Co-benefits of Air Pollution Control Strategies and Climate Change

Vanisa SurapipithAir Quality and Noise Management Bureau

Pollution Control Department (PCD)Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand

TF HTAP / TFMM Paris Workshop 17 - 19 June 2009

November 2008

• The 5th Better Air Quality (BAQ) workshop taken place in Bangkok, Thailand, last November devoted 4 sub-plenaries and 15 sub-workshops to the theme: air quality management and climate change.

• In developing countries, air pollution control (for health/environmental benefit) has become national agenda, where as in many countries, climate change remains the issue of negotiation.

• Current science emphasizes the urgent need to address air pollution and climate change in an integrated way. (Kevin Hicks, SEI at BAQ2008, November 12, 2008, Bangkok, Thailand)

4

Co-benefits: air pollution and climate change

CO2

CH4 N2O

SF6HFC

PFC

Greenhouse gases (Kyoto Protocol only) Air Pollutants

CLIMATE CHANGEAIR POLLUTION

(Global, Regional, Urban)

Black Carbon

Source: Sophie Punte, Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center (CAI-Asia), January 2009

Co-benefits: 2 definitions Co-benefits from the global climate change perspective: additional benefits beyond GHG reductions resulting from climate change

mitigation measures

Reduced air pollution Associated health benefits Improved energy security through

reduced energy costs and dependency on oil imports

Increased access to energy reduced traffic congestion

Co-benefits from the Asian regional/local perspective: additional GHG reductions resulting from measures aimed to address

Development issues, such as air pollution and associated health

Problems, lack of energy access and security, and other socio-economic problems

Source: Sophie Punte, Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center (CAI-Asia), January 2009

Sustainable Development and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

GHG emissions reduction

Sustainable Development

CDM Sectoral Projects

Energy industries

Energy distribution

Manufacturing industries

Chemical industries

Construction

Transportation

MiningMetal production

Fugitive emissions

Solvent use

Waste

A/Re-forestation

Agriculture

Air Pollution Reduction

Source: May Ajero, CAI-Asia, presented at BAQ2008, Bangkok

Sustainable DevelopmentAir Quality and CDM

• Marrakech Accord (Decision 17/C.P. 7): prerogative of host party to confirm whether CDM project assists in achieving sustainable development

• Project should have positive social, environmental and/or economic impacts• Air quality explicit criterion in some countries in the DNA approval process:

Bangladesh Reduction of pollutants (Oxides of N, S, C, heavy metals, solid and liquid waste)

Cambodia Reduction in air pollution compared with baseline scenario stated in the Project Design Document

Indonesia Not exceeding the threshold of existing national, as well as local, environmental standards (not causing air, water and/or soil pollution)

Malaysia Air quality benefitsPhilippines Improves local environment (eg. AIR, water, soil) qualityThailand Reduction of air pollution by SO2, NOx, PM10 emissions Vietnam Non GHG air pollution emissions

Source: May Ajero, CAI-Asia, presented at BAQ2008, Bangkok

Situation

• For a number of Non-Annex I countries, priorities are climate change adaptation, then mitigation. The tools in Kyoto protocol that enable climate change mitigation prove an ancillary benefit of air pollution reduction.

Summary of the BAQ2008• the BAQ workshop raised the awareness of air

pollution control agencies that their strategies to cut down air pollution can earn more public and industrial interest if the air quality could be improved while cooling the earth, i.e. cutting down GHG, at the same time.

Bollen, et al., OECD’s Economic Working Group; April 2009

• Reductions in GHG emissions are found to induce large reductions in LAP emissions, with potentially significant positive impacts on human health.

• In a scenario where GHG emissions are cut by % relative to levels in , the number

of premature deaths caused by air pollution could be lowered by % to % in -depending on regions- relative to a business as usual scenario.

PM and Ozone• particulate matter and ozone were identified as the most

serious threats to air quality in Asia, there are discussions on the specific technological options that cut down local ozone precursor and particulate emissions, and also reduce CO2 emissions then contribute to diminishing global climate change.

ABC EI• Integrated air quality and

climate change inventories, such as the ABC (Atmosphere/Asian Brown Cloud) Emission Inventory spreadsheet came out last November, maybe the first step that will help to Asian policy makers identify

these co-benefits.

GAINS (http://gains.iiasa.ac.at)• Synergistic tools

like GAINS-Asia for India and China have been developed. Several co-benefit technologies have already been introduced. Improving public transport is the most immediate measures for cities.

Urban planning

Transport Efficiency

Alternative Fuels

Fuel (and Savings)

“Fuel Security Credit” concept introduced by Asian Development Bank (ADB)/IEA and other partners

Reduced reliance on imported oil

Energy Security Attributes

“Fuel Security Credits”

Avoided emissions(e.g. CO2, NOx, SO2, PM, etc.)

Environmental Attributes

“NOx/SO2; Carbon Credits”

Source: Toru Kubo, ADB presented at BAQ2008, Bangkok

ADB’s Grand Plan

Drivers

Partners

Timeline

Phase II

Demonstration

2010-2013

Major Oil ImportersCDIA

ADBIEA

[Transport]

Phase III

Market

ADB/IEA/[Transport] CDIA/other alliances

NGOs (validators)

APECASEAN

2012-2014

Phase I

Research

ADB/ADBIIEA

[Transport]

2009-2010

CDIA*Think tanks

* CDIA = Cities Development Initiative for Asia

Source: Toru Kubo, ADB presented at BAQ2008, Bangkok

Fuel Switching• Fuel switching from diesel and gasoline to

biodiesel and gasohol has been implemented in Thailand, although controversy remains on the impact to food security, and actual benefit to lower CO2 emission is being tested.

Bio-diesel Roadmap

9 ML/d

Palm Plantation 10 M-Rai, R&D Palm and Others

05 07 08 09 10 11 1206

0.002 0.15 0.5 0.5 0.86 2.25 4.93

Export

Community Based: Agriculture

Phase I: BMR, South

Phase II: NE, North, Central

Phase III: over country

Biodiesel

Goal B10 in 20128.5 ML day

B100, B20 reduce PM for 55% and18%(National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA)

Gasohol Roadmap

04 07 08 09 10 1105 06

Phase I

MTBE replacementPhase II

Gasohol Mandate

Ethanol used 2.4 ML/day

• Sale price Subsidy

•Implement gasohol octane 91&95 specification

•Government’s vehicles have to use gasohol

Strategies• Black carbon (BC) contributes

to global warming by absorbing atmospheric radiation.

• The high-efficiency biomass household stoves are taken as the current strategy to reduce BC emission in China and India.

• Control of the open biomass burning is the strategy taking to reduce BC from South East Asian countries.

Linkage CO2 and PM emissions from transport

21

Panji

Pondicherry

Shimla

Bhubaneshwar

Nagpur

Hubli/Dharwad

MaduraiAgra

Kochi

Nagpur

Jaipur

Kanpur

SuratHyderabad

Pune and Ahmedabad

Bangalore

Delhi

ChennaiKolkata

Mumbai

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Per Capita CO2 and Per Capita PM Emissions

Per Capita PM Emission (g) per day

Per

Capi

ta C

O2

Emis

sion

(Kg)

per

day

Source: 2008. MOUD- Study on Traffic and Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban Area. Analysis By CAI-Asia

small medium large Indian cities show strong correlation between emissions of air pollutants and CO2 emissions

As cities grow in size, transport emissions increase

Conclusion• Regional air quality models are ready to use in

assessing impact of these changing emissions, but dynamic integration of the data to the climate modeling community is required to feed output backto policy makers.

‘C’est la vie, C’est si bon!’

CDM – What is selling?Volume to 2012 by project type

1515105415421,1041,1511,7852,3514,4308,7089,817

16,10720,32024,183

34,41741,76046,439

76,241

101,836102,230

117,017137,629

434,927

80,549

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 450,000

Energy distribution

EE households

EE Service

PFCs

Tidal

Solar

Transport

Reforestation

EE supply side

EE supply side

Geothermal

Biogas

Fossil fuel switch

Cement

Agriculture

Coal bed/mine methane

Fugitive

Hydro

Wind

EE industry

Biomass energy

N2O

Landfill gas

HFCs

At validation Correction request Reg. request Registered Rejected Request review Under review Withdrawn Grand TotalKt CO2e to 2012

Source: Ecosecurities