climate change 101 climate change training module climate change and public health 101 mn climate...

Climate Change 101Climate Change Training Module

Climate Change and Public Health 101

MN Climate & Health ProgramMinnesota Department of Health

Environmental Impacts Analysis UnitOctober 2012

625 Robert Street NorthPO Box 64975

St. Paul, MN 55164-0975

Notice

MDH developed this presentation based on scientific research published in peer-reviewed journals. References for information can be found in the relevant slides and/or at the end of the presentation.

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Outline

• Climate Change in Minnesota• Health Impacts of Climate– Extreme Heat Events– Air Quality: Pollutants and Allergens– Flooding and Drought– Other Impacts

• The High Cost of Disasters• The Role of Public Health

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Definitions

Weather – conditions of the atmosphere over a short period of time

Climate – conditions of the atmosphere over long periods of time (30- year standard averaging period)

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Definitions

Adaptation – efforts to anticipate and prepare for the effects of climate change, and thereby to reduce the associated health burden

Mitigation – efforts to slow, stabilize, or reverse climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions

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Outline



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There have been three recent significant observed climate trends in Minnesota:

The average temperature is increasing

The average number of days with a high dew point may be increasing

The character of precipitation is changing

Observed Climate Changes

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Temperature Changes in Minnesota

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Significant observations in warming pattern:

Winter temperatures have been rising about twice as fast as annual average temperatures

Minimum or ‘overnight low’ temperatures have been rising faster than maximum or ‘daytime high’ temperatures

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WINTER: + 2.2°

SUMMER: + 0.8°

AUTUMN: + 0.5°

SPRING: + 1.6°

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Seasonal Temperature Trends (°F per century) Based on 1895-2010 Data

Projected Summer Temperatures

Current average summer temperature (°C)

Average summer temperature change by

2069 (°C)

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Dew Point Changes Dew point – a measure of

water vapor in the air

A high dew point makes it more difficult for sweat to evaporate off the skin, which is one of the main mechanisms the body uses to cool itself

The number of days with high dew point temperatures (≥ 70°F) may be increasing in Minnesota

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Dew Point Changes

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Changes in Precipitation

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Changes in Precipitation

Precipitation in Minnesota is changing:

More localized, heavy precipitations events

Potential to cause both increased flooding and drought

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Outline



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Extreme Heat

An extreme heat event is characterized by weather that is substantially hotter and/or more humid for a particular location at a particular time

Extreme Heat Events

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Extreme Heat

Extreme heat events can cause: Heat tetany (hyperventilation)Heat rashHeat crampsHeat exhaustionHeat edema (swelling)Heat syncope (fainting)Heat strokeDeath

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Extreme Heat

Risk Factors

Lack of air conditioning in homeLow socioeconomic statusLiving in urban areasLiving in topmost floor of a dwellingLiving in nursing homes or being bedriddenLiving alone or a lack of social or family tiesProlonged sun exposureDrinking alcoholExercising outside on warm days

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Extreme Heat

Vulnerable Populations

EveryoneElderly persons 65 years and older

Especially those who live alone

ChildrenPersons with pre-existing disease conditionsPersons taking certain medicationsAthletes Outdoor workersHomeless 20

Urban Heat Islands

• Higher temperatures in urban areas relative to surrounding suburban and rural areas can be caused by:• Reduced vegetation and green

space• Heat-absorbing surfaces, such

as pavement• Heat-reflecting surfaces,

including many building materials

• Skyscrapers obstructing free air flow

21Images from the Metropolitan Design Center Image Bank. Used with permission.

Outline



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Air Pollutants and Allergens

Climate change may affect exposures to air pollutants by: Creating both more windiness and more air stagnation events

Increasing temperatures which . . .

Increase pollution from fossil fuel combustion to meet electricity demand for increased air conditioner use

Increase production of natural sources of air pollutant emissions

Increase formation of ozone

Lengthening the allergy season, creating more potent allergens

23Image from the Metropolitan Design Center Image Bank. Used with permission.


Ground-Level OzoneHealth ImpactsEffects of acute exposure:•Acute exposure to elevated ozone can lead to hospitalization or death

Effect of long-term exposure:•Decreased lung function and new-onset asthma•Elevated ozone can exacerbate other conditions, such as asthma and allergies

Populations at RiskDue to increased exposure:•Healthy people, especially athletes and outdoor workers in landscape and construction who may be exposed to higher levels of ozone for longer periods of time on high pollution days

Due to sensitivity:•Persons with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases•Older adults and children

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Particulate MatterHealth ImpactsEffects of acute exposure:•Short-term decrease in lung function•Exacerbation of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases•Hospitalization and death

Effect of long-term exposure:•Respiratory and cardiovascular diseases•Cardiopulmonary and lung cancer deaths

Populations at RiskDue to increased exposure:•Persons living or working in urban areas, especially near high-traffic corridors and/or stationary sources of PM (such as factories or power plants)

Due to sensitivity:•Persons with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases•Elderly and children•Persons with asthma and/or allergies

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Climate change impact on allergenic pollen:

•Increased pollen production•Longer pollen season•Increased potency of airborne allergens•Proliferation of weedy plant species that are known producers of allergenic pollen•Introduction of new allergen-producing plant species

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Mold growth is encouraged by moisture:

•Increased precipitation and flooding•Increased humidity•Increase in plant growth/plant biomass decay (leaf litter)•Improper installation or management of air conditioning systems can create conditions ripe for mold

(Image Source: Terry Brennan, http://www.epa.gov/mold/moldcourse/imagegallery5.html)27

Outline



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Flooding

On average, the overall rainfall in Minnesota is increasing.

In Minnesota, the frequency of storms with 3 or more inches of rainfall has increased 104% in the last 50 years.

Examples of severe floods in Minnesota’s history include:•April 1997: Red River Valley •August 2007: Southeast Minnesota•June 2012: Duluth

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Flooding

Health Impacts

physical injuries (including drowning) allergies (mold)food and water-borne illnessesfood security displacementmental health issuesinterruption of emergency services

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Drought

Changing natural and social factors play a role in how drought affects society, economy, and environment. Factors include:

• Timing of drought• Temperature• Population density and

growth• Development and

implementation of water supply technology

• Land use patterns

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Drought

Health Impacts

• Reduced lake and wetland levels and stream flows

• Potential concentration of pollutants

• Decreased water supply for drinking and agriculture

• Negative effects on soil moisture and crop progress will impact food security

• Increased risk of wildfires

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Outline



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Other Impacts of Public Health Concern

Vectorborne Diseases

Climate changes such as warmer temperatures, increased rainfall, longer warm season and less severe winters can impact the range and incidence of vectorborne disease. Risk is also impacted by land use, population density, and human behavior.

Black-legged ticks (“deer ticks”), which carry Lyme disease, are most active on warm, humid days. They are also most abundant in wooded or brushy areas with abundant small animals and deer. If those areas are one where many people live, work, or visit for recreation, the incidence of tick-borne disease can be high.

For more information on climate and vectorborne disease, visit: http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/dtopics/vectorborne/climate.html

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Other Impacts of Public Health Concern

Power Outages• Demand for electricity increases in

warmer climates in order to air condition homes and businesses.

• Increased temperatures may reduce the efficiency of power production in facilities that require water for cooling.

• Severe storms and flooding can interrupt power service through damaged and destroyed infrastructure

• Brownouts: intentionally reduced voltage in a power supply system used for load reduction in an emergency; may prevent black outs but can have other impacts

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Outline



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The High Cost of Disasters

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2012 Duluth Flood: A 500 Year Storm Event

• Total rainfall in excess of 10 inches resulted in severe flash flooding and river flooding

• $108 million in damage in infrastructure alone • damages to roads, bridges, water and

sewer systems, electric utilities, and communications infrastructure

• Damage to 1,700 homes and 100 businesses included structural damage, loss of utilities, sewage back up, and the subsequent sustained heat and humidity exacerbated mold growth• Estimated damages for these homes

and businesses exceed $12 million

Photo credits: Rachel Agurkis (top), Derek Montgomery for MPR (bottom)

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• Recent case study analysis of 6 climate-related disasters estimated the associated health care costs: • US Ozone Air Pollution, 2000-2002• California Heat Wave, 2006• Florida Hurricane Season, 2004• Louisiana West Nile Virus Outbreak, 2002• North Dakota Red River Flooding, 2009• Southern California Wildfires, 2003

• The associated health care costs alone topped $14 billion• 1,689 premature deaths• 8,992 hospitalizations• 21,113 emergency visits• 734,398 outpatient visits

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Outline



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Climate Change and Public Health

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Extreme Precipitation

Increased Temperature

Increased Humidity

Extreme Heat

Air Pollutants & Allergens

Drought

Changes in Environment &

Habitat

Severe Storms & Flooding

Wildfire

Heat-related illness and death

Cardiovascular disease, stroke

Respiratory Illness

Injuries and Drowning

Vector-borne illness

Displacement

Waterborne and foodborne illness

Stress, Mental Illness

Adaptation Measures

Climate Changes Events Health Outcomes

Mitigation Public Health Role

Risk

Fac

tors

(pos

itive

and

neg

ative

)

Public Health Strategies

Mitigation• Promote activities that reduce harmful

emissions• Active communities that make

biking, walking, and/or public transportation safe and convenient

• Telecommuting or other work schedule alternatives that do not require employees to drive daily

• Reduce the production of harmful air pollutants by:• Improving energy efficiency• Reduce energy consumption• Use alternatives to fossil fuels• Reduce combustion of fossil fuels

44Images from the Metropolitan Design Center Image Bank. Used with permission.

Public Health Strategies

Adaptation• Monitoring conditions and providing useful information to the public

• Extreme heat events• Air Quality Index• Disasters

• Community and infrastructure planning • Retention ponds and wetlands increase water storage• Pervious surfaces and rain gardens increase infiltration, reducing run-

off• Increasing capacity of stormwater systems• Reduce the urban heat island effect by maintaining green space in

urban areas• Emergency Preparedness

• Robust all-hazards plans that include annexes for severe storms, extreme heat, power loss

• Identification and understanding of high-risk and vulnerable populations 45

Communicating Climate Change

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The Yale Project on Climate Change Communication identified six distinct American audiences, each of which responds to the issue of climate change in markedly different ways.

12% 27% 25% 10% 15% 10%

Highest belief in climate changeMost concernedMost motivated

Lowest belief in climate changeLeast concernedLeast motivated

Alarmed Concerned Cautious Disengaged Doubtful Dismissive


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12% 27% 25% 10% 15% 10%


• Completely convinced that climate change is real

• Believe that people are already being harmed by climate change

• Supportive of personal and policy action

• Believe that climate change is real

• Feel that dangerous impacts of climate change will be seen in 10 years

• Supportive of personal and policy action

• Unsure whether climate change is occurring

• Believe the impacts of climate change will be seen in 25 years

• Do not believe personal actions or the actions of a single nation will make any difference


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12% 27% 10% 15% 10%


• Less convinced that climate change is happening

• Believe that impacts of climate change will be felt in 50 years

• Do not feel that immediate action is needed

• Unconcerned about whether or not climate change is occurring

• Believe the impacts of climate change will be felt in 100 years

• Do not feel that immediate action is needed

• The only segment that is completely unconcerned about climate change because they do not believe it is happening

25%


• Most Americans think of climate change in geographically and temporally distant terms

• Few Americans, without prompting, report that climate change has any connection to human health

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• Frame climate change as a human health issue

• Localize climate change

• Emphasize the health co-benefits associated with climate change action

Communications Strategies

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Summary

• Minnesota’s climate is changing:– Increases in temperature– Increases in high dew point temperatures– Increases in extreme precipitations events

• Climate changes can lead to a variety of events with serious health impacts– Extreme Heat– Air pollution and allergies– Flooding and drought

• Public health awareness, education, and mitigation and/or adaptation can reduce the health impacts of climate change

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Climate Change Training Modules

Other modules in this series include:

•Extreme Heat Events, Climate Change and Public Health•Air Quality, Climate Change and Public Health•Water Quality and Quantity, Climate Change and Public Health

These can all be found on the MN Climate and Health Program’s website:http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/climatechange/index.html

Upcoming topics include:•Agriculture•Mental Health

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by cooperative agreement 5UE1EH000738 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Thank You

Questions?

Contact Minnesota Climate and Health Program:

651-201-4898

[email protected]

http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/climatechange/

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October 23, 2012

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November 2011. Available online: http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/spi/divplot1map.html Western Regional Climate Center. (WRCC) 2011b. Minnesota Precipitation 1890 – 2010: 12 month period ending in December. Generated online November 2011. Available online: http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/spi/divplot1map.htmlWorld Health Organization (WHO). 2010. Climate change and health. Fact sheet N°266. Available online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs266/en/Zandlo, Jim 2008. Observing the climate. Minnesota State Climatology Office. Available online: http://climate.umn.edu/climateChange/climateChangeObservedNu.htm

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Image Credits• Slide 4: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 5: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 7: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 9: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 10: Midwest Regional Climate Center• Slide 11: Galatowitsch et al., 2009• Slide 12: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 15: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 17: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 18: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 19: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 20: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 21: Images from Metropolitan Design Center Image Bank. • Slide 23: Images from Metropolitan Design Center Image Bank. • Slide 26: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 27: Terry Brennan, http://www.epa.gov/mold/moldcourse/imagegallery5.html• Slide 29: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 30: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 31: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 32: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 35: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 37: NOAA National Climactic Data Center, 2012• Slide 38: Top image from Rachel Agurkis, Bottom image from Derek Montgomery for MPR• Slide 41: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 44: Images from Metropolitan Design Center Image Bank. • Slide 49: Images from Microsoft Clip Art• Slide 50: Images from Microsoft Clip Art

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climate change 101 climate change training module climate change and public health 101 mn climate...

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