“climate change mitigation & adaption in thai palm oil
TRANSCRIPT
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
“Climate change mitigation &
adaption in Thai Palm Oil Industry”
Aug 19, 2011
Presented by
Mr. Daniel May
(Project Director)
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Content
Overall framework
GHG emission results
Recommendations
GHG mitigation
GHG adaptation
2Aug 19, 2011
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Overall framework
Main objectives are :
1. Development of GHG calculation methodology to
promote consistency and good practice
2. Development of emission factors for various stages
of a whole palm oil life cycle
3. Development of recommendations on GHG
reduction options
4. Recommendations for policy makers
3Aug 19, 2011
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Overall framework
A cooperation of :
4Aug 19, 2011
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Overall framework
5Aug 19, 2011
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Land use change• Land use change scenarios were
chosen from data collected from 52
farmers in various parts of Thailand
• GHG calculations were done with
literature default values and
equations based on the farming
practices.
• IPCC’s 2006 Guidelines for National
Greenhouse gases Inventory
– Stock-Difference method is
chosen for the study
Aug 19, 2011 6
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Land use change scenarios
• Cropland converted to cropland
– Rubber to Palm
– Crop farm to Palm
– Fruit orchard to Palm
– Paddy rice to Palm
• Land converted to cropland
– Forest to Palm
– Unused land to Palm
Land use
change
Change in biomass C
stock
Change in soil C stock
Non-CO2
GHG emissions from LUC
Change in DOM C stock
Aug 19, 2011 7
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
GHG balance comparisonCase example GHG balance (Ton CO2eq ha-1 yr-1)
First approach1 Second approach2
Rubber 8.72 -2.16
Field crop -17.55 -2.67
Fruit orchard -12.82 0
Paddy field -17.69 -1.79
Forest 8.51 24.41
Unused land -18.89 -2.98
Note: 1. Consider crop biomass and dead organic matter as ‘carbon stock’
2. Not consider crop biomass and dead organic matter as ‘carbon stock’
8Aug 19, 2011
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
System boundary
Active Ingredient
Production
Process
N-Fertilizer
Production
Process
P-Fertilizer
Production
Process
K-Fertilizer
Production
Process
Boron-Fertilizer
Production
Process
Kieserite
Production
Process
Transportation
To Thailand
Ports
Transportation
To Thailand
Ports
Transportation
To Thailand
Ports
Transportation
To Thailand
Ports
Transportation
To Thailand
Ports
Transportation
To Thailand
Ports
Mixed Fertilizer
Production Process
Oil Palm Seed
Production Process
Organic Fertilizer
Production Process
Transportation From
Suppliers To
Cultivation Fields
Transportation From
Suppliers To
Cultivation Fields
Transportation From
Suppliers To
Cultivation Fields
Oil Palm
Cultivation
Process
Agro-Chemical
Production Process
Transportation From
Suppliers To
Cultivation Fields
Local
Transportation
To Plant
Local
Transportation
To Plant
Local
Transportation
To Plant
Local
Transportation
To Plant
Local
Transportation
To Plant
Local
Transportation
To Plant
Electricity
Production
Fuel
Production
Import
FFB
Cultivation
Aug 19, 2011 9
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Upper Southern
Phetchaburi, Prachuapkhirikhan
Eastern
Chonburi, Trat, Rayong, Chanthaburi, Prachinburi, Sakaeo, Chachoengsao
Eastern-Lower Southern
Chumphon, Suratthani, Nakhonsithammarat, Songkhla, Phatthalung, Yala, Pattani, Narathiwat
Western-Lower Southern
Ranong, Phangnga, Krabi, Trang, Phuket, Satun
Classified by amount of rainfall annually
Data Collection
Aug 19, 2011 10
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Methodology
Functional unit
• 1,000 kg of FFB
Data Allocation
• none
Data Cut-off
• Emission factor of seed production
Data substitution
• none
Aug 19, 2011 11
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Aug 19, 2011
Palm oil mill
FFB
Chemical
Fuel
Electricity
Transport
Transport
Transport
CPO Process:
Fuel
combustion
CPO
PK
EFB
Shell
Fiber
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Decanter cake
Data collected from14 participating mills (10 mills with BG
capture and 4 mills w/o BG capture) ⇨ ~32% of total capacity in Thailand
Product
By-Product
Waste
System Boundary12
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Methodology
Functional unit
• 1,000 kg of CPO
Data Allocation
• Energy
Data Cut-off
• None
Data substitution
• None
13Aug 19, 2011
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Palm oil refinery
Palm oil refining
RBDPO PFAD
RBO Stearin RBO Olein
Fractionation
CPO
1
2
Data collected from 6
participating factories
⇨ ~63% of total
capacity in Thailand
System boundary
Aug 19, 2011 14
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Functional unit • 1,000 kg of each product
Data Allocation• By energy
Data Cut-off
• None
Data substitution
• None
Methodology
Aug 19, 2011 15
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Biodiesel production
CPO
Palm Stearine
RBDPO
Methanol
KOH
H2SO4
NaOH
HCl
H3PO4
Fuel oil
Oil palm sheel
LPG
Harbour
Foreign
Data collected from 7
participating factories
⇨ ~87% of total capacity
in Thailand
Product
B100
By-product
Glycerin
System boundary
Biodiesel production
Aug 19, 2011 16
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Methodology
Functinal unit
• 1,000 kg of B100
Data Allocation
• Energy
Data Cut-off
• None
Data substitution
• Emission factor of Additives => substituted by the highest
EF of phenolic group
Aug 19, 2011 17
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Content
Overall framework
GHG emission results
Recommendations
GHG mitigation
GHG adaptation
18Aug 19, 2011
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
1. Avg/W biogas
. Avg./WO biogas
. Avg. Thailand
4. Best observation
Thailand [
South East Asia [
Malaysia (WO /biogas)[
Malaysia (W/ biogas) [
Brazil [
China [
US [
Australia [
France [
Europe [
Japan [
Oil
pal
m (T
his
stu
dy)
Oil
pal
mSo
ybea
nR
apes
eed
Cultivation Palm oil mill Palm oil refining Biodiesel production
GHG emissions
232
329
298
318
155
347
684
466
36
105
133
108
121
157
157
157
Aug 19, 2011 19
Kg CO2 / Ton B100
Note: GHG emissions w/o Land Use Change
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
1. Avg/W biogas
2. Avg./WO biogas
3. Avg. Thailand
4. Best observation
Thailand [1]
South East Asia [2]
Malaysia (WO /biogas)[3]
Malaysia (W/ biogas) [3]
Brazil [4]
China [5]
US [4]
Australia [6]
France [7]
Europe [4]
Japan [8]
Die
sel
Oil
pa
lm (
Th
is s
tud
y)
Oil
pa
lmS
oy
be
an
Ra
pe
see
d
Cultivation Palm oil mill Palm oil refining Biodiesel production
% GHG reduction
EU-RED requirement50% (2017)60% (2018) 35% (2012)
Aug 19, 2011 20
Kg CO2 / MJ B100
68%
57%
64%
81%
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Reference
Aug 19, 2011 21
Feedstock Symbol Research topic Location Institute Year
Oil palm
[1]
Technical, Economic and Environmental
Evaluation of Biofuel Production in
Thailand.
Thailand FAO 2010
[2]GHG Accounting Methodology and
Default.South East Asia IFEU 2008
[3]
Determination of GHG contributions by
subsystems in the oil palm supply chain
using the LCA approach.
Malaysia Yuen May Choo,et al 2010
Soybean
/ Rapeseed[4]
Final Report Eco-invent 2000,” SimaPro
7.0, Amersfoort.EU, Brazil, US Pre consultant 2003
Soybean
[5]
Life cycle energy, environment and
economic assessment of soybean-based
biodiesel in China.
China Tongji University 2008
[6] Comparison of transport fuels. AustraliaAustralia Greenhouse
office2009
Rapeseed
[7]Energy and greenhouse gas balances of
biofuels production chains.France
French Environmental
and Energy Management
Agency
2002
[8]
Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Greenhouse
Gas Emissions of Automotive Fuels in
the Japanese Context
Japan Toyota 2004
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Content
Overall framework
GHG emission results
Recommendations
GHG mitigation
GHG adaptation
22Aug 19, 2011
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
GHG mitigation - I
Aug 19, 2011 23
1. Increase productivity and quality (%OER)
2. Optimize fertililzer consumption through:
• Leaf & soil analysis ⇨ Apply fertilizer in
the right time at the right amount
• Use slow release (osmocote) N-fertilizer
• Substitute synthesis N-fertilizer by high
N- organic fertilizer
1. Sourcing FFB from the nearest source
2. Wastewater management
• Install biogas system
• Using air stripping tower to reduce Temp
• Upgrading the open pond to be the cover
pond
• Enhance the performance of biogas
system
• Changing stabilization pond to aerated
lagoon
54%
N2O from N-fertilizer
27%
Production of
N-fertilizer
7%
Transportation of raw mat.
to plantation
57%
CH4 from
Wastewater
60%
open pond
16%
biogas plant
24%
stabilization pond41%
Prod. & Trans.
of FFB
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
GHG mitigation - II
Aug 19, 2011 24
• Sourcing CPO from the mill with
biogas capture.
• Substitute dirty fossile fuel (crude oil,
diesel) by cleaner fuel (NG) or
renewable energy (biomass, biogas)
• Improve logistic system by selecting
the nearest suppliers, transported by
marine, full loading truck, and etc.
• Subtitute systhesis Methanol by
Bioethanol or Biomethanol
• Install biogas capture system ⇨generate electricity
• Use cleaner fuel instead of dirty fossil
fuel
• Apply Co-generation technology (heat
exchanger) ⇨ maximize energy efficiency
73%
Chemical substance
11%
Production
of energy
10%
CO2 from combustion
6%
Transportation
Raw material
95%
CO2 from combustion
2%Electricity
3%
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Adaptation• Integrated analysis to evaluate impact of climate
change on oil palm
• Research and dissemination of crop varieties and
breeds adapted to changing climatic conditions
• Improving local farmer or stallholder knowledge on good farm management practice ⇨ these
practices are identified reducing GHG emissions
Aug 19, 2011 25
The project’s
support
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Capacity building : smallholders
Aug 19, 2011 26
Increase FARM PRODUCTIVITY
Improve FRESH FRUIT BUNCH QUALITY
Internalize SUSTAINABILITY
Best Practices to comply with
standard (Socio, Eco. Environ.)
Farmer group &
institutional development
Database management
system (record book, GPS)
Internal Control System
Mutual interest, benefit &
information sharing
Long-term relationship &
interdependence
Training & technical support: Fertilizer Management,
Leaf & soil analysis, Oil palm farm management
Farm inputs coordination: seedling, fertilizer, EFB
Price premium based on
quality
Grading system
Harvesting and fruit
handling guidelines/training
Technical Support, Capacity Building, Value Chain Coordination, etc…
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy
Contact Info:
Mr. Daniel May E: [email protected]
Ms. Kanokwan Saswattecha E: [email protected]
Aug 19, 2011 27
Sustainable Palm Oil Production for Bio-Energy