classification. prokaryotes prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, and...
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CLASSIFICATION
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PROKARYOTES
Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, and
undergo binary fission. An example is a bacterium.
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EUKARYOTES
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, their organelles may or may not have a membrane, and they reproduce asexually or sexually. Examples
include protozoans, molds, plants, and animals.
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WHITTAKER’S CLASSIFICATION
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TAXONOMY System for organizing,
classifying, naming living things
Kingdom - 5 Phylum or Division Class Order Family Genus Species
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NAMING MICOORGANISMS
Binomial (scientific) nomenclature Gives each microbe 2 names
Genus - noun, always capitalized species - adjective, lowercase
Both italicized or underlined Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) Escherichia coli (E. coli)
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METHODS IN BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION
1. Microscopic morphology2. Biochemical characteristics3. Gram stain + or -4. pH requirement– most live within pH 5-8
a. Acidphiles – pH below 5.5b. Neutrophiles – pH 5-8c. Alkalophiles – pH above 8.5
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METHODS IN BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION5. Temperature requirement
a. Psychrophiles – 0-15o
Cb. Psychrotrophs- 20-30o C,
but grow well at lower temperatures
c. Mesophiles - 25-45o C, pathogens and soil bacteria
d. Thermophiles - 45-70o C, hot springs and compost
e. Hyperthermophiles – 70o C and above.
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METHODS IN BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION6. Oxygen requirement
a. Obligate Aerobes – must have oxygen to produce energy.b. Obligate Anaerobes – cannot multiple if any oxygen is present, they are often killed if oxygen is present.c. Facultative anaerobes - grow with or without oxygen. Use both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.d. Microaerophiles – require small amount of oxygen for aerobic respiration.e. Aerotolerant anaerobes – can grow in oxygen’s presence, but they do not use it to transform energy.
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OXYGEN REQUIREMENT
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METHODS IN BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION7. Sources of Essential Nutrients
a. Photoautotroph – are photosynthetic. They are eventually consumed by other organisms including humans.b. Chemoautotroph – have unusual nutritional adaptations that requires neither sunlight or organic nutrients. Usually live harsh environments like sulfur hot springs. This group use inorganic compounds for energy and derive their carbon from carbon dioxide. c. Photoheterotrophs – use the energy of sunlight and derive their carbon from organic compounds.d. Chemoheterotrophs – derive both carbon and energy from organic compounds. This group is the most common group associated with humans and other animals.
1. Saprobe – free living organisms that feed primarily on organic debris from dead organisms.
2. Parasite - live in or on the body of a host, which they usually harm to some degree.
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FUNGI
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FUNGI The study of fungi is known as MYCOLOGY Describes a taxonomic classification of
organisms. One of 5 Kingdoms of life. No longer includes slime molds and water
molds All fungi are heterotrophic Fungi require organic compounds for
energy and as a carbon source Most are aerobic or facultative anaerobe Large number of fungi cause disease in
plants Only a few cause disease in humans
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Classification of fungi Can be both micro and macroscopic Cell wall consists of chitin No flagellated cells Four groups of true fungi
Zygomycetes Basidiomycetes Ascomycetes Deuteromycetes
fungi imperfecta Classification in groups based on sexual reproduction
Except in Deuteromycetes where sexual reproduction is not seen
FUNGI
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Classification of fungi Zygomycetes
Include common bread mold Rhizopus Ascomycetes Includes Microsporum and Penicillium
Basidiomycetes Include common mushroom and puffballs
Deuteromycetes Includes yeasts and molds, some saprobes, and some
plant and animal parasites
FUNGI
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FUNGI ZYGOMYCETES
The ZygomycetesZygomycetes are saprophytic molds: are saprophytic molds: Rhizopus and and Mucor
They have nonseptated (coenocytic) hyphaeThey have nonseptated (coenocytic) hyphae They reproduce asexually using They reproduce asexually using
sporangiosporessporangiospores They reproduce sexually using zygospores They reproduce sexually using zygospores They can be an opportunistic pathogen They can be an opportunistic pathogen
producing systemic mycosisproducing systemic mycosis
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FUNGI ZYGOMYCETES
Note that the septa are no segmented
This is known as nonseptate hyphae or coenocytic hyphae
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FUNGI ZYGOMYCETESNote the sporangia, sporangiospores, and nonseptate hyphae
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Fig. 5.20
Formation of zygospores in Rhizopus
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FUNGI ASCOMYCETES
The Ascomycetes include molds and yeasts: Penicillium and Aspergillus.
The have septate hyphae They reproduce asexually using They reproduce asexually using
conidiosporesconidiospores MicrosporumMicrosporum can cause ringworm and can cause ringworm and
athlete’s foot.athlete’s foot.
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FUNGI ASCOMYCETES
Note that the hyphae are septate or divided.
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FUNGI ASCOMYCETESNote the conidia at the tips of
conidiophores
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FUNGI BASIDIOMYCETES
The Basidiomycetes include mushrooms and puff balls, rust, and smuts.
They have septate hyphae. They reproduce asexually using They reproduce asexually using
conidiospores.conidiospores. They reproduce sexually using They reproduce sexually using
basidiospores.basidiospores.
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FUNGI BASIDIOMYCETES
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FUNGI BASIDIOMYCETES
Note that the diagram shows the surface of the gill will a mass basidia, bearing spores
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FUNGI
Classification of fungi Grouping of fungal forms
Yeasts Single-celled fungi Spherical, oval or cylindrical Reproduction through binary fission or budding
Molds Filamentous fungi contain hypa collection of hyphae
called mycelium Reproductive spore is single celled germinates to
develop hyphae cells divide into new form
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YEAST
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MOLD-FILAMENTOUS FUNGI
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FUNGI Fungal habitats
Found in virtually every habitat
Mainly terrestrial Fungal spores found
throughout the earth Uncountable
numbers found in air Major cause of
asthma
Growth requirements of fungi Slightly moist
environment with high humidity
70% or higher pH range varies
Most grow well in slightly acidic environment
Most are aerobic Some yeast aerobic Some fungi facultative
anaerobes and carry out alcoholic fertilization
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FUNGI Fungal diseases in humans
Cause disease in one of four ways Allergic reaction
Result from inhaling fungal spores React to fungal toxin
Many have hallucinogenic properties Certain species produces toxins implicated in cancer
Mycoses Fungi grows on or in the body Can be superficial, intermediate, systemic
Economic impact Destroy human food supply causing starvation
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PROTOZOANS
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PROTOZOA
Microscopic unicellular organisms
Lack photosynthetic capability
Usually motile Reproduce by asexual
fission
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Classification of protozoa Not a unified group
Lumped together as unicellular organisms lacking chlorophyll
Traditionally divided into groups based on mode of locomotion
Some belong to phylum Sarcomastigophora Include two subphyla
Mastigophora Sarcodina
PROTOZOA
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PROTOZOA
Classification of protozoa Mastigophora
Include flagellated protozoa Most significant include
Giardia lamblia, Leshmanii species Trichomonas vaginalis and Trypanosoma species
Sarcodina Move by means of pseudopodia Entamoeba hystolitica produces disease in humans
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Fig. 5.28
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Fig. 5.29
SARCODINA
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Classification of protozoa Other phylum include
Ciliophora Organisms have cilia Balantidum coli only pathogenic ciliate
Apicomplexa Cause most serious protozoan disease
Plasmodium species causes malaria Microspora
Cause severe infection in immunocompromised
PROTOZOA
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Fig. 5.31
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PROTOZOA Protozoan habitats
Majority are free-living Found in marine, fresh water and terrestrial habitats
Essential decomposers Require large amounts of moisture Important part of food chain
Protozoa eat bacteria and serve as food for larger species
Help maintain ecological balance in soil Important in sewage disposal
Results in decrease of sewage solids
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PROTOZOA
Structure of protozoa Cell wall
Lack cell wall Shape determined by material beneath plasma
membrane Cell structures
Have membrane bound nucleus and organelles Lack photosynthetic chloroplasts
Have specialized structures for movement Cilia, flagella or pseudopodia
Protozoa grouped by mode of locomotion
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PROTOZOA Protozoan reproduction
Life cycles complex Often require more than one
habitat or host Polymorphic
Can exist as trophozoite or as cyst
Both sexual and sexual reproduction common
Many replicate via binary fission Many replicate by schizogony
Many fissions Nucleus divides numerous times
then cell produces numerous single-celled organisms
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