid flow behavior under adverse reservoir condi@ons (layering, gravity segrega@on)
Ø To assess the rela@ve merits of various measurements (well tes@ng, Seismic & EM surveys) to map the fluid fronts
Ø To come up with a prac@cal workflow to reduce the uncertainty by combining these measurements
Successful CO2 -‐ EOR Projects
Ø Reservoir, Fluid & Rock Characteriza@on Ø Reservoir Monitoring Ø Data Integra@on Ø Conformance Control
Reservoir Conformance
Ø Low reservoir sweep efficiency under condi@ons of high (unfavorable) mobility ra@os
Ø Gravity override by the less dense CO2
Ø Viscous fingering of the CO2
Ø Channeling of the CO2 in highly heterogeneous reservoirs
Reservoir Workflow Target Areas for CO2 Pilot
Representa)ve Fluid Sample Mul)-‐Contact Miscibility, Asphal)ne Deposi)on during produc)on
Residual Oil , Miscibility CO2 SCAL, Asphal)ne, Foam Fluid & Rock Interac)ons
Well and Comple)on Types, Injec)on Schemes, Mobility Control Agents
Site Selec@on
Key Success Factors Conformance, Residual Oil Satura)on, Risks & Opportuni)es
Observa)on Wells Comple)on Types & Control, Reservoir and Well Monitoring, Mi)ga)on Plans
Sector Model Remaining Uncertain)es Risk Mi)ga)on, Opportuni)es
Pilot Evalua@on
Lessons Learned Data Integra)on & Produc)on Forecas)ng
Pilot Design Sector / Field Development
Key Success Factors Met?
Technical Success?
Screening Studies
CO2 Core Tests
CO2 SCAL, Residual Oil Satura)on
Sensi@vity Studies
Differen)al Fluid Movement, Facies, Ver)cal Barriers, High-‐Perm Streaks, Fracture Corridors
Reservoir Uncertain@es
Tests under reservoir condi@ons
Reservoir & Well Monitoring Injec)on & Produc)on Control Mobility Reduc)on Real-‐)me Model Update
Pilot Execu@on
CO2 Fluid Characteriza@on
Satura)on & Pressure Distribu)ons Fractures, Risks & Opportuni)es
Reservoir Uncertainty
Ref: “A Pilot Carbon Dioxide Test, Hall-‐Gurrey Field, Kansas” by G.P. Willhite et. al. (2012)
Reservoir Workflow Target Areas for CO2 Pilot
Representa)ve Fluid Sample Mul)-‐Contact Miscibility, Asphal)ne Deposi)on during produc)on
Residual Oil , Miscibility CO2 SCAL, Asphal)ne, Foam Fluid & Rock Interac)ons
Well and Comple)on Types, Injec)on Schemes, Mobility Control Agents
Site Selec@on
Key Success Factors Conformance, Residual Oil Satura)on, Risks & Opportuni)es
Observa)on Wells Comple)on Types & Control, Reservoir and Well Monitoring, Mi)ga)on Plans
Sector Model Remaining Uncertain)es Risk Mi)ga)on, Opportuni)es
Pilot Evalua@on
Lessons Learned Data Integra)on & Produc)on Forecas)ng
Pilot Design Sector / Field Development
Key Success Factors Met?
Technical Success?
Screening Studies
CO2 Core Tests
CO2 SCAL, Residual Oil Satura)on
Sensi@vity Studies
Differen)al Fluid Movement, Facies, Ver)cal Barriers, High-‐Perm Streaks, Fracture Corridors
Reservoir Uncertain@es
Tests under reservoir condi@ons
Reservoir & Well Monitoring Injec)on & Produc)on Control Mobility Reduc)on Real-‐)me Model Update
Pilot Execu@on
CO2 Fluid Characteriza@on
Satura)on & Pressure Distribu)ons Fractures, Risks & Opportuni)es
Residual Oil Satura@on
Ref: “A Pilot Carbon Dioxide Test, Hall-‐Gurrey Field, Kansas” by G.P. Willhite et. al. (2012)
Reservoir Workflow Target Areas for CO2 Pilot
Representa)ve Fluid Sample Mul)-‐Contact Miscibility, Asphal)ne Deposi)on during produc)on
Residual Oil , Miscibility CO2 SCAL, Asphal)ne, Foam Fluid & Rock Interac)ons
Well and Comple)on Types, Injec)on Schemes, Mobility Control Agents
Site Selec@on
Key Success Factors Conformance, Residual Oil Satura)on, Risks & Opportuni)es
Observa)on Wells Comple)on Types & Control, Reservoir and Well Monitoring, Mi)ga)on Plans
Sector Model Remaining Uncertain)es Risk Mi)ga)on, Opportuni)es
Pilot Evalua@on
Lessons Learned Data Integra)on & Produc)on Forecas)ng
Pilot Design Sector / Field Development
Key Success Factors Met?
Technical Success?
Screening Studies
CO2 Core Tests
CO2 SCAL, Residual Oil Satura)on
Sensi@vity Studies
Differen)al Fluid Movement, Facies, Ver)cal Barriers, High-‐Perm Streaks, Fracture Corridors
Reservoir Uncertain@es
Tests under reservoir condi@ons
Reservoir & Well Monitoring Injec)on & Produc)on Control Mobility Reduc)on Real-‐)me Model Update
Pilot Execu@on
CO2 Fluid Characteriza@on
Satura)on & Pressure Distribu)ons Fractures, Risks & Opportuni)es
Pilot Execu@on control
operate
forecast
Time 2
forecast
q
pilot
q
Base Measurements
invert
model
Time 1
invert invert
update
op7mize apply op7mize apply
Key Success Factors Met?
update update
control
q
operate
Adequate Informa)on?
pilot pilot
Cross-‐Well Tes@ng Ref: Karakas & Kristensen
(Slb, unpublished work -‐ 2011)
-‐ Pulses generated by step changes in injec@on rate -‐ Pressure monitored in observer -‐ Travel @me and amplitude of pressure response recorded -‐ 3 scenarios:
-‐ Water injec@on -‐ CO2 injec@on -‐ CO2 WAG injec@on
-‐ Composi@onal, 1D & 2D models, 2000-‐5500 blocks -‐ Ini@al reservoir pressure varied above/below MMP for CO2
INJ OBS PROD 500` 1500`
CO2: Miscible Case: P > MMP
0 500 1000 1500 20000
0.5
1
Distance [ft]
Satu
ratio
n
Gas Saturations
0 500 1000 1500 20000
10
20
30
Distance [ft]
Mob
ility
[1/c
P]
Total Mobility
@ pulse 1@ pulse 2@ pulse 3@ pulse 4
OB
OB 0 5 10 15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Delta time [days]
Delta
pre
ssur
e [p
si]
No change in @me lag?
CO2: Miscible Case: P > MMP
tD ∝ST
S = φcth = storativity
T = khµ= transmissivity
MobilityilityCompressib
~lag Time
0 500 1000 1500 20000
0.5
1Gas Saturations
0 500 1000 1500 20000
20
40
[1/c
P]
Total Mobility
0 500 1000 1500 20000
1
2 x 10-4
Distance [ft]
[1/p
si]
Total Compressibility
-‐ Change in mobility is offset by change in compressibility -‐ Therefore no observable change in @me lag
Miscible CO2 Injec@on
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Layer Injec@on profile:
0 5 10 150
5
10
15
20
25
Delta time [days]
Del
ta p
ress
ure
[psi
]
Layer 1
0 5 10 150
5
10
15
20
25
Delta time [days]
Del
ta p
ress
ure
[psi
]
Layer 2
Pulse 1
Pulse 2
Pulse 3
0 5 10 150
5
10
15
20
25
Delta time [days]
Del
ta p
ress
ure
[psi
]
Layer 3
0 5 10 150
5
10
15
20
25
Delta time [days]
Del
ta p
ress
ure
[psi
]
Layer 4
Seismic Response during Oil Injec@on
* Acous7c Emission and Ultrasonic Transmission Monitoring of Hydraulic Fracture Ini7a7on and Growth in Rock Samples Sergey STANCHITS, Aniket SURDI, Eric EDELMAN, Roberto SUAREZ-‐RIVERA
Conclusions
Ø CO2-‐EOR is the realis@c way forward for CO2 storage Ø We need technologies and methodologies that can make
difference (cost and containment) Ø Petroleum Engineers can make a difference!