clouds & precipitationmarysikes.weebly.com/.../3_clouds___precipitation.pdf · clouds •a...
TRANSCRIPT
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Clouds & Precipitation
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Let’s Review• Evaporation - The changing of a liquid into a
gas, often under the influence of heat.
• Condensation - The conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid.
• Sublimation – to be transformed directly from
the solid to the gaseous state or from the
gaseous to the solid state without becoming
a liquid.
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Saturation vs. Air Temperature
The actual amount of
Water air can hold changes
With air temperature
Air at 104 F can hold 3 times
As much water as 68 F air !
(47 grams vs only 15 grams)
Air at 68 F can hold 4 times
As much water as air at 0 F
(15 grams vs only 4 grams)
32 F
68 F
104 F
4 grams
15 grams
47 grams
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Adiabatic Cooling: Clouds and Lifting Condensation Level (LCL)
• LCL / Cloud base = dew point altitude
Dew Point -The temperatureat which watervapor in the airbecomessaturated andwater dropletsbegin to form
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• Dew Point - The temperature at which water
vapor in the air becomes saturated and
water droplets begin to form
• Relative humidity. – The amount of water vapor in the air at any given time is usually less than that required to saturate the air. The relative humidity is the percent of saturation humidity, generally calculated in relation to saturated vapor density.
• actual vapor density
• Relative Humidity= saturation vapor density X 100
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CLOUDS
• A cloud is billion of water vapor condensed around dust particles (condensation nuclei).
• At any given time, ~50% of Earth is covered by clouds and about 6% is having precipitation.
• The greater the amount of moisture in an air mass, the lower the level of condensation.
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CONDENSATION
• > 0o C = water droplets (lower levels)
• < 0o C = ice crystals (upper levels)
• middle levels = mixture of ice and water
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Type of cloud depends on…
• amount of moisture in the air
• degree of uplift
• atmospheric stability
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NAMING CLOUDS
3 Basic types:
• Cirrus – curly or fibrous
• Stratus – means “layer”; flat and/or layered
• Cumulus – means “heap”; puffy or piled up
•The prefixes cirro (high), alto (middle) refer tothe level in the atmosphere.
•The prefix nimbo means “rain-bearing”.
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Lifting Mechanisms
In order to make clouds, the air has to be lifted so that it will condense.
• Convection
• Frontal Cloud
• Orographic Uplift
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Orographic Uplift
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CONVECTIONAL
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FRONTAL CLOUD
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Orographic Uplift
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Cumulus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:GoldenMedows.jpg
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Stratus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FrozenField-Stratus.jpg
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Nimbostratus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nov20-05-Nimbostratus.jpg
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Cumulus & Stratocumulus
http://www.foundmyself.com/tutorials/text_clouds/clouds_original.jpg
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Cirrus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus_clouds
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Cirrus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus_clouds
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Cumulus & Cirrocumulus
http://www.bbc.co.uk/theoneshow/gallery/images/user_submitted/clouds/clouds7_450x340.jpg
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Cirrostratus with halo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrostratus_cloud
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Mammatocumulus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mammatus_clouds_Milan_July.jpg
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Mammatocumulus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mammatus_Clouds.png
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Lenticular
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Lenticular
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Iridescent Cloud
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap071125.html
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Cumulonimbus
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Cumulonimbus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Anvil_shaped_cumulus_panorama_edit_crop.jpg
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Cumulonimbus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CumulonimbusFlorida.jpg
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???
http://visualfunhouse.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/mammatus_cloud_illusion-03.jpeg
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???
http://californiabirdwatching.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/fluffy-clouds-resize1.jpg
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???
http://www.tagbanger.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/lenticular-clouds.jpg
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???
http://anomalyblog.files.wordpress.com/2007/01/cloud2.jpg
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Nacreous Noctilucent
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???
apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap060329.html
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Precipitation
• The type of precipitation that reaches the ground depends on processes in the cloud and temperatures between the cloud and the ground.
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Precipitation Types / Properties
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Global Precipitation
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HAIL• balls or chunks of ice (1cm-5 cm)
• grow due to downdrafts/updrafts
in cumulonimbus clouds
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Snowflakes and Temperature
Snow crystal images from an electron microscope
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