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JINNAH UNIVERSITY FOR WOMENDEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE B.S PART 3

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SUBMITTED TO MAAM SHUMAILA

SUBMITTED BY5

ANUM JAVED AMNA NAFEEZ NADIA NIMRAH AHMED SANA ALI6

DATED: February 14th 20097

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All acclamation and praise is due to ALLAH, our creator, our fashioner,omnipresent,omniscient to what we need, cognizant of our9

deed, the only one who is nearer to us than our jugular vein, to whom our ascribed the traits of absolute perfection and beauty. Eternal blessings and peace by upon beloved of ALLAH who He has sent as mercy of all the words Sayyidna Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him), the city of knowledge, the illuminating torch and the rescuer of humanity from the going astray. We deem it an utmost pleasure to be expressing him pro found gratitude to reverend maam Shumaila department of commerce,10

Jinnah University for women, who guided us in an excellent and most professional manner throughout our research. We really feel extremely proud to be her student to have work under her dynamic guidance, constructive criticism, sympathetic attitude and keen interest at each and every step of these investigations and the write up of the manuscript. Without her encouragement it would be totally possible for us to complete this report.

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THANKS

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S.NO 1 2 3 4

TOPICS What is adaptation Difference between adaptation & adoptation How adaptation is differentiate? Types of adaptation

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Adaptation as.. Solution of adaptation problems Culture and adaptation Adaptation process Factors of adaptation

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Multiculturism Why Pakistan is said to be multiculturism? Diversity in Pakistani culture Cultural changes and challenges faced by Pakistani Globalization and Pakistani culture

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Five points by us Conclusion Bibliography

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCULTURE something which we heard in our everyday life since our childhood but do we know its exact meaning, its exact impact? We can see its impact on both group level and individual level. Since it is studied on these level.is any culture is fully independent? We dont think that..! every culture is dependent on other at mass or narrow level.18

At this stage has adapt culture of someones else. That could be for professional or for basic needs. it is adopted on short or on long term basis. By adaptation one can learn and globalize itself but a part of that it can creat some major problems. adaptation is a complete procedure of getting something into your culture or adjusting in others culture. Some basic factors go on with this procedure.

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After this procedure one enters into multiculturism. Moving to our own country PAKISTAN we can see major diversity in our culture. the reason of that is our background. But at now Pakistan is facing many difficulties and challenges in its culture. We can see them in major cities, in cuisine, in dressing, in religion, in festivals, in people and in education. As now a day every country wants to be globalize as it is the basic step for an under developed country to get developed. As Pakistan is a teenager

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country on global platform. People of Pakistan are expanded in other country mostly in UK, USA, UAE etc. the youth of Pakistan is not at all interested in its own country. According to a survey done by us we are representing 5 points why youth is moving and not instated in their own culture.

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By this survey we have extract our conclusion. On the basis of relevant facts and figure. You can see a vast variety of examples which can help you to understand the terminologies. In last we just want to add that.

Because the only change is constant and the only constant is change22

WHAT IS ADAPTATION?

Definition:

A term referring to the ability to adjust to new information and experiences. Learning is essentially adapting to our constantly changing environment. Through adaptation, we are able to adopt new behaviors that allow us to cope with change.

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General principles:Adaptation is the change in living organisms that allow them to live successfully in an environment. Adaptations enable living organisms to cope with environmental stresses and pressures. Adaptations can be structural, behavioral or physiological. Structural

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adaptations are special body parts of an organism that help it to survive in its natural habitat (e.g., skin colour, shape, body covering). Behavioral adaptations are special ways a particular organism behaves to survive in its natural habitat (e.g., phototropism). Physiological adaptations are systems present in an organism that allow it to perform certain biochemical reactions (e.g., making venom, secreting slime, and homeostasis).

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DIFFRENCE BETWEEN ADAPTATION & ADOPTATION: ADAPTATION:An adaptation is a rearrangement or alteration of anything. Or

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An adaptation is a process of adapting to fit a change environment or situation.

ADOPTATION:An adaptation is an evolved feature of n organism that contributes to its viability and reproduction and that previously inaccessible component of the enviournment.27

HOW ADAPTATION STUDIED:Adaptation is studied in two groups.

GROUP LEVEL STUDIED:

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1.ANTHROPOLOGISTIS:The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, the physical, social and cultural development of humans.

2.CHANGE OF CULTURE:It means the culture change and its upbringing in frequently adopted.29

INDIVIDUAL LEVEL STUDIED: 1. PRIMARY SOCIALISATION:

Primary socialization is the early years (up to the age of 5 or 6) of our socialization; involving nursery, friends we make at day cares/school, and things we learn.30

EXAMPLE: This has been supported by a case study of a 5-year-old child learning six languages successfully and simultaneously, which is highly unlikely to occur during our secondary socialization.

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2. MINIMALLY DEPENDEND ON HOST:When a person goes into another culture that country became host for that person and as he wants to shift there he had to be minimally depended on it. Example:-

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An Irani man gets a job opportunity in USA he avails it and shift there in this case USA is host for him and he is fully depended on their culture.

3.COMMUNICATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT:It shows that a person is depended on his environment .he can't change his environment; he had to adjust in the environment.34

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EXAMPLE:People have many environmental shifts in their study life at a primary level , they got a massive environment and they adopt it but as they moves into their professional studies they have to leave the massive environment and adjust into the environment in which they are living.

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TYPES OF ADAPTATIONThere are two types of adaptation

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1.SHORT TERM ADAPTATION:Students. Business people. Professionals.

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2.LONG TERM ADAPTATION: REFUGEES:People who are forced to flee their homes due to persecution, whether on an individual basis or as

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part of a mass exodus due to political, religious, military or other problems, are known as refugees. Examples:Every year millions of people around the world are displaced by war, famine, and civil and political unrest. Others are forced to flee their countries in order to escape the risk of death and torture at the hands of persecutors.41

IMMIGRANTS

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While the movement of people has thought throughout history at various levels, modern immigration tourists are considered non-immigrants.

RESETTLERS

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The Resettlers are a group of dedicated individuals who care about people. The resettlers concept of moving takes into consideration each and every detail of moving. Our experience and professionalism ensure a successful move. The planning, packing, unpacking, storage, and transport are only part of the tailored service provided. The sale of your unneeded belongings is also accomplished by one telephone call.

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ADAPTATION AS. AS A LEARNING GROWTH:

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1. Related individual social and professional effectiveness with the new environment 2. Language knowledge 3. Anxiety gone and accustomed to new practices

AS A PROBLEM:Cultural fatigue:46

Culture fatigue was a term coined at the end of the 1990's to describe the exhaustion and inability to assimilate which some people suffer as a result of constant contact with the huge variety of multi-cultural influences which are now prevalent in many societies. In short, it's a kind of culture shock that does not necessarily entail leaving home.

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Irritability: Irritability is a state of extreme sensitivity to stimulation of any kind. Very often these people feel stressed, impatient or might easily become angry. Irritability is a kind of signal, that an unpleasant or potentially threatening situation cannot be avoided or solved in an appropriate way. Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli.48

EXAMPLE:Irritability may manifest in behavioral responses to both physiological as well as behavioral stimuli, including environmental, situational, sociological, and emotional stimuli.

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Insomnia: Insomnia is a symptom of a sleeping disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity. Insomnia is a symptom, not a stand-alone diagnosis or a disease. . Insomniacs have been known to complain about being unable to close their eyes or "rest their mind" for more than a few minutes at a50

time. Both organic and non-organic insomnia constitute a sleep disorder. EXAMPLES:Most adults have experienced insomnia or sleeplessness at one time or another in their lives. An estimated 30%-50% of the general population is affected by insomnia, and 10% have chronic insomnia.

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Rejections of members in new society As the society change and fully adapt the other culture the old member who dont adapt it they are not admitted in the culture and gets rejected.

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SOLUTION OF ADAPTATION PROBLEMS:

Assimilation (cultural convergence):

Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually adopts the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture Language shift or language assimilation, the progressive process whereby a speech community of a language shifts to speaking another language53

1. Acceptance of pluralism 2. Mixing of cultures is a new trend and one has to except it.

CULTURE AND ADAPTATION

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The concept of "culture" has at least as many meanings as does "adaptation," so I want to begin by laying out the definition I follow: Culture consists of socially acquired information By "information" I mean beliefs, values, ideas, knowledge, norms, etc.; by "socially acquired," I mean transmitted from another person (directly, through imitation or teaching, or indirectly via55

artifacts containing symbolic or iconic information, as in writing, images, etc.); it therefore follows that novel ideas or beliefs are not part of culture until they are socially transmitted In other words, culture can be seen as a way of fine-tuning genetic adaptation -- just like individual (trial-and-error) learning; only more so, since through cultural transmission we can learn from trials of others as well!

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ADAPTATION PROCESS:There are four stages in the adaptation process.

EAGER EXPECTATION STAGE:It is where a person prepares for the second culture by learning about it and looking forward to the new life with much anticipation.62

EVERY THING IS BEAUTIFUL STAGE:It is in which person first arrives in the new culture, finding everything to be fresh, and experiencing excitement.

EVERYTHING IS AWFUL STAGE:it typically follows the previous stage because when the excitement is gone and thing get mundane, especially when things are not going as63

one plans and when the person is physically sick, which is a common symptom of cultural shock, it is a very common for a person to feel extremely depressed. So much so that it seems that every thing is going wrong. Typically a person will go through ups such as a second stage and downs like the third stage at lesser degrees for many times before he/she reaches the fourth stage.

EVERY THING IS OK STAGE:64

This is when things are perceivably not so exciting all the time and

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FACTORS OF CULTURAL ADAPTATION:We can determine four factors as influential in determining the stages in an individuals culture adaptation process. 1. The length of time an individual spend in or in contact with a second culture

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2. The preparation a person has in term of the language and the amount of knowledge about the second culture 3. Expectation of the individual about life in the second culture (i.e., goal they want to achieve) 4. The person communication skills consisting of both verbal and nonverbal capabilities in order to interact with people of the second culture.67

MUTICULTURSIMThe term describes societies (especially nations) which have many distinct cultural68

groups, usually as a result of immigration. Multiculturalism is a view, or policy that immigrants, and others, should preserve their cultures with the different cultures interacting peacefully within one nation.

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WHY IS PAKISTAN SAID TO BE MULTICULTURED

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BACKGROUND OF PAKISTANI CULTURE:Pakistan has a rich cultural and ethnic background going back to the Indus Valley Civilization, 2800 BC 1800 BC. A civilization remarkable for its ordered cities, advanced-planned sanitation, straight roads and uniquely structured society. Present day Pakistan has been invaded many times in the past. it has been occupied and settled by many different peoples each of who have left their imprint71

on the current inhabitants of the country. Some of the largest groups were the 'Aryans', Greeks, Scythians, Persians, White Huns, Arabs, Turks, Mongols and other Eurasian groups right up until the British who left in the late 1940s.

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The region has formed a distinct cultural unit within the main cultural complex of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia from the earliest times. There are differences in culture among the different ethnic groups in matters such as dress, food, and religion, especially where pre-Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices. Their cultural origins also show influences from far a field; including from: Tibet, Nepal, India and eastern Afghanistan. All groups show varying degrees of significant influence from Persia, Turkistan and Hellenistic Greece. Pakistan was the first part of the subcontinent to73

receive the full impact of Islam. Developing a unique Islamic identity and has developed a distinct Islamic identity-historically different from that further west.

DIVERSITY IN PAKISTANI CULTURE

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Pakistani society is largely multilingual and multicultural. As a result, cultures differ so much that they may be more alien to each other than to foreign ones. However over 50 years of integration, a distinctive "Pakistani" Culture has sprung up especially in the urban areas. Pakistan shares influences that have shaped the cultures of South Asia. There are thus wider regional similarities extending beyond the national boundaries. On the other hand, the specific regional cultures

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of Pakistan present a picture of rich diversity. It is difficult, therefore, to speak of a single Pakistani culture. The legacy of the predecessors at the time of independence, on August 14, 1947, came to Pakistanis as a treasure which may be called as Pakistans national heritage. So rich and diversified is this heritage that Pakistani nation can be proud of its glorious past, be76

Islamic, Post Islamic or pre-Islamic period as far back as pre-historic times. No other country of the world can produce the treasure of by gone days as can be found in Pakistan. Religious practices of various faiths are an integral part of everyday life in society. Education is highly regarded by members of every socioeconomic

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stratum. The traditional family values are highly respected and considered sacred, although urban families have grown into a nuclear family system, owing to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional joint family system. The past few decades have seen emergence of a middle class in cities such as Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Quetta, Faisalabad, Sukkur, Peshawar, Abbottabad and Multan. The North-western part of Pakistan, bordering with Afghanistan, is highly conservative and78

dominated by regional tribal customs dating back hundreds of years. This diversity makes Pakistan a distinct case in nations and develops a complex culture which adopts its influences from a number of sources.

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CULTURAL CHANGES AND CHALLENGES FACED BY PAKISTANI CULTUREThere are many challenges face by Pakistan today. Some of the most important are discussed bellow.

IN MAJOR CITIES:80

This budding mass culture is being created in cities like Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore. Karachi, home to 13 million people, is Pakistans commercial capital, an enormous, humming metropolis whose occasional spasms of sectarian and criminal violence make for international headlines. It is a81

very multicultural city. People of different believe, custom, religion and standards lives here. As it is the business capital of the country it provides a job thats why we find vast population. Lahore occupies a special place in the new mass culture. its culture is really influenced by Indian culture. Due to film city LOLLYWOOD. It has a political ground and can be said that most of the domestic violence and crimes are done in this city.

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Quetta Balcoh majorit city beside millions of afhans immigrants, the local in habitants are mainly pashtuans. Other include baloch, brahuis, hazras, punjabies, hindko, muhajirs and sindhis.

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Peshawar It is the center of Pashtuns culture and art as well as a major center of hindko culture. With the Russians invasion of 1979 and the influx of million of afghan refugees into Pakistan. It became home of afghan musicians and artist as well as.

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Indian culture

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LAHOREAfghanista n culture Totally multicultura l

PESHAWAR

PAKISTAN

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KARACHI

Traditional Islamic

QUETTA

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IN CUSINE:The Cuisine of Pakistan can be described as a fusion of cuisine from three Asian regions: Central Asia, Middle East (especially Iran, owing to Pakistan's strong historical and ancestral links with the country), and South Asia. Pakistani cuisine is often spicy and is known for its richness.

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Within Pakistan, cuisine varies greatly from region to region, reflecting the country's ethnic, cultural and culinary diversity. The cuisine in Sindh and the Punjab can be very hot and spicy characterizing the South Asian flavor. Food in the North-West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Northern Areas and Azad Kashmir involves the use

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of mild aromatic spices and relatively less oil is used characterizing the Central Asian and Middle Eastern influence.

IN DRESSING:Pakistani culture is based on Islam. Islam is the true religion and it is not possible that it will90

have impact of any other religion. Pakistan has an impact of Indian dressing culture as well. Pakistan is a Muslim country but people have gained western and Indian culture due to modernization and westernization. It has a negative impact on the original culture gifted by Islam but we are not denying the bad effects of Indian style of dressing that we have adapted.

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Example: The very examples are those of Sarhi, sleeveless dressing, short shirts, less use of cheddar, etc. On special occasions, ladies use to wear Indian culture for show off. This can be observed during the functions of mod scads cities of Pakistan. People have learned these things from Indian drama and movies at most.

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People who love Pakistani clothes tend to have a short attention span. It goes with the territory. Pakistani Fashion changes every few weeks, so to fall in love with a trend one week, and move to loving something new the next Well, its all part of the fun, isn't it?

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IN RELIGION:Moreover, we are told to respect other religions, their places of worship and their prophets. It should be noted that no Muslim

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missionaries or armies ever went to Malaysia or Indonesia. The people converted to Islam due to the high principles and impeccable character of the Muslim traders. At the moment, the worst advertisements for Islam are the countries with their selective Islam, especially where religion is used to deprive people of their rights. In fact, a society that obeys fundamentals of Islam has to be a liberal one.

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If Pakistans Westernized class starts to study Islam, not only will it be able to help society fight sectarianism and extremism, but it will also make them realize what a progressive religion Islam is. They will also be able to help the Western world by articulating Islamic concepts. Recently, Prince Charles accepted that the Western world can learn from Islam. But99

how can this happen if the group that is in the best position to project Islam gets its attitudes from the West and considers Islam backward? Islam is a universal religion and that is why our Prophet (peace be upon him) was called a Mercy for all mankind.

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Pakistan has not gone very far down the Islamic road. Islamic law, or Sharia's does not yet govern the state or the personal lives of101

Pakistanis, although parts of the Sharia's, such as a ban on alcohol, have become law, though even this ban is often privately ignored by Pakistanis. The notion of an Islamic state is widely accepted in Pakistan, but the country cannot agree on which elements of Islam should dominate.

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IN EDUCATION:Education in Pakistan is divided into five levels: 1. primary (grades one through five); 2. middle (grades six through eight); 3. high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate); 4. intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate); and103

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university programs leading to graduate and advanced degrees.

It's not unusual In Pakistan to hear of public schools that receive no books, no supplies, and no subsidies from the government. Thousands more are 'ghost schools' that exist only on paper, to line the pockets of phantom teachers and administrators."

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IN FESTIVELS:Our festivals are not very much vast we have only to religious festivals EID and RAMADAN

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We also have some other festivals which are celebrated like BASANT, NOWRUZ, URS of SAINTS etc We have adopted some other western festivals also like VALENTINE DAY, FRINDSHIP DAY, MOTHERS DAY, FATHERS DAY etc

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IN PEOPLE:

Pakistan has one of the world's most rapidly growing populations. Its people are a mixture of many ethnic groups, a result of the occupation of the region by groups passing through on their way to India.

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The Pathans (Pashtuns) of the northwest are a large, indigenous group that has long resisted advances by invaders and that has at times sought to establish an autonomous state within Pakistan.

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Baluchis, who live mainly in the southwest, have also pressed for the creation of a state that would incorporate parts of Afghanistan and Iran. Punjab is reside mainly in the northeast and Sindhis in the southeast.

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The Pakistanis today lack self confidence. They are not confident of themselves and their achievements which results in vanity and showoff. The time which Muslims lead under the British rule, was that in which they were ultimately week and were trying their best to maintain their identity as well as to please their ruler i.e. the British. Examples:

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1. In our daily lives we observe people reaching someones office and putting their mobile and car keys on the table, though a very minor act but is usually done with an intention to make an impression, which should not be unhealthy if not used as the only means of making an impression.

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2. The life style of the Muslims of India which came in contact with the British was highly influenced by them and for a long time the concepts like Mera baap/ dada angraiz ki fauj main tha was used as an excuse to be as British as possible.

IN MEDIA:

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Over the past three years, a dozen independent television channels have sprung up, from general networks to specialized news, fashion and music stations. Combined with a boom in advertising, increasing economic growth and rapid cable and satellite penetration, these outlets are fueling not only a new industry, but also a new culture one not limited to a narrow Westernized elite. The cable system has also affected the life style of a common Pakistani as115

most of the free time is spent with remote in the hand changing channels. The cable usually shows 150- 200 channels for a mere 200500 Rs every month charges. Examples:

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The cheap cost of Cable has entered the Indian media into every house. Despite tense relations with India, Indian movies are popular in Pakistan. Ironically, Indian films are officially illegal, but they can easily be found across Pakistan. An indigenous movie industry

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exists in Pakistan, and is known as Lollywood, producing over forty feature-length films a year. Indian songs are also very much popular in Pakistan. Pakistani youth idealize Indian actors and keep dreaming about Indian Actresses day in and day out.

Indian Soaps have gripped Pakistani women in such a

web that the evenings of Pakistani women are usually118

spent watching Kyun keh Saas bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi and the rest of the day is spent discussing the Sarhis and Jewellery of Parvati and Kum Kum. Indian media industry has simply kidnapped every day lives of middle class Pakistani women; they use the fantasy of Indian dramas as an escape route from the mundane of the every day life.

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GOLBALIZATION AND PAKISTANI CULTURE:Increasing globalization has increased the influence of Western culture in Pakistan, especially among the affluent, which have easy access to Western products, television, media, and food. Many Western food chains have established themselves in Pakistan, and are

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found in the major cities. At the same time, there is also a reactionary movement within Pakistan that wants to turn away from Western influences, and this has manifested itself in a return to more traditional roots, often conflated with Islam. A large Pakistani diaspora exists, especially in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada and Australia as well as in the121

Scandinavian nations. A large number of Pakistanis are also living in the Middle east. These emigrants and their children influence Pakistan culturally and economically, by travelling to Pakistan, and especially by returning or investing there.

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FIVE POINTS BY US

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People are educated with language from outside or non-native.

i.e. in Pakistans case the English language. Once this happens, people perceive what belongs to that language as educated; Now a language holds a specific culture, which is as whole labeled as educated.

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Themostdrasticstepcomesnow,Whentheylabelthatcultureas

"educated"theylabelthereowncultureasignorant,i.e.uneducated etc.

Nowsincetherecultureappearsasignoranttothemsotheytryto

alienatethemselvesfromthatculture,andtrytoshow/appearaswhat theyarenot.Thatsfromwhereungenuinitystarts.125

Whatthisbringstothem,Itmakesthemmorecompatiblewiththe

superiorcultureandfinallymakesthempartnersofthose.Butthey hadtopassthroughalongtimeofconfusions.

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CONCLUSIONNo purpose would be served by blocking information mediums through which foreign culture was said to be invading Pakistan We should confront the invasion with our own culture, instead of censoring it. Instead of just amplifying the issue of cultural invasion we once understood what

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culture is? and how it works? Should take measures to safe guard our own identity. There must be some foreign ideas and thoughts to be welcomed by our people in order to keep in pace with the outer world but the choice has to be very sensible. We are no longer a small village somewhere but part of a global village. The Technological advancements that have brought about the information revolution have also brought us new ideas in science and technology, Ideas130

can be both good and bad. Pornography, anti-religious political ideas and imperialism etc are no doubt the bad part of the invasion but the solution was not to block out the ideas but to confront the foreign influx with an open, educated and analytical mind. There is no freedom without responsibility and to prove our self a free nation we have to bear the responsibility of bearing our own culture. A culture to depict the glory of the past and the advancements of the future.

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BIBLOGRAPHYWEBSITES: WWW.GOOGLE.COM WWW.ANSWER.COM WWW.WIKIANSWER.COM135

WWW.PAKVILLAGE .COM

ARTICLES: Eating places all over pakistan Menu Lahore - A blog about eating out in Lahore136

Sarhad Tourism Corporation, Govt. of NWFP Pakistan Culture and Environment Danka's List of Cultural Events in Pakistan

BOOKS: The Indus Valley And The Genesis Of South Asian Civilization137

Measuring Globalization: Economic Reversals, Forward Momentum, A.T. Kearney, Foreigh Policy Magazine, 2004 Pakistan Jameel Jalbi Essiantial Pakistan by Dr Dani Cultural Heritage by Dr S. M Ikram Al-Ghazali, Tahafut-al-Falasifah (Incoherence of the Philosophers) M.M. Sharif, ed., A History of Muslim Philosophy, 2 volumes138

Germany: Otto Harrassowitz, 1966).

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