ClassificationChapter 18

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Finding Order in Diversity taxonomy: the science of classifying living things

Carolus Linnaeus: developed current system of naming and classifying organisms;

7 levels*largest group down to the individual* Kingdom

Phylum Class Order

Family Genus

Species (King Phillip Came Over For Green Spaghetti)

Diversity, continued

binomial nomenclature: 2-word scientific name given to each unique organism; first word is general description-the genus; second word identifies the specific organism-the species

the scientific name is always in Latin; the genus is always capitalized; the species always lowercase; both always underlined or in italics

Linnaeus’s System

KINGDOM Animalia

PHYLUM Chordata

CLASS Mammalia

ORDER Carnivora

FAMILY Ursidae

GENUS Ursus

SPECIES Ursus arctosUrsus arctos

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Canis familiaris

Panthera tigris

Carcharodon carcharias

Testudo elephantopus

Modern Evolutionary Classification

phylogeny: the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

organisms were originally grouped according to their visible similarities/differences------

now grouped based on their evolutionary history in addition to their similarities/differences (evolutionary classification)

Cladogram a diagram that shows the

evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms; a type of evolutionary family tree

uses derived characters (characteristics that only appear in recent parts of an organism’s lineage, not in it’s older members) CLADOGRAM

Barnacle Limpet

Crustaceans Gastropod

Molted exoskeleton

Tiny free-swimming larva

Kingdoms - Then and Now 1700’s—Linnaeus—2 kingdoms—

Plantae and Animalia

late 1800’s—Protista (microorganisms), Plantae, Animalia

1950’s—Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia (until this time, Fungi was considered part of the Plantae kingdom)

1990’s—Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

The Three-Domain System

3 domains and 6 kingdoms: 1)domain Bacteria includes kingdom Eubacteria 2)domain Archaea includes kingdom Archaebacteria 3)domain Eukarya includes kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Domains/Kingdoms, continued

members based on key characteristics:

1) cell type (prokaryote/eukaryote) 2) cell structures (cell walls/chloroplasts) 3) number of cells (unicellular/multicellular) 4) mode of nutrition (autotroph/heterotroph)

Eubacteria

domain Bacteria; ecologically diverse

1) prokaryote 2) cell walls containing peptidoglycan 3) unicellular 4) autotroph or heterotroph

Streptococcus

Escherichia coli

Archaebacteria

domain Archaea; live in harsh environments 1) prokaryote 2) cell walls without peptidoglycan 3) unicellular 4) autotroph or heterotroph

Methanobacterium formicum

Aquifex aeolicus

Protista domain Eukarya; “catch-all” kingdom 1) eukaryote 2) cell walls ocellulose in some; some have chloroplasts 3) most unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular 4) autotroph or heterotroph

Paramecium bursaria

Fuligo septica

Fungi

domain Eukarya; feed on dead and decaying matter

1) eukaryote 2) cell walls made of chitin 3) most multicellular; some unicellular 4) heterotroph

Auricularia auricula-judae

Trichophyton rubrum

Plantae

Domain Eukarya; are nonmotile (cannot move

from place to place) 1) eukaryote 2) cell walls of cellulose; have chloroplasts 3) multicellular 4) autotroph

Lupinus arcticus

Sequoia sempervirens

Animalia

domain Eukarya; many species exist in nearly every part of the planet

1) eukaryote 2) no cell walls or chloroplasts 3) multicellular 4) heterotroph

Desmodus rotundus

Agalychnis callidryas