climate change and forests: assessing local governance
DESCRIPTION
The skills of anthropologists in local-level social analysis have great potential for contributing to the global discussion on climate change. Their skills and findings could be used toward reducing the risks related to REDD+, and working constructively with communities to adapt to the changes that cannot be prevented. CIFOR scientist Carol Colfer gave this presentation at the Society for Applied Anthropology’s annual meeting, in Seattle, Washington in April 2011. The aim was to interest anthropologists in addressing climate change adaptation and mitigation more actively.TRANSCRIPT
- 1. Climate Change & Forests: Assessing Local
Governance
Carol J. Pierce Colfer
Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
2. Macro-Level Bias in International Climate Change Discussions
(e.g.)
International agreements (e.g.)
- REDD+ for mitigating climate change
- decision on National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) for
least developed countries (from UNFCCC)
Assumption that national level efforts are most feasible
Efforts to develop a national-level governance assessment tool
(e.g. by World Resources Institute)
3. Addressing Climate Change in Forests
Complexity and diversity from place to place
Dynamism of local systems
Likely transaction costs (if tailoring policies to local
levels)
National sovereignty issues
4. Locally, in Tropical Forests
Enormous power differences (between government and people)
Widespread corruption (lack of legitimacy)
- potential for adverse effects on locals
Local realities differ (social, biophysical)
Climate change will play out differently in different places
need for local responsiveness (both for mitigation and
adaptation)
5. Some Legitimate Fears, Possible Abuses
Value of swidden produce provided in [inadequate] recompense for
loss of peoples subsistence base
Chicanery that transfers broadly held land rights to outsiders
without equitable distribution of benefits
Land grabs in the interests of conservation or climate change that
disenfranchise local folks
Possible resettlement of folks from areas deemed useful for
national carbon credits
6. Need for Anthropological Input
In addressing climate change, some of the effort should be focused
on the local level.
Local groups can:
develop mitigation strategies appropriate to their activities and
conditions
enhance their ability to adapt to climate change.
This potential can best be realised, if based on solid ethnographic
and other social science knowledge and skills.
7. An early step should be the ability to assess local governance
quality:
Collaborative Governance of Tropical Landscapes
(Colfer and Pfund eds. 2011, Earthscan, London)
[featuring examples from Cameroon, Indonesia, Laos, Madagascar, and
Tanzania]
8. Governance Assessment Tool [GAT]
Building on:
CIFOR participatory action researchwork in villages and districts
in three projects (Adaptive Collaborative Management, Collective
Action and Property Rights, Landscape Mosaics)
Exposure to policy issues in long term, global decentralisation
research
A 2009 trial in Jambi, Sumatra (by Feintrenie)
Governance Assessment Tool
9. 1.Stakeholders and their relationships
#1 Do mechanisms exist to obtain the input of marginalised groups
in decision-making that affects them?
#2 List the mechanisms and evaluate the functionality of each
#3 Evaluate access for each stakeholder category to forest lands
and products
#4 Evaluate the voice of each stakeholder category in
decision-making affecting them
10. 2.Formal access to resources
#5 Do formal land-use categories in state law reflect the types of
land use common in the field?
#6 Are people's rights with regard to land and forests clearly
defined? [+5, more specific Qs]
#7 Are people's rights as outlined above secure (whether by law or
by custom)?
11. 3.Structure and function of governance [1 of 2]
#8 Are the different formal and customary governance structures
functioning? [+ 3 Qs]
#9 Are effective sanctions applied when natural resource rules and
regulations are ignored? [+ 3 Qs]
#10 Are conflicts effectively managed? [+6 Qs]
12. 3.Structure and function of governance [2 of 2]
#11 Are there high levels of trust among people in the landscape?
[+4 Qs]
#12 Are there good links between communities and outside resources
(information, funding)? [+ 2 Qs, 4 sub-Qs]
13. Intended and Possible Uses of GAT
Assessment by projects, governments, NGOs, local groups, to
identify weaknesses and help communities improve governance.
A system of scores that can be used by communities to measure their
own progress.
[Most controversial] As a tool to determine eligibility of a
community for participation in a climate change initiative like
REDD. [authors are ambivalent about this use.]
14. Thanks for your attention!
Comments and suggestions welcome
Contact: [email protected]
Further reading:
Facing an uncertain future:how forests and people can adapt to
climate change
Reducing Climate Change in Alliance With Swidden Communities &
Indigenous Peoples