Climate Change and Sustainable Industrial

Development

- An ASSOCHAM Perspective

By

Dinesh T. ParekhASSOCHAM

As a representative organ of corporate India, ASSOCHAM articulates the genuine, legitimate needs and interests of members.

The mission is to impact the policy and legislative environment so as to foster balanced economic, industrial and social development. ASSOCHAM believes education, health and environment to be the critical success factors.

To ensure the voice and concerns of ASSOCHAM are heeded by policy makers and legislators.

To be proactive on policy initiatives that are in consonance with our mission

To engage in the network of relationships at national and international levels/fora

To develop a learning organisation sensitive to the development needs and concerns of its members

To broadbase membership

Established in 1920, the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India is the oldest apex chamber of commerce and industry in India.

ASSOCHAM is promoted by the following six promoter chambers, representing all regions of India:

• Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Kolkata

• Bombay Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Mumbai

• Cochin chamber of Commerce and Industry, Cochin

• Indian Merchants’ Chamber, Mumbai

• Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Chennai

• PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry, New Delhi

Seminars / workshop / training programmes on ISO 14000 Advanced EMS Auditing Course Internal Auditing of EMS Environment Legislation Deployment of Environmental Policy Pollution Prevention and Waste Minimization Hazardous Waste Management Environment Impact Assessment  Environmental Risk Assessment Environmental Benchmarking Green Supply Chain Management Process Safety Management Environment Performance Evaluation

Changing Facets of

Environment

The way we plunder the natural world reveals more than environmental blindness. The scars we leave on the land betray a wider addiction to conquest and domination; a constant, casual recourse to hypocrisy and denial. We benefit from the machinery of plunder, but are ultimately trapped by it. No wonder that in the end even our own captive, domesticated landscape reproaches us….

David Stock

A disaster waiting to happen in Himalayas - The earth’s ice cover is melting in several places, including the Himalayas, at higher rates since record-keeping began and the glacier-fed rivers of north India would first swell and then shrink to dangerously low levels….

Times of India, 8th March 2000

Rapid industrial growth during the last century with scant attention to its adverse effect on environment has caused serious anxiety. This has led to a new paradigm of sustainable development where economic development has to be accompanied by a careful concern for impact on environment with a view to preserve the planet for the posterity.

World resources are exhausting day by day and

are threatened to be far too inadequate for

sustaining the growing world population.

A CENTURY THAT CHANGED THE WORLDChange between 1890 (=1) and 1990sIndustrial output 40Marine fish catch 35Carbon dioxide emissions 17Energy use 16World economy 14World urban population 13Coal production 7Air pollution 5Irrigated area 5World population 4Horse population 1.1Bird and mammal species 0.99Forest area 0.8Blue-whale population 0.0025* Source “Something New Under the Sun” by John McNeill

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

1925 1950 1975 1990 2000 2025 2050

100

Year

Growth of Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Global Emissions, 1990 = 100%

• Earth’s average temperature fluctuation over the last 10000 years

• During last one century

• Estimated rise in next 100 years

• If no change in present trend of GHG emission

• If present trend is restricted

• A large rise in GHG emission

About 1°C

0.3°C to 0.6 °C

1.5°C to 3 °C

0.3°C rise per decade

0.06°C rise per decade

0.8°C rise per decade

UNEP Estimated Temperature Rise Due to GHG Emissions

Tremendous increase in industrial activities during past few decades.

Release of obnoxious industrial wastes into environment.

Population explosion. Growth of vehicle population. Quality of industrial and vehicular fuel. Deforestation. Lack of awareness. Regional industrial and economic imbalance. Release of chemical substances.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE

• 1000000 people in Bangladesh live in areas

• 17% of Bangladesh area

• Developing countries

• Small island states

- Just 1 m above sea level

- Likely to be submerged by 2050

- Twice as vulnerable as developed countries

- Thrice as vulnerable as developed countries.

Vulnerability of Nations

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DIRECT

Exposure to thermal extremes (especially heat waves)

Altered frequency and/or intensity of other extreme weather events (floods, storms, etc.)

Altered rates of heat and cold-related illness and death (especially cardiovascular and respiratory diseases)

Death, injuries, and psychological disorders; damage to public health infrastructure

WAYS IN WHICH CLIMATE CHANGE IS LIKELY TO AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH. FROM WATSON ET AL. (1996)

Contd.

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INDIRECT

Disturbances of Ecological systems

Effects on range and activity of vectors and infective parasites

Altered local ecology of water-borne and food-borne infective agents

Altered food (especially crop) productivity due to changes in climate, weather events, and associated pests and diseases

Changes in geographic ranges and incidence of vector-borne diseases

Changed incidence of diarrhea and certain other infectious diseases

Regional malnutrition and hunger, and consequent impairment of child growth and development Contd.

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Mediating Process Health Outcomes

INDIRECT (Contd.)

Sea-level rise, with population displacement and damage to infrastructure (e.g. sanitation)

Social, economic, and demographic dislocations due to adverse climate change impacts on economy, and resource supply

Injuries, increased risks of various infectious disease (due to migration, crowding, contamination of drinking water), psychological disorder

Asthma and allergic disorders; other acute and chronic respiratory disorders and deaths

Levels and biological impacts of air pollution, including pollens and spores

Wide range of public health consequences (e.g., mental health, nutritional impairment, infectious diseases, civil strife)

Impact on Human Society

• Water Sources - Winter floods and summer droughts, changes in river flows.

• Food & Agriculture

- Changes in yields, seasons for farming and cultivable land, forestry and fisheries

Impact on Human Society

• Coastal Dwellers - Coastal flooding, submerging of small island nations.

• Human Settlement and Health

- Effect on infrastructure, increase and changes in disease patterns.

Impact on Natural Environment

• Hydrological Cycle

- Changes in rainy seasons, rainfalls and soil moisture.

• Eco-systems and vegetation

- Changes in vegetation zones and species mix, reduction in bio-diversity. (Some 300 species are getting extinct every year).

Impact on Natural Environment

• Ice and Snow - Changes in ice-covered areas and melting of permafrost.

• Oceans and Coasts

- Changes in winds and ocean currents, tropical storms and damaged coastal eco-systems, sea-level rise.

Global Environmental

Concerns

ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS DURING LAST CENTURY

1944 Los Angeles Smog Episode 1950 Poza Rica Air Pollution 1952 London Smog Episode 1953 Minamata Mercury Poisoning Episode 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy 1986 Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster. Smog over SE Asia (Asian Brown Haze)

GLOBAL CONCERNS Environment Summit at Stockholm in 1972

( 5th to 10 th June)

Rio de Janerio in 1992Kyoto Summit in 1997Johannesburg Summit in 2002COPs by United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 8th Conference at Delhi Oct 23 to Nov 1,2002

Key issues debated at Johannesburg

How to create and distribute wealth without destroying the natural capital?

How to preserve the environment? and

How to develop an efficient and equitable economic system

CLIMATE CHANGE AND INDUSTRY:

AN INDIAN CONTEXT

ECONOMIC

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL

• Intergenerational equity• Popular participation

• Poverty• Consultation/Empowerment• Culture/Heritage

Bio-diversity/ResilienceNatural Resources

Population

•Efficiency•Growth•Stability

•In

trage

nerat

ional

equit

y

•Targ

eted r

elief/

emplo

ymen

t •Valuation

•Internalization

Elements of Sustainable Development

Opportunities & Challenges before the Indian Industry

India has the option of creating an efficient development model, which should be sustainable without undue exhaustion of natural capital.

India has abundant resources in the form of human resources and bio-reserves.

India is facing the challenge of creating an efficient system.

Concept of MINAS

MINAS envisages treatment of all wastes to certain minimum standards regardless of the type of waste waters and locations. This model is effective in halting the obvious pollution immediately and envisages a steady progress in meeting the water quality objectives. It also provides a fair degree of flexibility to the Regulatory Authority for Control of Water Pollution.

MINAS

The minimum treatment to be provided in any waste waters aims at the removal of the following pollutants:

pathogens by effective disinfection

toxic substances

colloidal and dissolved organic solids

mineral oils

adjustment of pH

ASSOCHAM, a member of ICC, is a firm believer and practitioner of Agenda 21 and obtaining significant results in:

• Customer Satisfaction

• More Business

• Ultimately Less Cost of the product

Some enterprises are implementing “responsible care” and product stewardship policies and programmes, fostering openness and dialogue with employees and the public and carrying out environmental audits and assessments of compliance.

Steps taken by ASSOCHAM members for a sustainable industrial development

Discharge wastes that have adverse impact on human and the environment is being replaced with technologies, good engineering and management practices throughout the product life cycle.

The concept of cleaner production helps in optimizing efficiencies at every stages of the product life cycle.

Steps taken by ASSOCHAM members for a sustainable industrial development

ISO is making Indian industry Environment Friendly

Environment Management ISO 14000

Environmental Management System

Environmental Performance Evaluation

Environmental Auditing

Life - Cycle Assessment

Environmental Labelling

Environmental Aspects in Product Standards

Organization Evaluation Product Evaluation

• State-of-the-art industrial effluent treatment plant

• Zero discharge capability• Dry disposal of fly ash - used in building,

ash bricks, road construction, • Replacement from

– old rotary clean to fuel efficient gas suspension calciners

– Stoker fired boilers to fuel efficient high capacity, PF and FBC boilers

Salient achievements of ASSOCHAM members

• Co-generation • Environment Management• Energy conservation • Re-habilitation and resettlement

activities• Energy auditing to cut down wasteful

use of energy• Total quality management• Social responsibility (SA 8000)

Salient achievements of ASSOCHAM members

• Good engineering practices and better housekeeping

• Reuse and recycling of waste

• Catalytic oxidation and reduction

• Using of pure raw material

• Waste compatibility

Salient achievements of ASSOCHAM members