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QAB 2023 Clastic Sedimentology & Petrography

AP Dr Abdul Hadi Abd Rahman

Room 16-03-29

Ext: 7039; e-mail: hadi_rahman@petronas.com.my

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Three Major Types of Siliclastic

Sedimentary Rocks

Conglomerates

Sandstones

Mudrocks

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Conglomerates &Breccias

SandstonesMudstones

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Conglomerates

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Generally repesents only a short transport distance

Cgl 1

Cgl 1

Cgl 2

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Breccias Angular clasts

Mud-supported

Cement-supported

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Breccias

Mega-Breccia, Death Valley, CA

Clast-supported, point-to-point contact

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Generally repesents only a short transport distance

Cgl 1

Cgl 1

Cgl 2

I f i l C l

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Intraformational Conglomerate

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Fluvial Channel

Floodplain Mudstones

Channel-lag conglomerate

Channel sand

Distribution of sediments across the floodplains

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Imbricate Clasts

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Cl ifi ti f C l t A l

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Classification of Conglomerates An example

S d t

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Conglomerates &Breccias Sandstones Mudstones

Sandstones

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Sandstones consist of Grains, Matrix,Cement, and Porosity

h P

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Three Primarysorts of Grains

Quartz

Feldspars

Lithic Fragments

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Texturally and

compositionallyimmature. Mainlyunstablegrains, poorsorting, angular

grains.

Texturally and

compositionallymature. Mainly quartzgrains, well sorted,rounded grains

Sandstone Maturity

ld h

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Goldich Reaction Series

Sandstone mineralogy related to time climate

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Sandstone mineralogy related to time, climateand transport distance

Lithics,

Feldspars

QuartzFeldspars

Quartz Quartz

Feldspars

Quartz

Feldspars

Quartz

Quartz

IMMATURE

SUBMATURE

SUBMATURE

MATURESUPERMATURE

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Fluvial Channel

Floodplain Mudstones

Channel-lag conglomerate

Channel sand

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Sandstone Classification Systems ThePettijohn (1975) System

Q A i Lithi A it

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Quartz Arenite Lithic Arenite

Mature/Distant/Old Immature/Proximal/

Young

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Arkose

Submature/Proximal-Distal/Moderately old

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Sandstone Classification Systems ThePettijohn (1975) System

Graywackes

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Graywackes

R

Q

F

5

50

Quartz wacke

Graywackes

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Graywackes

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Sandstone Classification Systems ThePettijohn (1975) System

Mudstones/Shales

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Mudstones/Shales

Consists of silt and clay-size mineralsQuartz

Phyllosilicates(a) Kaolinite

1:1 mineral(b) Smectite

2:1 mineral(c) Illite2:1 mineral

Very fine particle size and cohesiveness of sediments resultsin a sheet-like appearance.

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Diagrammatic Representation of Illite

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Diagrammatic Representation of Illite

4Si

6O

Various Cations,

Commonly K+

6O

3Si+1Al

4O, 2(OH)

6Al

4O, 2(OH)

4Si

6O

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Fluvial Channel

Floodplain Mudstones

Channel-lag conglomerate

Channel sand

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Distribution of Siliciclastics

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Distribution of Siliciclastics

Arenites

Conglomerates& Arenites

SUBMATUREArenites& Graywackes

Graywacke& Mudston

Provenance

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Provenance

Burial

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BurialLithification1. Cementation

2. Compaction3. Loss of Perm-

iability

4. Loss of Poros-ity5. Mineralogical

Alteration

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P l ti / t ti

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Pressure solution/cementation

Siliceous cements

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Siliceous cements

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