claudio acioly jr. united nations human settlements
TRANSCRIPT
Claudio Acioly Jr.United Nations Human Settlements Programme – [email protected]
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Citywide Slum Upgrading:the Challenges in Project Planning
and Programme Design
Citywide Slum Upgrading:Citywide Slum Upgrading:the Challenges in Project the Challenges in Project Planning Planning
and and ProgrammeProgramme DesignDesign
Claudio Acioly Jr. Claudio Acioly Jr. United Nations Human Settlements Programme United Nations Human Settlements Programme
CClaudiolaudio..aciolyacioly@@unhabitatunhabitat..orgorg
wwwwww..unhabitatunhabitat..orgorg
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1.
How do we do it?Understanding & managing the
process
Project versus Program
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OrganisationalOrganisational AspectsAspects & & InstitutionalInstitutional ManagementManagementTheThe DesignDesign ofof thethe Program Program
Who does what?When?How?For whom?For how much?Follow-up ?Who decides what and how?From where comes the $ ?Who pays & who finances?
WhoWho doesdoes whatwhat??WhenWhen??How?How?ForFor whomwhom??ForFor how how muchmuch??FollowFollow--up ?up ?WhoWho decides decides whatwhat andand how?how?FromFrom wherewhere comes comes thethe $ ?$ ?WhoWho payspays & & whowho financesfinances??
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PRIMED-Programa Integral de Mejoramiento de Barrios Subnormales en Medellin
PRIMED-Programa Integral de Mejoramiento de Barrios Subnormales en Medellin
OrganisationalOrganisational SchemeScheme
Coordination Committee
PRIMED director
Administrative & Monitoring Group
Assistance Group
Consultants Group
Information Information Planning & Planning & ControlControl
Zone Operational Coordinators Zone Operational Committees Official entitites working in the Zone Community-based OrganisationsNon Governmental OrganisationsOthers (private sector, contractors..)
Main FunctionsMain Functions
Inter-institutional coordination
Control & Administration Zonal Program
coordination
Liaison & cooperation at barrio level Neibhourhood
prjects
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PRIMEDOrganisational Support & Institutional Setting
PRIMEDPRIMEDOrganisational Organisational Support & Institutional SettingSupport & Institutional Setting
Municipality of MedellinMunicipality of Municipality of MedellinMedellin
Municipal Departments & Secretariats
housing
DecentralisedDecentralised EntitiesEntities
Public Works
Com. Dev
EDUC
HealthPlanning
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PRIMEDOrganisational Support & Institutional Setting
PRIMEDPRIMEDOrganisational Organisational Support & Institutional SettingSupport & Institutional Setting
Municipality of MedellinMunicipality of Municipality of MedellinMedellin
Municipal Departments &
Municipal Secretariats
DecentralisedDecentralised EntitiesEntities
EE.VV. INVALE.P.M. CorvideCorvide
MANAGEMENT AuditingPRIMED
Administrative Sub
management
Technical Sub
management
Social Sub
management
JuridicalSub
management
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PRIMEDOrganisational Support & Institutional Setting
PRIMEDPRIMEDOrganisational Organisational Support & Institutional SettingSupport & Institutional Setting
Municipality of MedellinMunicipality of Municipality of MedellinMedellin
DecentralisedDecentralised EntitiesEntities
EE.VV. INVALE.P.M.
Public Enterprises of Medellin
Corvide
Municipal Cooporationfor Housing and Social
Development
Corvide
Municipal Cooporationfor Housing and Social
Development
PRIMEDAdministrative
UnitLegalisation & Promotion Unit
CeWe field office CeEa field office NoWe field office
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PRIMEDOrganisational & Management Structure
PRIMEDPRIMEDOrganisationalOrganisational & Management Structure& Management Structure
Coordinating CommitteeMunicipality, Cordive, NHA, Federation NGO’s, UNDP,
Community Representatives, Metropolitan agency
Implementing Agency - CORDIVE
PRIMED Project Manager
Administrative & Monitoring-Inspection Group
Administrative Unit
Legalisation and Promotion Unit
Local Consultants
Per component at need
T. Assistance Nationals and
Expatriated
CEWE field office CEEA field office NOWE field office
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PRIMED - MedellinPrograma Integral de Mejoramiento de Barrios Subnormales
OrganisationalOrganisational FrameworkFramework
Territoria
l Division
Territoria
l Division ––
Territoria
l Division are to
Territoria
l Division are to
be established in
3
be established in
3
operational
operational d
ivsions
divsions..FieldField Office Office --ZoneZone CentroCentro--
OrienteOriente
FieldField OficeOfice –– ZoneZonede Centrode Centro--OccidenteOccidente
FieldField Office Office –– ZoneZoneZonal NoroesteZonal Noroeste--
Occidente Occidente
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Medellin, Colombia
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Planning
EDUEDU
Municipal Urban Municipal Urban Development Development
CompanyCompany
Financing Execution
MultistakeholdersMultistakeholders
Various Various municipal actorsmunicipal actors
Municipal Municipal CompaniesCompanies
CommunityCommunity
Private Sector Private Sector EnterpriseEnterprise
Municipal Municipal agenciesagencies
Community contribution
Subsidies
Contribution by Private Sector
International donors
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Municipal Housing Policy
Regularisation& Integration
Legalisationof urban land tenure
Resettlement Housing Credit
Housing Estates Improvement
Social Policy Urban Policy
Comprehensive & Integrated Approach
Comprehensive & Integrated Approach
Informal Settlements-FAVELAS
Unauthorisedland subdivision Risk Areas
Public Housing Estates
Other target groups
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Rio de Janeiro’s Upgrading Program - Favela Bairro
MAYORMAYOR
Housing
Project Management
implementation
Municipal Secretariats
horizontal coordination
Planning P.Works EducationHealth
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Rio de Janeiro’s Upgrading Program - Favela Bairro
MunicipalityMunicipality Develops PolicyAllocate Budgets
SMH
Project Management
Community
Architecture Offices
Building Contractors
INITIATORINITIATOR
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Rio de Janeiro’s Upgrading Program - Favela Bairro
MAYORMAYOR
Secretary of Housing
Program Manager
Project Manager
Community
Architecture Offices
Building Contractors
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DESIRABLE CHANGES
RESULTSFacilit
ating
Facilit
ating Leg
al,
Legal,
Insti
tutional
Insti
tutional
& & Org
anisa
tion
Organ
isatio
n framew
orks
framew
orks!!
REQUIREMENTS
REQUIREMENTS
PRECONDITIONS
PRECONDITIONS
HOUSING POLICY
RESOURCES
LOCAL CAPACITY
MANAGEMENT & CONTROL SYSTEMS
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
POLITICAL WILL
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
DECISION PROCESS
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Weaknesses at Program LevelWeaknessesWeaknesses at at ProgramProgram LevelLevel3.Lack ofinstitutionalisation ofprocesses & procedures– institutionalinformality
3.3.LackLack ofofinstitutionalisationinstitutionalisation ofofprocessesprocesses & & proceduresprocedures–– institutionalinstitutionalinformalityinformality
1.WeakOrganisationalbasis
1.1.WeakWeakOrganisationalOrganisationalbasis basis
2.Lack of a visionon urbanmanagement
2.2.LackLack ofof a a visionvisiononon urbanurbanmanagementmanagement
4.Full integration israrely accomplishedpartly because ofcomplexity of the legal proceedings & procedures related toregularising land tenurerights
4.4.Full Full integrationintegration isisrarelyrarely accomplishedaccomplishedpartlypartly becausebecause ofofcomplexitycomplexity ofof thethe legal legal proceedingsproceedings & & proceduresprocedures relatedrelated totoregularisingregularising landland tenuretenurerightsrights
5.Lack of vision & experience withinstitutionalmanagement
5.5.LackLack ofof visionvision & & experienceexperience withwithinstitutionalinstitutionalmanagementmanagement
6.Weak participatoryprocesses –technocratictradition
6.6.WeakWeak participatoryparticipatoryprocessesprocesses ––technocratictechnocratictraditiontradition
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Brief Conclusions:
The Institutional and Management
Dimensions
The Institutional and Management
Dimensions
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2.
The Project
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TheThe Project Planning & Project Management Project Planning & Project Management AspectsAspectsTheThe DesignDesign ofof thethe Project(s)Project(s)
•Who coordinates project actions?•Who coordinates execution actions?•Which priority?•Who defines the key problem and how?•How to prepare the plan?•Who participates in the formulation and how?•Which type of information does exist?•Which urban design criteria should we use?•Which norm should be applied?•Which standard of infrastructure should be applied?
••WhoWho coordinatescoordinates projectproject actionsactions??••WhoWho coordinatescoordinates executionexecution actionsactions??••WhichWhich prioritypriority??••WhoWho defines defines thethe keykey problemproblem andand how?how?••How How toto prepare prepare thethe plan?plan?••WhoWho participatesparticipates in in thethe formulationformulation andand how?how?••WhichWhich typetype ofof informationinformation doesdoes existexist??••WhichWhich urbanurban designdesign criteriacriteria shouldshould wewe use?use?••WhichWhich normnorm shouldshould be be appliedapplied??••WhichWhich standardstandard ofof infrastructureinfrastructure shouldshould be be appliedapplied??
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Different Different Forms Forms of of Deprivation Deprivation & & ExclusionExclusion
Lack of Basic Infrastructure
Lack ofroads & accesses
Lack ofPublicServices
Risk areas: unstableground
illegaloccupation: insecurity oftenure
Poverty: Absenceof Income
Lack ofpublicspace
Environmentalprotection areas: unfeasibleoccupation
HousingPoverty: inadequateliving condit.
Lack ofpublicsafety: Violence
UrbanisationProject
RegularisationProject and Urbanistic
Formalisation
Project of Legalisation
and Land Titling
Relocation Project
Project of Local
economic developmt.
INTEGRATION EFFORTS
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PRIORITIES OF PROGRAMS AND PROJECTSPRIORITIES OF PROGRAMS AND PROJECTSPRIORITIES OF PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS
SETTLEMENT UPGRADINGPROGRAMS PROJECTS
Health conditions
Inadequate Infrastructure & services
Poverty Informal land tenure
Housing Poverty
FOCUSFOCUSLEADS TO DIFFERENT KINDS OF IMPROVEMENT
WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACTIONS !LEADS TO DIFFERENT KINDS OF IMPROVEMENT
WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACTIONS !
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SETTLEMENT UPGRADINGPROGRAMS PROJECTS
Health Project
Reduce epidemics
Widen public health
Labor reproduction
Infrastructure Project
Basic sanitation
BM Credit
Credit to small businesses
Support to micro enterprises
Self-help & employment
Social Project
School construction
Playgrounds and creches
Vocational programs
Employment generation
Legal Project
Tenure regulation
Norms & control building activities
Property titling
Housing Project
Improvement of housing stock
Credit to BM
Technical Assistance
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SETTLEMENT UPGRADINGPROGRAMS PROJECTS
Health Project
Infrastructure Project
Social Project
Legal Project
Housing Project
PROJECT CONCEPTION
Whose problems?
Whose objectives?OBJECTIVES
How to define the problems and objectives to be tackled?
How to define the problems and objectives to be tackled?
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PROJECT CONCEPTION
OBJECTIVESDecision Making Process
Priority Setting
Communication Communication
SCALE Population, Services, Plots and Sites
STANDARDS Housing Services Infrastructure
Access to PROPERTY rights and tenure arrangements
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SCALE
Planning Process Planning Process
OBJECTIVESDECISIONS PRIORITIES
STANDARDS
PROPERTY
IMPLEMENTATION
Management
•Conflicts
•Coordination
•Monitoring
•Supervision
•Negotiation
•Decisions
•Beneficiaries,•Community Represent.• Government Agencies
• Political actors •Contractors •Consultants
•NGO’s
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SettlementSettlement MALVINASMALVINASMontevideo, URUGUAY
Fuente: Adriana Bidegain, INTEC, 2002
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ExistingExisting SituationSituationFuente: Adriana Bidegain, INTEC, 2002
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ViewsViews ofof RingRing RoadsRoadsFuente: Adriana Bidegain, INTEC, 2002
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InternalInternal AccessesAccesses andand PathwaysPathwaysFuente: Adriana Bidegain, INTEC, 2002
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NeighbourhoodNeighbourhood ImprovementImprovement ProposalProposalFuente: Adriana Bidegain, INTEC, 2002
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SanitationSanitation andand SewerageSewerage NetworkNetworkFuente: Adriana Bidegain, INTEC, 2002
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The Tension Between Public and Private DomainThe Tension Between Public and Private Domain
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Collective DomainCollective Domain(condominium principle)(condominium principle)
Fallacy of the Jurist
Fallacy of the Planner
Public DomainPublic Domain
Infrastructure Networks
Private DomainPrivate Domain
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Public DomainPublic Domain
Private DomainPrivate Domain
Infrastructure Networks
Urbanization and Urbanization and RegularisationRegularisation of Informal of Informal Settlements Settlements
Phase IPhase I
Phase IIPhase II
UrbanisticUrbanistic & Building & Building RegularisationRegularisation1.1. Law Enforcement Law Enforcement
2.2. Adjusting to current laws, norms and usesAdjusting to current laws, norms and uses
3.3. Limits of Individual Actions Limits of Individual Actions
4.4. Regularization of the constructionRegularization of the construction
5.5. Control Mechanisms on UrbanismControl Mechanisms on Urbanism
Rights, guarantees and obligations to Rights, guarantees and obligations to individuals/families through the title and/or a legal individuals/families through the title and/or a legal document that recognizes land possession and/or document that recognizes land possession and/or
propertyproperty
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PROCESS OF REGULARISATIONPROCESS OF REGULARISATION1. PAL: “Alignment Plan”2. Define limits of private & public domain3. Expropriation and/or delimitation of AEIS4. On-site plotting of individual parcels5. Verifying property/titling/rights/documents6. Issuing land property title7. Final registration Public Notary Office
Favela Morro do Boreu
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Weaknesses at Project LevelWeaknessesWeaknesses at at ProjectProject LevelLevel1.Inadequatecartographic basis
2.The demand for“finished”projects is notcompatible withthe reality –process-based & adaptative vision
3.Lack of planning and participatoryproject designinstruments & skills
6.There is no commitment tothe “post-implementation”, to strengthen‘non-state publicmanagement’ andthe local economy
5.Technical cadrenot well-trainedfor the social andorganisationalcomplexity of thepopulation(learning by doing)
7.Lack of toolsfor projectcommunicationand interfacewith civil society`
4.Norms to approveprojects are incompatible withthephysical/spatialreality ofsettlements
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Brief Conclusions 5:
The technical & planning
dimension
The technical & planning
dimension
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3.
Problems & Obstacles
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Different Logic Requires Different Tools
INFORMAL URBANIZATION
FORMALURBANIZATION
1. PLANNING
2. IMPLEMENTATION OF SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
3. CONSTRUCTION
4. OCCUPATION
1. OCCUPATION
2. CONSTRUCTION / consolidation
3. IMPLEMENTATION OF SERVICES AND BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE
4. PLANNING
Different Processes of Project Planning & Project ManagementMethods & Techniques Appropriate to Existing Situations
Innovative Interventions
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IsIs ourour thinkingthinking influencedinfluenced by by thethe rationalismrationalismandand technocratictechnocratic planning planning thatthat makesmakes itit
difficultdifficult toto pursuepursue thethe necessarynecessary changeschanges??????
GOALSGOALS
Policies
Programs
Actions
.. .
. .. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
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Some Basic Conclusions on Upgrading:Some Basic Conclusions on Upgrading:
1. Must involve stakeholders from ground zero;
2. The plan is a process and therefore dynamic;
3. Investments in infrastructure requires a settlement plan defining private & public domain
4. The occupation of land prior to the existence of a plan requiresa process of co-management but this conflicts with the technocratic tradition;
5. Fixed rules of planning & management put residents aside and take away their level of commitment to the post-upgrading
6. Reversing the conventional order – first legalisation then urban regularisation – may eliminate the risk of eviction but it can also make it difficult for infrastructure provision
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4.Regularization, Legalization orUrbanization. What do we do first and for which objective?
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REGULARISATIONREGULARISATIONInterventions geared to recognition, legitimisationand legalisation of land tenure and land occupation
(1) To whom does the land belong ?
(2) Is there a conflict or land dispute on property rights, occupation ?
(3) Who are the parts in conflict ?
(4) Is there any norm regulating the use and occupation of land ?
(5) What kind of information about the settlement does exist ?
(6) Is there any impact of any nature e.g. environment, traffic, restriction in use;
(7) There are many questions to ask !!!!!!
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RioRio de Janeiro as de Janeiro as anan exampleexample::
1.1. FromFrom 262 262 landland subdivisionssubdivisions registerredregisterred by by thethe““RegularisationRegularisation UnitUnit”” ofof thethe municipalitymunicipality, , onlyonly 86 86 hadhad beenbeen regularisedregularised by 2002. by 2002.
2.2. ActuallyActually therethere are more are more thanthan 500 favelas 500 favelas andand 850 850 ““irregular irregular settlementssettlements”” andand ““clandestineclandestine landlandsubdivisionssubdivisions”” in in thethe citycity ofof RioRio de Janeiro.de Janeiro.
3.3. TheThe majoritymajority ofof thethe settlementssettlements –– favelas favelas –– subjectsubject totointerventionintervention ofof thethe Programa Programa FavelaFavela BairroBairro diddid notnotconcludeconclude thethe processprocess ofof regularisationregularisation ..
(Source: IPP / 2001; Rosane Araujo, SMU, 2002)
WHY?WHY?
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Regularisation:
5.Do we have the correct understanding of the institutional and legal
procedures?
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ProceduresProcedures toto regulariseregularise landland tenuretenure in in RioRio de Janeirode Janeiro
PreliminaryPreliminaryActivitiesActivities
IntermediaryIntermediaryActivitiesActivities
Final Final ActivitiesActivities
Pre-requisites
97 4•Infraestructure•Investigation•Risk TIMETIME
COSTCOST
Source: Rosana Araujo, SMU, 2002.
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PRELIMINARY ACTIVITIESPRELIMINARY ACTIVITIES
1.1. ElaborationElaboration ofof a LAND MAP (a LAND MAP (““mapa mapa fundifundiááriorio””))
2.2. TopographicTopographic CheckCheck--upup
3.3. AreaArea –– Boundary Boundary DelimitationDelimitation
4.4. CommunityCommunity ParticipationParticipation
5.5. ElaborationElaboration & & approvalapproval ofof lawlaw definingdefining boundariesboundariesandand parametersparameters ofof a AEIS a AEIS
6.6. UrbanisationUrbanisation / / publicpublic worksworks
7.7. JuridicalJuridical studystudy onon thethe possibilitiespossibilities toto issueissue landland titletitle..
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1. Preparation & approval of PAL-Alignment Plan defining limits & dimensions of plots and areas reserved fro public functions
2. Elaborate and approve the PA-Project of Alignment (PA) if needed;
3. Resolve land property question – act on juridical institutions (Procuradorias, Defensoria Pública e Vara Cível) – in order to simplify and speed up the procedures to regularise land tenure.
4. Elaborate and approve legal instrument or law or decree that recognizes and determines names of the existing roads
5. Give number and registry to the PAL at a public notarial office (General Inmovable Property Registry) prior to infrastructure/public works.
6. Registration of the PAL in the municipal cadastre.
7. Public acceptance of the public works executed on the site;
8. Agreement with public notarial offices to simplify procedures and reduceregistration costs and certification of the properties.
9. Formulate & approve a legal instrument – law or decree – establishing norms for the use and occupation of land – as AEIS – taking into account the built-up stock.
IntermediaryIntermediary ActivitiesActivities
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FINAL FINAL ActivitiesActivities
1.1. Titling and registration Titling and registration of of the plots the plots -- TitulaTitulaçção ão and and AverbaAverbaçção ão –– in in thetheGeneral General InmovableInmovable PropertyProperty RegistryRegistry –– RGIRGI
2.2. InspectionInspection andand issuingissuing of of thethe occupancy authorisationoccupancy authorisation -- ““habitehabite--sese”” –– andandsubsequentsubsequent registrationregistration in in thethe RGI;RGI;
3.3. Establishment Establishment of local of local teams that can clarify teams that can clarify to to residents about the juridical residents about the juridical questions questions ( ( procesoproceso de de ‘‘usucapiãousucapião’’) ) andand urbanurban design design questionsquestions ((extensionsextensionsof of constructionsconstructions, , changechange of use, of use, creationcreation of of newnew unitsunits))
4.4. OrientationOrientation to to residentsresidents onon howhow to to registerregister theirtheir unitunit intointo thethe RGI.RGI.
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Spontaneous Occupations
Organised or Densification
Land Subdivisions
Guided and/or by Sell & Buy
Totally Distinct Solutions, Approaches and Totally Distinct Solutions, Approaches and Intervention Mechanisms Intervention Mechanisms
XX
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Public DomainPublic Domain
Private DomainPrivate Domain
Infrastructure Networks
Urbanization and Urbanization and RegularisationRegularisation of Informal of Informal Settlements Settlements
Phase IPhase I
Phase IIPhase II
UrbanisticUrbanistic & Building & Building RegularisationRegularisation1.1. Law Enforcement Law Enforcement
2.2. Adjusting to current laws, norms and usesAdjusting to current laws, norms and uses
3.3. Limits of Individual Actions Limits of Individual Actions
4.4. Regularization of the constructionRegularization of the construction
5.5. Control Mechanisms on UrbanismControl Mechanisms on Urbanism
Rights, guarantees and obligations to Rights, guarantees and obligations to individuals/families through the title and/or a legal individuals/families through the title and/or a legal document that recognizes land possession and/or document that recognizes land possession and/or
propertyproperty
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6.
Some conclusions. . .
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Some Basic Conclusions on Upgrading:Some Basic Conclusions on Upgrading:
1. Must involve stakeholders from ground zero;
2. The plan is a process and therefore dynamic;
3. Investments in infrastructure requires a settlement plan defining private & public domain
4. The occupation of land prior to the existence of a plan requiresa process of co-management but this conflicts with the technocratic tradition;
5. Fixed rules of planning & management put residents aside and take away their level of commitment to the post-upgrading
6. Reversing the conventional order – first legalisation then urban regularisation – may eliminate the risk of eviction but it can also make it difficult for infrastructure provision
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Basic Conclusions on Basic Conclusions on RegularisationRegularisation
1. Governments cannot do it by itself;
2. The NGO’s have a fundamental role to play as technical advisors;
3. There is a need to simplify;
4. We must break with the traditions in various levels;
5. We must empower intermediary levels of governments and local actors
6. We just strengthen the capacity of the various actors and stakeholders on the regularisation processes and new procedures
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77..Citywide Citywide ProgrammeProgrammerequires institutional requires institutional development and development and management capacities.management capacities.
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Remedial Policies1. Planning TO ENABLE development2. Strategies to improve existing situation3. Approaches to improve quality of life
Preventive Policies1. Planning BEFORE development2. Enabling housing strategies3. Approaches to access housing inputs 4. Resolving the land question5. Linking housing and income
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NOT NOT Planning Planning for for DevelopmentDevelopment
FormalisationFormalisationof of Development
BUTDevelopment
BUT
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Bulk of Experiences with Slum Upgrading Bulk of Experiences with Slum Upgrading Projects and Citywide Projects and Citywide ProgrammesProgrammes
1. Lusaka Upgrading and Sites & Services Programme2. KIP-Kampung Improvement Programme3. PRIMED-Integrated Programme for the Improvement of Deteriorated
Neighbourhoods in Medellin4. Favela Bairro Programme in Rio de Janeiro5. Social Inclusion Programme of Santo Andre6. Slum Improvement Programme of Ahmedabad7. Slum Networking in Mumbai8. APUSP-Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor Project9. PMBB-Neighbourhood Improvement Programme of Bissau10. Colombo Slum Upgrading Programme
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Citywide Citywide ProgrammesProgrammes demand demand critical measures:critical measures:
1.1. Establish institutional and Establish institutional and organisationalorganisational frameworkframework
2.2. Define legal frameworkDefine legal framework
3.3. Management and Implementation CapacitiesManagement and Implementation Capacities
4.4. Define flow of funds and sources of fundingDefine flow of funds and sources of funding
5.5. Determine who is involved and howDetermine who is involved and how
6.6. Establish contractual proceduresEstablish contractual procedures
7.7. Clarify how residents/beneficiaries can participateClarify how residents/beneficiaries can participate
8.8. OrganiseOrganise communication strategycommunication strategy
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Legal,
Legal,
Insti
tutional
Insti
tutional
& & Org
anisa
tion
Organ
isatio
n framew
orks
framew
orks!!
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
DONOR FUNDING AGENCY
NGO’s
UTILITY COMPANIES
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
RESIDENTS CBO’s
CONTRACTORS
Lessons learned from 4 decades of Upgrading:
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88..The The financialfinancial and and economiceconomic dimensiondimension of of SU programmesSU programmes
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Costs of Infrastructure for Land Tracts Possible to be Urbanized
Water 10.64%
Sewerage 19.86%
Drainage 9.99%
Electricity & Publ Lighting 12.44%
Source: Analise de Habitacao Informal e Avaliacao de Programas de Urbanizacao de Favelas, MV Serra & D. Motta, World Bank, 2005.
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Average Costs of Infrastructure for Normal and Complex Favelas
Normal Complex
Water 5.73% 7.53%
Sewerage 23.07% 18.00%
Drainage 26.69% 30.00%
Pavement 18.67% 18.72%
Landslide Protection 8.87% 25.62%
Relocation & Reconstruction 16.98% (6-10% of families)
Source: Analise de Habitacao Informal e Avaliacao de Programas de Urbanizacao de Favelas, MV Serra & D. Motta, World Bank, 2005.
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Average Costs: Slum UpgradingALL Infrastructure
Public Works 84.84% 7.53%Infrastructure 55.71 100.00%Pavement 14.635 4.62%Water 2.93% 4.62%Sewerage 13.02% 23.64%Drainage 17.06% 32.61%Creek Canalization 1.65% 0.927%Risk Area Control 5.65% 8.30%Relocation & Reconstruction (6-10% of families)Landscape Improvement 075% 1.04%Superstructure 13.59%Preliminary services 15.54%Engineering & Architecture Design 3.62%Project Management 11.54
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COSTS TO UPGRADE FAVELAS
Funds Necessary to Upgrade Favelas
Population of the Favelas
Number of Families in Favela
Costs per Family Total Investment
Belém 359.785 85.663 7.085,23 606.942.732,27Belo Horizonte 723.323 172.220 1.145,87 197.341.458,57Goiânia 158.962 37.848 10.997,79 416.245.403,33Porto Alegre 287.161 68.372 4.997,78 341.706.548,23Recife 781.426 186.054 5.957,23 1.108.365.335,71Rio de Janeiro 1.092.783 260.186 7.147,65 1.859.721.526,18Salvador 875.033 208.341 6.148,00 1.280.881.639,05Santo André 120.500 28.690 8.713,29 249.988.439,29Teresina 133.857 31.871 1.925,25 61.359.092,68Vitória 86.462 20.586 5.454,16 112.280.376,65Totales 4.619.292 1.099.831 - 6.234.832.551,96
Fuente: A. Larangeira, IHS, 2005.
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COSTS TO UPGRADE FAVELAS
Existing Financial Resources
total investmentResources Mobilised %
Belém 606.942.732,27 21.170.000,000 3,49Belo Horizonte 197.341.458,57 58.087.000,000 29,43Goiânia 416.245.403,33 30.179.000,000 7,25Porto Alegre 341.706.548,23 18.940.000,000 5,54Recife 1.108.365.335,71 8.200.000,000 0,74Rio de Janeiro 1.859.721.526,18 926.000.000,000 49,79Salvador 1.280.881.639,05 61.480.000,000 4,80Santo André 249.988.439,29 22.949.000,000 9,18Teresina 61.359.092,68 40.828.000,000 66,54Vitória 112.280.376,65 78.600.000,000 70,00Total 6.234.832.551,96 1.266.433.000,000 20,31
Fuente: A. Larangeira, IHS, 2005.
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Source of Funding: Upgrading costsFinancial Resources:
R$ %Municipalidades 492.656.000,00 38,90Gobierno Federal 148.854.000,00 11,75Emprestimos Internacionales 593.100.000,00 46,83Donaciones 15.341.000,00 1,21Otros 16.482.000,00 1,30Total 1.266.433.000,00 100,00
Financial Resources Excluding Favela-Bairro Programme (Rio):Municipalidades 136.656.000,00 41,29Gobierno Federal 148.854.000,00 44,98Emprestimos Internacionales 13620000,000 4,12Donaciones 15.341.000,00 4,64Otros 16.482.000,00 4,98total 330.953.000,00 100,00
Fuente: A. Larangeira, IHS, 2005.
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UPGRADING COSTS
20,31% 79,69%
0 6 1812 24 years
Available Resources Resources Needed to be Mobilised
30
PERIOD OF FINANCING
Fuente: A. Larangeira, IHS, 2005.