classification of infectious disease

8/12/2019 Classification of Infectious Disease

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Classification of the infection

diseases

Sorokhan V.D., MD, PhD

Bukovinian State Medical UniversityDepartment of the infectious diseases and

epidemiology


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Microbiological Classification of Infectious

Diseases

Bacterial Gram-negativeGram-positive

Viral DNA virus

RNA virusEnveloped vs non-enveloped

Fungal Disseminated

Localized

Parasitic Protozoa

Helminths

Prion


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Gram-negative bacteria

Gram-negativebacteria are

those that are

stained red orpink by Gram

staining

Gram-negative Pseudomonasaeruginosabacteria (pink-red rods)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_Gram.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining


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Gram negative

CocobacilliH. Influenzae, B. Pertussis

Brucella spp., F. TularensisP. Multosida, L. pneumophila

CocciNeisseria spp.

Bacilli

N. MeningitidisGlucose andmaltose +

N. GonnorrhoeaeGlucose +

Lactose + Lactose -

Slow fermenterCitrobacterSerratia

Fast fermenter

KlebsiellaE.Coli

Enterobacter

Oxidase +V.CholeraeP. aeruginosa

Strict anaerodeB. fragilis

Oxidase -

Urease Y. Pestis

S. DysenteriaeSalmonnela spp.

Urease +P. MirabilisH. pylori


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Gram-positive bacteria

Gram-positive bacteriaare those that arestained dark blue or

violet by Gram staining.This is in contrast to

Gram-negativebacteria, which cannotretain the crystal violetstain, instead taking up

the counterstain

(safraninor fuchsine)and appearing red orpink.

Gram-positive Bacillusanthracisbacteria (purplerods) in cerebrospinal fluidsample. The other cells are

white blood cells.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterstainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safraninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuchsinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_anthracishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_anthracishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_anthracishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_anthracishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gram_Stain_Anthrax.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuchsinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safraninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterstainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria


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Gram positive

cocciBacilli, Corinebacterium

Clostridium, Listeria, Bacillus

Staphylococcuscatalase +

Streptococcuscatalase -

S. AureusCoagulase + Coagulase -

-hemolytic

-hemolyticS. Pneumoniae

S. ViridansS. Mutans

-hemolyticE. Faecalis

E. Faecium

S. EpidermisNovobiocinsensitive

S. SaprophyticusNovobiocinresistant

Group A

S. Piogenes

Group B

S.agalactiae


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Genus Importantspecies

Gramstaining

Shape Capsulation Motility Respiration

Bordetella Bordetellapertussis Gram-negative Smallcoccobacilli Encapsulated aerobic

Borrelia Borreliaburgdorferi

Gram-negative, butstains poorly

highly motile

Brucella Brucella abortus

Brucella canisBrucellamelitensisBrucella suis

Gram-

negative

Small

coccobacilli

Unencapsulated Aerobic

Campylobacter Campylobacterjejuni

Gram-negative

Curved, spiral,or S-shapedwith single,polar

flagellum

characteristicdartingmotion

microaerophilic

Basic laboratory characteristics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordetellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordetella_pertussishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordetella_pertussishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccobacillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borreliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_abortushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_canishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_melitensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_melitensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_suishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccobacillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter_jejunihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter_jejunihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microaerophilichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microaerophilichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter_jejunihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter_jejunihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccobacillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_suishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_melitensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_melitensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_canishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_abortushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borreliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccobacillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordetella_pertussishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordetella_pertussishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordetellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining


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Gramstaining


ChlamydiaandChlamydophila ChlamydiapneumoniaeChlamydiatrachomatisChlamydophilapsittaci

(not Gram-stained) Small, round,ovoid motile Facultative orstrictly aerobic

Clostridium ClostridiumbotulinumClostridiumdifficileClostridiumperfringensClostridiumtetani

Gram-positive

Large, blunt-ended rods

mostlymotile

Obligateanaerobic

Corynebacterium Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae

Gram-positive(unevenly)

Small,slender,pleomorphic

rods

unencapsulated nonmotile Mostlyfacultativeanaerobic

Enterococcus EnterococcusfaecalisEnterococcusfaecium

Gram-positive

Round toovoid

FacultativeAnaerobic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_(bacterium)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydophilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydophila_psittacihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydophila_psittacihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_perfringenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_perfringenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_tetanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_tetanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corynebacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corynebacterium_diphtheriaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corynebacterium_diphtheriaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleomorphichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faeciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faeciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faeciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faeciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleomorphichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corynebacterium_diphtheriaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corynebacterium_diphtheriaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corynebacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_tetanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_tetanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_perfringenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_perfringenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydophila_psittacihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydophila_psittacihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydophilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_(bacterium)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining


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Gramstaining


Legionella Legionellapneumophila


Slender rod innature,cocobacillary

in laboratory.monotrichiousflagella

unencapsulated motile

Leptospira Leptospirainterrogans


Long, veryslender,flexible,spiral- orcorkscrew-

shaped rods

highly motile

Listeria Listeriamonocytogenes

Gram-positive,darkly

Slender, shortrods

Distincttumblingmotility inliquidmedium

Mycobacterium Mycobacteriumleprae

MycobacteriumtuberculosisMycobacteriumulcerans

(none) Long, slenderrods

nonmotile aerobic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella_pneumophilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella_pneumophilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospira_interroganshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospira_interroganshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_ulceranshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_ulceranshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_ulceranshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_ulceranshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospira_interroganshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospira_interroganshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella_pneumophilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella_pneumophilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining


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Gramstaining


Mycoplasma Mycoplasmapneumoniae

(none) Plastic,pleomorphic

Neisseria NeisseriagonorrhoeaeNeisseriameningitidis

Gram-negative

Kidney bean-shaped

aerobic

Pseudomonas Pseudomonasaeruginosa

Gram-negative

rods encapsulated motile Obligate aerobic

Rickettsia Rickettsiarickettsii


Small, rod-likecoccobacillary
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_rickettsiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_rickettsiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_rickettsiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_rickettsiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining


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Gramstaining


Salmonella Salmonella typhiSalmonellatyphimurium

Gram-negative

Facultativeanaerobic

Shigella Shigella sonnei Gram-negative

rods Facultativeanaerobic

Staphylococcus StaphylococcusaureusStaphylococcusepidermidisStaphylococcussaprophyticus

Gram-positive,darkly

Round cocci Facultativeanaerobic

Streptococcus StreptococcusagalactiaeStreptococcuspneumoniaeStreptococcuspyogenes

Gram-positive

ovoid tospherical

nonmotile Facultativeanaerobic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhimuriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhimuriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella_sonneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_epidermidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_epidermidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_saprophyticushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_saprophyticushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_saprophyticushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_saprophyticushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_epidermidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_epidermidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella_sonneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhimuriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhimuriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining


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Gramstaining


Treponema Treponemapallidum

Gram-negative,but stainspoorly

Long,slender,flexible,spiral- orcorkscrew-shaped rods

highlymotile

Vibrio Vibriocholerae

Gram-negative

Short,curved, rod-shaped withsingle polar

flagellum

rapidlymotile

Facultativeanaerobic

Yersinia Yersiniapestis

Gram-negative,stainsbipolarly

Small rods encapsulated nonmotile FacultativeAnaerobe
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema_pallidumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema_pallidumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibriohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_choleraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_choleraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersiniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pestishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pestishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pestishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pestishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersiniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_choleraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_choleraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibriohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema_pallidumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema_pallidumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining


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Species of human pathogenic bacteria

Species Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention laboratorydiagnosis

Bordetellapertussis

Contact withrespiratorydroplets expelledby infectedhuman hosts.

Whooping cough

Complications:

Secondarybacterialpneumonia

Macrolideantibiotics

Azithromycin

Erythromycin

Clarithromycin

Pertussisvaccine, DPTvaccine

Directimmunofluorescence

PCR amplification

Borreliaburgdorferi

Ixodesticksreservoir in deer,mice and otherrodents

Lyme disease Early stages:cephalosporinsamoxicillindoxycycline

If arthriticsymptoms haveappeared:

Longer courses

of antibiotics

Lyme vaccine

wearingclothing thatlimits skinexposure toticks

insectrepellent

Microscopy usingGiemsaor Wrightstain

PCR

serology(lowprecision rate)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordetella_pertussishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordetella_pertussishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_coughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrolidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarithromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPT_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPT_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCR_amplificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalosporinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_repellenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_repellenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giemsa_stainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_stainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_stainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_stainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_stainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giemsa_stainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_repellenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_repellenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalosporinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCR_amplificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPT_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPT_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarithromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrolidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_coughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordetella_pertussishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordetella_pertussishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


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Chlamydiapneumoniae

Respiratorydroplets

Community-acquiredrespiratoryinfection

Doxycycline

Erythromycin

None None for routine use

Chlamydiatrachomatis

Sexual (NGU,LGV)

Direct orcontaminatedsurfaces and flies(trachoma)

Passage throughbirth canal (ICN)

Nongonococcalurethritis(NGU)

Lymphogranuloma venereum(LGV)

Trachoma

Inclusionconjunctivitis of

the newborn(ICN)

Azithromycin

Erythromycin

Tetracyclines

Doxycycline

No vaccine

Erythromycinor silvernitrate innewborn'seyes

Safe sex

Cellular cytoplasmicinclusions byimmunofluorescence

DNA hybridization

ELISAforlipopolysaccharides
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphogranuloma_venereumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphogranuloma_venereumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_conjunctivitis_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nongonococcal_urethritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nongonococcal_urethritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphogranuloma_venereumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphogranuloma_venereumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_conjunctivitis_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_conjunctivitis_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_conjunctivitis_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_sexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_hybridizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_hybridizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_sexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_conjunctivitis_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_conjunctivitis_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_conjunctivitis_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphogranuloma_venereumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphogranuloma_venereumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nongonococcal_urethritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nongonococcal_urethritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_conjunctivitis_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphogranuloma_venereumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphogranuloma_venereumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


18/64



Chlamydophilapsittaci

Inhalation ofdust withsecretions orfeces from birds(e.g. parrots)

Psittacosis Tetracycline

Doxycycline

Erythromycin(less efficient)

Rise in antibody titreComplement fixation

indirectimmunofluorescence

Clostridiumbotulinum

Spores from soiland aquaticsedimentscontaminatingvegetables, meatand fish

Botulism Antitoxin(horseantiserum)

Proper foodpreservationtechniques

Mouse inoculationdetects toxin fromfood, intestinalcontents or serum

Culture in standardaerobic culture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydophila_psittacihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydophila_psittacihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitoxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiserumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiserumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitoxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydophila_psittacihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydophila_psittacihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


19/64



Clostridiumdifficile

Spores bothindoors andoutdoors

Human flora,overgrowingwhen other florais depleted

Pseudomembranous colitis

Discontinuingpredisposingantibiotic

Fluid andelectrolytereplacement

Vancomycinormetronidazoleifsevere

None ELISAfor ToxinELISAfor toxin A orB

Endoscopyforpseudomembrane

Clostridiumperfringens

Spores in soil

Human florainvagina and GItract

Gas gangrene

Acute foodpoisoning

Anaerobiccellulitis

Food poisoning:

Self-limiting;Supportive careis sufficient

Appropriatefood handling

Microscopically

Blood agar culture,forming double-zone-hemolysis

Sugar fermentation

Organic acid

production
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_florahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_perfringenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_perfringenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_florahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_gangrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_cellulitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_cellulitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_cellulitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_cellulitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_gangrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_florahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_perfringenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_perfringenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_florahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


20/64


21/64



Enterococcus

faecalisandEnterococcusfaecium

Part of human

flora,opportunisticorentering throughGI tract orurinary systemwounds

Nosocomial

infections

Penicillin and an

aminoglycosideVancomycin

Quinupristinanddalfopristin

No vaccine

Hand washingand othernosocomialprevention

Culture in 6.5%

NaClCan hydrolyzeesculininpresence of bile

Escherichia coli(generally)

Part of gut flora,spreading

extraintestinallyor proliferating inthe GI tract

Urinary tractinfections

(UTI)

Diarrhea

Meningitis ininfants

UTI:

Co-trimoxazole

Fluoroquinolone,e.g. ciprofloxacin

Meningitis:

Cephalosporinandgentamicincombination

Diarrhea:

Antibiotics aboveshorten duration

Electrolyte and fluidreplacement

(no vaccine orpreventive drug)

Food and waterpreparation

Hand washingand disinfection

Culture onMacConkey agar

and studycarbohydratefermentationpatterns: Lactosefermentation(most E. colistrains). Gasproduction inglucosefermentation

Mannitolfermentation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faeciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faeciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoglycosidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinupristinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalfopristinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esculinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_florahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-trimoxazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroquinolonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofloxacinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalosporinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentamicinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentamicinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalosporinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofloxacinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroquinolonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-trimoxazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-trimoxazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-trimoxazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_florahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esculinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalfopristinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinupristinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoglycosidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faeciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faeciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


22/64



Francisella

tularensis

vector-borne by

anthropods

Infected wild ordomestic animals,birds or housepets

Tularemia Streptomycin

Gentamicin

Avoiding insect vectors

Precautions whenhandling wild animalsor animal products

rarely cultured)

Serology

Haemophilus

influenzae

Droplet contact

Human flora ofe.g. upperrespiratory tract

Bacterial

meningitisUpperrespiratory tractinfections

Pneumonia,bronchitis

Meningitis:

(resistance-testsare required first)

Third generationcephalosporin,e.g. cefotaximeorceftriaxone

Ampicillinandsulbactam

combination

Hib vaccineto infants

Rifampinprophylactically

Culture on chocolate

agarwith hemin(factor X) and NAD+(factor V)

Quellung reaction

Immunofluorescencestaining of capsule

Detection of capsularantigen in CSFor

other body fluids
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisella_tularensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisella_tularensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentamicinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalosporinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalosporinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefotaximehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceftriaxonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampicillinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulbactamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hib_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quellung_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quellung_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hib_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulbactamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampicillinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceftriaxonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefotaximehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalosporinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalosporinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentamicinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisella_tularensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisella_tularensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


23/64


Species Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention laboratory diagnosis

Helicobacterpylori

Colonizingstomach

Unclearperson-to-persontransmission

Peptic ulcer

Risk factor forgastriccarcinomaandgastric B-celllymphoma

Tetracycline,metronidazole

and bismuth saltcombination

(No vaccineor preventive

drug)

Microscopically Corkscrewmovement

Urease-positivity byradioactively labeled urea

Serology by ELISA

Legionellapneumophila

Dropletcontact, frome.g. coolingtowers,humidifiers, airconditionersand waterdistributionsystems

Legionnaire'sDisease

Pontiac fever

Macrolides, e.g.erythromycinorazithromycin

Fluoroquinolones

(no vaccine orpreventivedrug)

Heating water

Culture from respiratorysecretions on buffered charcoalyeast extractenriched with L-cysteine, iron and -ketoglutarate

Serology, including directimmunofluorescence andradioimmunoassay for antigenin urine

Hybridization to ribosomal RNA

using DNA probe
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic_ulcerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell_lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell_lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella_pneumophilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella_pneumophilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidifiershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionnaire's_Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionnaire's_Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrolidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroquinolonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_extracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-ketoglutaric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-ketoglutaric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-ketoglutaric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_probehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_probehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-ketoglutaric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-ketoglutaric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-ketoglutaric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_extracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroquinolonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrolidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionnaire's_Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionnaire's_Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidifiershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella_pneumophilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella_pneumophilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell_lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell_lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell_lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell_lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic_ulcerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


24/64



Leptospira

interrogans

Food and water

contaminatedby e.g. urinefrom wild ordomesticanimals.Leptospirasurvives forweeks instagnant water

Leptospirosis Penicillin G

Tetracycline,e.g.doxycycline

(no vaccine)

Doxycycline

Prevention ofexposure

Rodent control

Dark-field microscopy

on fresh blood smear(but doesn't stainwell)

Serologicagglutionation tests

Listeriamonocytogenes

Dairy products,ground meats,poultry

Verticalto

newborn orfetus

Listeriosis Ampicillin

Co-trimoxazole

(no vaccine)

Proper foodpreparation andhandling

Isolation from e.g.blood and CSF

Beta-hemolysisandcatalase production

on blood agarMicroscopy formorphology andmotility
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospira_interroganshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospira_interroganshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospirosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodent_control&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodent_control&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark-field_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampicillinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-trimoxazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-trimoxazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-trimoxazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-trimoxazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampicillinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark-field_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark-field_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark-field_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodent_control&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodent_control&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospirosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospira_interroganshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospira_interroganshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


25/64


Species Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention

laboratory diagnosis

Mycobacteriumleprae

Prolongedhuman-humancontact, e.g.throughexudates fromskin lesions toabrasion ofother person

Leprosy(Hansen'sdisease)

Tuberculoid form:

Dapsoneand rifampin

Lepromatous form:

Clofazimine

BCGvaccineshowssomeeffects

Tuberculoid form:

Hard to isolate (diagnosison clinical findings andhistology of biopsies)

Lepromatous form:

Acid-faststaining frome.g. skin scrapings

Mycobacterium

tuberculosis

Droplet contact Tuberculosis Standard "short"

course:

First 2 months,combination: IsoniazidRifampicinPyrazinamideEthambutol

Further 4 months,combination: Isoniazid

Rifampicin

BCG

vaccine

Isoniazid

Ziehl-Neelsenstain

showing acid-fastbacteria

Hybridization probesforDNA, succeeded by PCR

Culture on Lowenstein-Jensenagar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapsonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clofaziminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clofaziminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampicinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrazinamidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethambutolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampicinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziehl-Neelsenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridization_probehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowenstein-Jensenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowenstein-Jensenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowenstein-Jensenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowenstein-Jensenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowenstein-Jensenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridization_probehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziehl-Neelsenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziehl-Neelsenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziehl-Neelsenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampicinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethambutolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrazinamidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampicinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clofaziminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clofaziminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapsonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


26/64



Mycoplasma

pneumoniae

Human flora

Droplet contact

Mycoplasma

pneumonia

Doxycyclineand

erythromycin

(difficult to culture)

Serologic tests, e.g.complement fixationtest

DNA probesonsputum specimens

Neisseriameningitidis

Respiratorydroplets

Meningococcaldiseaseincluding

meningitis

Waterhouse-Friderichsensyndrome

Penicillin G

Cefotaxime

Ceftriaxone

NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-

135vaccine

Rifampin

Microscopy showinggram-negative

diplococci, often withPMNs

Culture on chocolateagar, giving positiveoxidase testandfermentation ofglucose and maltosein 5% CO2 in air
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_fixation_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_fixation_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_probeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcal_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcal_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhouse-Friderichsen_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhouse-Friderichsen_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhouse-Friderichsen_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefotaximehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceftriaxonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphonuclear_leukocyteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidase_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidase_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphonuclear_leukocyteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceftriaxonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefotaximehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhouse-Friderichsen_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhouse-Friderichsen_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhouse-Friderichsen_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhouse-Friderichsen_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcal_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcal_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_probeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_fixation_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_fixation_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


27/64



Pseudomonas

aeruginosa

Infects

damagedtissues orpeople withreducedimmunity

Pseudomonas infection

Localized to eye, ear,skin, urinary,respiratory orgastrointestinal tract orCNS, or systemic withbacteremia, secondarypneumonia bone and

joint infections,endocarditis, skin, softtissue or CNSinfections.

Aminoglycoside

and anti-pseudomonal -lactam

(no vaccine)

Topical silversulfadiazineforburn wounds

Colourless

colonies onMacConkey agar.

Production ofpyocyanineandfluorescein

Positive oxidasetest. No lactosefermentation.

Rickettsiarickettsii

Bite of infectedwoodor dog

tick

Rocky mountainspotted fever

Doxycycline

Chloramphenicol

no preventivedrug or approved

vaccine)Vector control,such as clothing

Prompt removal ofattached ticks

Serology

Immunofluoresce

nceagainstRickettsiaantigens
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoglycosidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_sulfadiazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_sulfadiazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyocyaninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoresceinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidase_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidase_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_rickettsiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_rickettsiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermacentor_variabilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipicephalus_sanguineushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipicephalus_sanguineushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_mountain_spotted_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_mountain_spotted_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_mountain_spotted_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_mountain_spotted_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipicephalus_sanguineushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipicephalus_sanguineushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermacentor_variabilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_rickettsiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_rickettsiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidase_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidase_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoresceinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyocyaninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_sulfadiazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_sulfadiazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoglycosidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


28/64



Salmonella typhi Human-human

Fecal-oralthrough foodor water

Typhoid fevertypesalmonellosis(dysentery,colitis)

Ceftriaxone

Fluoroquinolones,e.g. ciprofloxacin

Ty21aandViCPSvaccines

Hygiene andfood preparation

Isolation from blood,feces, bone marrow,urine or rose spots onskin

Colorless, non-lactosefermenting colonieson MacConkey agar

Serology forantibodies against O

antigen

Salmonellatyphimurium

Fecal-oral

Foodcontaminated

by fowl (e.g.eggs), petsand otheranimals

Salmonellosiswithgastroenteritisandenterocolitis

Fluid andelectrolytereplacement forsevere diarrhea

Antibiotics (inimmunocompromised to preventsystemic spread)

(No vaccine orpreventive drug)

Proper sewage

disposalFood preparation

Good personalhygiene

Colourless colonies onMacConkey agar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceftriaxonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroquinoloneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofloxacinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty21ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhimuriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhimuriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterocolitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterocolitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhimuriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhimuriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty21ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofloxacinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroquinoloneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceftriaxonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


29/64



Shigella sonnei Fecal-oral

FliesContaminatedfood or water

Bacillarydysentery/Shigellosis

Ciprofloxacinorazithromycin

Protection ofwater andfood supplies

Vaccines arein trial stage

Culture onHektoen agarorother media forintestinalpathogens

Staphylococcusaureus

Human floraon mucosaein e.g.anterior nares

and vagina,enteringthroughwound

Coagulase-positivestaphylococcal infections:

Localized skin infections

Diffuse skin infection(Impetigo)

Deep, localized infections

Acute infective endocarditis

Septicemia

Necrotizing pneumonia

ToxinosesToxic shocksyndrome

Staphylococcal foodpoisoning

Incision anddrainage oflocalized lesions

Nafcillinand

oxacillinVancomycinforMethicillin-resistant(MRSA)

(no vaccine orpreventivedrug)

Barrier

precautions,washinghands andfomitedisinfection inhospitals

Microscopyshowing stronglypositive Gramstainedcells in

grape-like clustersPositive Catalasetestandcoagulase test

Culture onenriched mediaproducing deepyellow, hemolytic

colonies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella_sonneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigellosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigellosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofloxacinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hektoen_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impetigohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septicemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxinoseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal_food_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal_food_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafcillinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxacillinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulase_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulase_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxacillinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafcillinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal_food_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal_food_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxinoseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septicemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impetigohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hektoen_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofloxacinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigellosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigellosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella_sonneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


30/64


Species Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention laboratory diagnosis

Staphylococcusepidermidis

Human flora inskin andanterior nares

Infections ofimplantedprostheses, e.g.heart valves andcatheters

Vancomycin None Microscopy showing stronglypositive Gram stainedcells ingrape-like clusters

Positive Catalase testbutnegative coagulase test

Novobiocin-sensitivity (S.epidermidis)

Novobiocin-resistance (S.saprophyticus)

Culture on enriched mediaproducing white, nonhemolyticcolonies

Streptococcus

pneumoniae

Respiratory

dropletsOften humanflora innasopharynx(spreading inimmunocompromised)

Acute bacterial

pneumonia&meningitisinadults

Otitis mediaandsinusitisinchildren

Penicillin G

Vancomycinfor resistantstrains

23-serotype

vaccine foradults (PPV)

Heptavalentconjugatedvaccine forchildren (PCV)

Microscopy showing gram-

positive, encapsulated lancet-shaped diplococci

-hemolysison blood agar, bile-soluble, optochin-sensitive

Positive Quellung reaction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_epidermidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_epidermidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulase_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novobiocinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novobiocinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quellung_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quellung_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novobiocinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novobiocinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulase_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_epidermidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_epidermidishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


31/64



Streptococcus

pyogenes

Respiratory

dropletsDirect physicalcontact withimpetigolesions

Streptococcal

pharyngitisScarlet fever

Rheumatic fever

Impetigoanderysipelas

Puerperal fever

Necrotizingfasciitis

Penicillin G

Macrolide, e.g.clarithromycinorazithromycininpenicillin allergy

Drainage anddebridementforNecrotizingfasciitis

No vaccine

Rapid antibiotictreatment helpspreventrheumatic fever

Culture on sheep

blood agarforming small,opalescentsurrounded bylarge zone of -hemolysis

Serology forASO

Very bacitracin-

sensitiveVibrio cholerae Contaminated

water and food,especially rawseafood

Cholera Fluid andelectrolytereplacement

e.g. doxycyclineto shortenduration

Preventing fecalcontamination ofwater suppliesand food

Adequate foodpreparation

Culture on bloodor MacConkeyagar, enhancedby TCBS

Positive oxidasetest
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impetigohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatic_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impetigohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerperal_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrolidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarithromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debridementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheep_blood_agar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheep_blood_agar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-streptolysin_Ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacitracinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_choleraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiosulfate_citrate_bile_sucrosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidase_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidase_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidase_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidase_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiosulfate_citrate_bile_sucrosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycyclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_choleraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacitracinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-streptolysin_Ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheep_blood_agar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheep_blood_agar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debridementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarithromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrolidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerperal_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impetigohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatic_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impetigohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


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Yersinia pestis Fleasfromanimals

Ingestion ofanimal tissues

Respiratorydroplets

Plague:

Bubonic plague

Pneumonicplague

Streptomycinprimarily

Gentamicin

Tetracyclin

Supportivetherapy for shock

Formalin-killedplague vaccine

Minimizeexposure torodents and fleas

Gram-negativesmear

If pneumonic,culture fromaspirate onMacConkeyorblood agar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pestishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonic_plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonic_plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentamicinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentamicinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonic_plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonic_plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pestishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


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Comparison table of clinically important virus families and species

Family Baltimoregroup

Important species envelopment Virion shape Replicationsite

Adenoviridae dsDNA adenovirus non-enveloped icosahedral nucleus

Picornaviridae +ssRNA coxsackievirus, hepatitis Avirus, poliovirus, rhinovirus

non-enveloped icosahedral

Herpesviridae dsDNA Herpes simplex, type 1,Herpes simplex, type 2,

Varicella-zoster virus,

Epstein-barr virus, Humancytomegalovirus, Humanherpesvirus, type 8

enveloped nucleus

Hepadnaviridae dsDNAandssDNA

Hepatitis B virus enveloped icosahedral nucleus

Flaviviridae +ssRNA Hepatitis C virus, yellowfever virus, dengue virus,

West Nile virus

enveloped icosahedral

Retroviridae +ssRNA Human immunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)

enveloped
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_envelopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenoviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DsDNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picornaviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxsackievirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DsDNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex,_type_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex,_type_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella-zoster_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-barr_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cytomegalovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cytomegalovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_herpesvirus,_type_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_herpesvirus,_type_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepadnaviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DsDNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SsDNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaviviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaviviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SsDNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DsDNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepadnaviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_herpesvirus,_type_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_herpesvirus,_type_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cytomegalovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cytomegalovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-barr_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-barr_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-barr_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella-zoster_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella-zoster_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella-zoster_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex,_type_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex,_type_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DsDNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxsackievirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picornaviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DsDNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenoviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_envelopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_classification


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Comparison table of clinically important virus families and species

Family Baltimoregroup

Important species envelopment Virion shape Replicationsite

Orthomyxoviridae -ssRNA Influenza virus enveloped spherical nucleus

Paramyxoviridae -ssRNA Measles virus, Mumps virus,Parainfluenza virus,Respiratory syncytial virus,Human metapneumovirus

enveloped spherical

Papillomaviridae dsDNA Human papillomavirus non-enveloped icosahedral nucleus

Rhabdoviridae -ssRNA Rabies virus enveloped helical, bulletshaped

Togaviridae +ssRNA Rubella virus enveloped icosahedral

Parvoviridae ssDNA Human bocavirus, ParvovirusB19

enveloped icosahedral
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_envelopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthomyxoviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxoviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parainfluenza_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_metapneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillomaviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DsDNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdoviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togaviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvoviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_bocavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus_B19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus_B19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus_B19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus_B19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_bocavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvoviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togaviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdoviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DsDNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillomaviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_metapneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parainfluenza_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxoviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-sense_ssRNA_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthomyxoviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_envelopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_classification


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The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ

substantially among species within the same family:

Type Family Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention laboratorydiagnosis

adenovirus adenoviridae droplet contact(mainly)

fecal-oral

venereal

direct contact(ocularinfections)

acute febrilepharyngitis

pharyngoconjunctivalfever

epidemickeratoconjunctivitis

infantilegastroenteritis

None None virusneutralization

hemagglutinationassay

ELISA

Coxsackievirus Picornaviridae fecal-oral,droplet contact

Coxsackie infections None None Cell culture,antibodydetection
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenoviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acute_febrile_pharyngitis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acute_febrile_pharyngitis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngoconjunctival_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngoconjunctival_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epidemic_keratoconjunctivitis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epidemic_keratoconjunctivitis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infantile_gastroenteritis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infantile_gastroenteritis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virus_neutralization&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virus_neutralization&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutination_assayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutination_assayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxsackievirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picornaviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coxsackie_infections&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coxsackie_infections&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picornaviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxsackievirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutination_assayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutination_assayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutination_assayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virus_neutralization&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virus_neutralization&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infantile_gastroenteritis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infantile_gastroenteritis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infantile_gastroenteritis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epidemic_keratoconjunctivitis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epidemic_keratoconjunctivitis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epidemic_keratoconjunctivitis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngoconjunctival_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngoconjunctival_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngoconjunctival_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acute_febrile_pharyngitis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acute_febrile_pharyngitis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenoviridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)


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The clinical characteristi

classification of infectious disease

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