climate change and sea level rise
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![Page 1: Climate change and sea level rise](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042714/54be84224a795992648b45b3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Annual high tides, such as this one at Waikiki Beach in 2009, will become more frequent as sea level rises. Credit: Chris Conger, UH Sea Grant College Program
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Flooding in the Mapunapuna area of Honolulu due to heavy rains and high tides. The storm drain system, located below sea level, was retrofitted with one-way drains and the flooding was largely mitigated. Credit: D. Oda
![Page 3: Climate change and sea level rise](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042714/54be84224a795992648b45b3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Seasonal high surf at Laniakea, O’ahu results in annual road closures. Credit: Dolan Eversole, NOAA Sea Grant Coastal Storms Program Coordinator, Pacific Region
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Regional armoring due to long-term chronic erosion has resulted in the loss of sandy beach in Lanikai, O‘ahu. Credit: UH Sea Grant
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Digital representation of the windward coastal plain near Kualoa, O‘ahu. Areas in red are currently 1 meter (3.3 feet) above mean high tide. Low areas may be among the first to experience drainage problems as sea level rises. Credit: Mr. Matthew Barbee & Dr. Charles Fletcher, UH Coastal Geology Group
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Access to Honolulu International Airport runways would be compromised with a 3-foot rise in sea level. Credit: Mr. Matthew Barbee & Dr. Charles Fletcher, UH Coastal Geology Group
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A 3-foot rise in sea level also would impact stormwater drainage in the high-density Ala Moana commercial area. Credit: Mr. Matthew Barbee & Dr. Charles Fletcher, UH Coastal Geology Group
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The FEMA flood zone in some areas on the north shore of Kaua‘i requires structures to be build at a minimum elevation. Decision-makers could require or incentivize similar measures to adapt to sea-level rise through accommodation. Credit: Dennis Hwang
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There are limited relocation options along sections of the Kamehameha Highway, O‘ahu that are threatened by sea-level rise. Emergency armoring currently protects the road. Similarly, decision-makers could use sea walls to adapt to sea-level rise through protection in areas where retreating from the coastline is not possible. Credit: Dolan Eversole, NOAA Sea Grant Coastal Storms Program Coordinator, Pacific Region
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Coastal construction setback from the shoreline provides an open beach area for public use at Kahala Beach, O‘ahu. Decision-makers could use setbacks to adapt to sea-level rise through retreat. Credit: Dolan Eversole, NOAA Sea Grant Coastal Storms Program Coordinator, Pacific Region