clean roads to clean air program - city of toronto...2018/02/08 · clean roads to clean air...

Clean Roads to Clean Air Program

The City of Toronto’s Clean Roads to Clean Air Program was established as a

concept in 2003 and realized in 2007 and 2008 by replacing the full fleet with

environmentally and operationally efficient street sweepers. The CRCA Program

meets the City’s mandate to manage it’s operations in a sustainable and efficient

manner and to consider the impacts to the environment and human health. The

Program achieved this by establishing environmental and operational criteria and

testing protocols. Also, the procurement of sweepers is innovative in that it

includes the evaluation of environmental and operational performance using a third

party verification process.

Part 1: Health Evidenced, Environmental Requirements

Part 2: Human Health Concerns

Part 3: Why Operational Requirements

Part 4: Clean Roads to Clean Air Program

Part 5: PM10 & PM2.5 Street Sweeper Efficiency Test Protocol

Part 6: Operational On-Street Test Protocol

Part 7: ETV Certification Process

Transportation Services DivisionToronto Environment Office

Toronto’s RealityToronto’s Past

Prior to procuring the PM efficient street

sweepers this was typical experience in the

City of Toronto.

Large accumulation of street debris and

fugitive road dust and environmentally

inefficient street sweepers created poor air

quality conditions.

Health Evidenced, Environmental

Requirements


Part 1:

Environmental Health Requirements

A range of toxic metals that are of human health concern accumulate and can be found in road dust, such as cadmium, lead and arsenic.

A primary source of metal-enriched road dust is traffic.

Metals are released from non-exhaust, traffic-related sources as a result of the wear and tear of roadway surfaces and automotive parts and components such as brake linings, catalytic convertors and tires.

The road dust has been identified as a contributor of metal contamination to air, water and soil.


Purpose

• Obtain visual records and air contamination levels of various street sweepers technology under a number of real operational conditions and to evaluate street sweeping activity;

• LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) images in the next few slides showing PM concentrations:

• Pre sweeping car passing;

• Mechanical street sweeper sweeping; and

• Post sweeping car passing

• PM10 and PM2.5 levels in Toronto routinely exceedthe acceptable Provincial AAQC and CWS values

Sweepers Adding to Air Quality


Pre Sweeping Car Passing


Mechanical Sweeper Sweeping



Post Sweeping Car Passing

Where is Particulate MatterDuring Sweeping & Passing Vehicles


Where is Particulate MatterWhere is Particulate Matter Found


PM10 Distribution

• PM10 is lifted by moving/passing vehicles;

• Urban canyons & streets “trap” movement;

• PM10 is more concentrated along major

streets; and

• PM10 is less concentrated in residential

neighborhoods

• Assessing the effectiveness of street sweeping as a source

control measure for stormwater included in the Wet Weather Flow

Master Plan;

• Collaborated with Environment Canada and number of City

divisions the project evaluated the quantity of sediment and

dissolved metals in stormwater runoff;

• Pollution was tested at a site in Toronto, using three types of

sweepers employed by the City;

• Test results between swept and unswept scenarios were

assessed by comparing: (a) conventional sediment quality

parameters, total residue mass, and particle sizes for dry

sediment samples, and (b) toxicity, conventional water quality

parameters, and particle sizes in wet samples.

Stormwater Quality Study



Stormwater Quality Evaluation

Study Results

Regenerative-air street sweepers provide the greatest

environmental benefits by reducing the total mass of road

deposited sediment and dissolved metals in runoff;

The following measures must be considered for street

sweeping to be effective source control:

Sweep prior to rainfall and often as practical;

Areas with high level of pollution (such as arterial roads and industrial

areas) should receive more frequent sweeping;

Sweepers must be cleaned and maintained properly; and

Operators must be trained to achieve the best performance

See full report at

https://www.cawq.ca/journal/temp/article/410.pdf

Stormwater Quality Study


https://www.cawq.ca/journal/temp/article/410.pdf

Human Health Concerns


Part 2:


Both PM10 and PM2.5 are significant health concerns and a year round health hazard especially at “nose-level” on City’s arterial roads

1,200 premature deaths attributable to chronic exposure to PM2.5

180 premature deaths attributable to acute exposureto PM10

Fine particulates cause respiratory and cardiovascular problems


Where is Particulate MatterHuman Health Concerns


What is Particulate Matter

The major source of PM10 in Toronto is an invisible fraction of “Fine Road Dust”

“Fine Road Dust” comes from tire wear, asphalt wear, clutch and brake wear

Inhalable particulate matter (IP or PM10)

Respirable particulate matter (RP or PM2.5)

Where is Particulate Matter

10µm 2.5µm



Street Monitoring of Fine Road Dust

• In 2005 and 2006 a number of street monitoring studies

were undertaken.

• Real-time PM10 and PM2.5 measurements were

obtained in Toronto to determine the street level

concentrations to which motorists, cyclists and

pedestrians are exposed.

• Graphs show the PM10 motorist, cyclist and pedestrian

exposure levels, an acceptable level of 50ug/m3.

• Graphs show the PM2.5 motorist, cyclist and pedestrian

exposure levels, an acceptable level of 30ug/m3.




Figure 6m

Dec. 4 Test 1: PM 10 Motorist Exposure (Entire Circuit)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20

10:5

2:40

10:5

4:30

10:5

6:20

10:5

8:10

11:0

0:00

11:0

1:50

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3:40

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5:30

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7:20

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9:10

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8:20

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0:10

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2:00

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7:30

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1:10

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3:00

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4:50

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6:40

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0:20

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7:40

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9:30

11:5

1:20

11:5

3:10

11:5

5:00

11:5

6:50

Time

PM 1

0 (m

g/m

3 )

Spad

ina

Har

bord

Oss

ingt

on

Dun

das

Jarv

is

John

Que

en

Average [PM10] = 0.079 mg/m3

Wel

lingt

on



Figure 6n

Dec. 4 Test 1: PM 2.5 Motorist Exposure (Entire Circuit)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20

10:52:3

810:

54:28

10:56:18

10:58:0

8

10:59:58

11:01:4

8

11:03:38

11:05:2

811:0

7:18

11:09:0

811:

10:58

11:12:48

11:14:3

8

11:16:28

11:18:1

8

11:20:08

11:21:5

811:2

3:48

11:25:3

811:

27:28

11:29:18

11:31:0

8

11:32:58

11:34:4

8

11:36:38

11:38:2

811:

40:18

11:42:08

11:43:5

8

11:45:48

11:47:3

8

11:49:28

11:51:1

8

11:53:08

11:54:5

811:

56:48

Time

PM 2.5

(mg/m

3 )

Spadin

a

Harbor

d

Ossingt

on

Dundas Jarv

is John

Queen

Average [PM2.5] = 0.066 mg/m3

We

llington


Figure 7o

Dec. 4 Test 2: PM 10 Cyclist Exposure (Entire Circuit)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20

15:42:

5115:

44:52

15:46:

5315:

48:54

15:50:

55

15:52:

5615:

54:57

15:56:

5815:

58:59

16:01:

0016:

03:01

16:05:

0216:

07:03

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04

16:11:

0516:

13:06

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0716:

17:08

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0916:

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16:23:

1116:

25:12

16:27:

1316:

29:14

16:31:

15

16:33:

1616:

35:17

16:37:

1816:

39:19

16:41:

2016:

43:21

16:45:

2216:

47:23

16:49:

24

16:51:

2516:

53:26

Time

PM 2.5

(mg/m

3 )


Spadin

a

Harbor

d

Ossing

ton

Dunda

s

Jarvis

Wellin

gton Joh

n

Queen



Figure 7p

Dec. 4 Test 2: PM 2.5 Cyclist Exposure (Entire Circuit)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20

15:42:5

015:4

4:51

15:46:5

215:4

8:5315:

50:54

15:52:55

15:54:5

6

15:56:5

715:5

8:58

16:00:5

916:0

3:0016:

05:01

16:07:02

16:09:0

3

16:11:04

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5

16:15:0

616:1

7:07

16:19:0

816:2

1:0916:

23:10

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16:27:1

2

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4

16:33:1

516:3

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716:3

9:1816:

41:19

16:43:20

16:45:2

1

16:47:22

16:49:2

3

16:51:2

416:5

3:25

Time

PM 2.5

(mg/m

3 )

Spadin

a

Harbord

Ossingt

on

Dundas Jarv

is John

Queen


Welling

ton



Figure 9i

Nov. 26 Test 2: PM 10 Pedestrian Exposure (Entire Circuit)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20

16:0

1:13

16:0

2:33

16:0

3:53

16:0

5:13

16:0

6:33

16:0

7:53

16:0

9:13

16:1

0:33

16:1

1:53

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3:13

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4:33

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5:53

16:1

7:13

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8:33

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9:53

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1:13

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3:53

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1:13

16:4

2:33

16:4

3:53

16:4

5:13

16:4

6:33

16:4

7:53

Time

PM

10

(mg/

m3 )


Que

en

(N

orth

Sid

e)

Yor

k

(E

ast S

ide)

Yor

k

(W

est S

ide)

Que

en

(S

outh

Sid

e)




Figure 9j

Nov. 26 Test 2: PM 2.5 Pedestrian Exposure (Entire Circuit)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20

16:00:

57

16:02:

17

16:03:

37

16:04:

57

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17

16:07:

37

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57

16:10:

17

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16:40:

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16:42:

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37

16:44:

57

16:46:

17

16:47:

37

Time

PM 2.5

(mg/m

3 )


Queen

(North

Side) Yo

rk (E

ast Sid

e) York

(West

Side) Queen

(Sout

h Side

)



Street Monitoring of Fine Road Dust Results

The findings show that Toronto has an air quality problem related to Fine Road Dust (PM10 & PM2.5);

• Daytime Street Levels of PM exceed Ambient Air Quality Criteria all Day;

• Problem varies due to a number of factors:

▪ Sweeping Frequency ▪ Land Use

▪ Traffic Volumes ▪ Time of Day

▪ Type of Vehicular Traffic ▪ Weather;

• This confirms the need to assess the potential of “New Technology” Street Sweepers in reducing the concentration below Ambient Air Quality Criteria levels;

st



Metals in Urban Road Dust

Transportation Services participated in a Health Canada and

University of Toronto led study called Distribution and

Bioaccessibility of CMP Priority Metals in Road Dust.

The focus of this study

(1)assessing the bioaccessibility of metals in fine fractions of

road dust using biologically-relevant methods to more

accurately represent conditions in the human lung, and

(2)to isolate fine and ultrafine particulate size fractions from

road dust that are likely to be inhaled or respired by

exposed individuals and travel longer distances,

contributing to widespread urban pollution in both outdoor

and indoor environments.



• The re-suspension of fine road dust is a contributor of metal

contamination to local urban air and water sheds;

• Elevated amounts of toxic elements such as cadmium (Cd),

arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) are found in road dust;

• Automotive catalytic converters are emitting in traffic

exhaust: platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh),

osmium (Os), iridium (Ir) and ruthenium (Ru);

• More data on the concentration of metals in road dust needs

to be undertaken in order to understand exposure in urban

settings on how the public is being exposed when travelling

in the ROW and penetrating indoor environments.




Concentrations are higher in fine

dust box sweeps compared to

coarse hopper samples

Why Operational Requirements


Part 3:

Why Operational Requirements

Municipalities struggle to achieve the following with their street sweeping equipment:

• Cleaner Roads

• Safer Roads

• Year Round Performance

• Quantifiable and Objective Evaluation

• Continual Improvement

• Less Downtime

• Low Maintenance




Part 5:


Objective

• to deploy PM10 and PM2.5 efficient street sweepers that are capable of regular sweeping plus removing fine particular matter (PM10 and PM2.5) from the City’s paved roads year round; and

• to deliver the city street sweeping service in a manner that would significantly contribute to improving overall human health, air and storm water quality

The CRCA Program established a process to objectively measure and evaluate the operational and environmental performance of street sweepers.


Benefits

28 TONNES OF PM

EQUALS


Benefits of the PM efficient sweepers are:

• Reduction of airborne particulate matter at street level,

by at least 27%;

• Improvement in air quality will be beneficial to the

general health of City’s residents, workers and visitors;

• Reduce the number of cases of acute and chronic

exposure of fine particulates;

• Improve stormwater quality and reduce the cost of

treatment;

• Permits sweeping during smog days and will help to

reduce smog impacts;

• Capable of street sweeping year-around; and

• Improve the level of street sweeping service across the

City with more efficient PM street sweepers

Benefits


PM10 & PM2.5 Street Sweeper Efficiency Test Protocol


Part 5:

PM10 & PM2.5 Street Sweeper Efficiency Test

Two key methods used in the evaluation of the

street sweepers:

• how much material was picked up/left

behind by the street sweeper and

• how much material was entrained by the

street sweeper


PM Efficiency Criteria

Removal Efficiency %

Sidewalk Efficiency %

Air Contamination PM10

Maximum Concentration [mg/m3]/kg

Air Contamination PM10 Total Concentration [mg/m3]/kg

Air Contamination PM2.5

Maximum Concentration [mg/m3]/kg

Air Contamination PM2.5 Total Concentration [mg/m3]/kg



Operational On-Street Test Protocol


Part 6:

Operational On-Street Test

• Sweeping under wet road surface conditions;

• Maneuverability around parked cars;

• Leaf pick-up efficiency;

• Large debris pick-up efficiency;

• Heavy silt loading pick-up efficiency; and

• Operating sweeper without gutter brooms

Key operational requirements were evaluated:


ETV Certification Process


Part 7:


• Developed testing protocols and criteria to objectively evaluate the environmental and operational effectiveness of street sweepers now and in the future;

• Established the ETV Certificates under the Canadian Environmental Technology Verification (ETV), under licence from Environment and Climate Change Canada, that are based on the Toronto’s Testing Protocols and that verify the environmental and operational performance claims of street sweepers;

• A standard which Toronto recommends and will use for all our future sweeper purchases.



The International Organization for Standardization (ISO),

led by Environment and Climate Change Canada, is in

the final stages of creating a new standard to address

environmental performance.

ISO 14034 Environmental management --

Environmental technology verification (ETV)

will outline a process for verifying environmental

technologies. This means that by following the standard,

an independent party can effectively assess test results

so that the results can be considered reliable, here in

Canada, and abroad.




ETV relies on science, high-quality data, and recognized

protocols to offer an independent assessment and verification

of environmental performance claims. As a result, potential

buyers and other parties can make informed decisions about

purchasing and using environmental technologies

Here is a video clip that illustrates the value of the new ISO

using the City of Toronto developed protocols.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NayF7tv2xrA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NayF7tv2xrA

Thank You

Vesna Stevanovic-BriaticoTransportation Coordinator

Transportation Services Division

Phone: (416) 392-8345

E-mail: [email protected]


clean roads to clean air program - city of toronto...2018/02/08 · clean roads to clean air...

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