classification
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Classification of Classification of MicrobesMicrobes
What are Microbes?What are Microbes? A microbe is any living thing that spends its A microbe is any living thing that spends its
life at a size visible sometimes only with a life at a size visible sometimes only with a microscope. microscope.
It is too tiny to be seen with the naked eye. It is too tiny to be seen with the naked eye. Microbes are the oldest form of life on Earth. Microbes are the oldest form of life on Earth.
The term microbe is short for microorganism, The term microbe is short for microorganism, which means small organism. which means small organism.
To help people understand the different types To help people understand the different types of microbes, they are grouped or classified in of microbes, they are grouped or classified in various ways. various ways.
Microbes are very diverse and represent all Microbes are very diverse and represent all the great kingdoms of life. the great kingdoms of life.
Prokaryotes Prokaryotes (Bacteria)(Bacteria)
EubacterEubacter "True" bacteria "True" bacteria Human pathogensHuman pathogens Clinical or environmentalClinical or environmental One kingdomOne kingdom
ArchaeaArchaea Environmental organisms Environmental organisms Second kingdom Second kingdom
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Other cell-based life e.g.Other cell-based life e.g. PlantsPlants AnimalsAnimals Fungi Fungi
Prokaryotic vs. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cellsProkaryotic cells No NucleusNo Nucleus No OrganellesNo Organelles Cell Wall of Cell Wall of
peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan Binary FissionBinary Fission 1 circular 1 circular
chromosomechromosome
Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells NucleusNucleus OrganellesOrganelles If cell wall, If cell wall,
Cellulose or chitinCellulose or chitin MitosisMitosis Linear Linear
chromosomeschromosomes
Here is an outline of the major Here is an outline of the major groups of microorganisms: groups of microorganisms:
VirusesViruses BacteriaBacteria AlgaeAlgae FungiFungi ProtozoaProtozoa
BacteriaBacteria Bacteria consist of only one cell, but they're a very Bacteria consist of only one cell, but they're a very
complex group of living things. complex group of living things. Some bacteria can live in temperatures above the Some bacteria can live in temperatures above the
boiling point and in cold below the freezing point. boiling point and in cold below the freezing point. There are thousands of species of bacteria, but all There are thousands of species of bacteria, but all
of them are basically one of three different shapes. of them are basically one of three different shapes. Some are rod- or stick-shaped; others are shaped Some are rod- or stick-shaped; others are shaped
like little balls. like little balls. Others still are helical or spiral in shape. Others still are helical or spiral in shape. Some bacteria cells exist as individuals while Some bacteria cells exist as individuals while
others cluster together to form pairs, chains, others cluster together to form pairs, chains, squares or other groupings.squares or other groupings.
Classification of Microbes
Taxonomic Hierarchy For eg: Escherichia coli
Domain Bacteria
Kingdom Monera
Phylum Proteobacteria
Class Gammaproteobacteria
Order Enterobacteriales
Family Enterobacteriaceae
Genus Escherichia
Species E. coli
Classification of bacteriaClassification of bacteriaThere are several approaches to bacterial There are several approaches to bacterial
classificationclassification
A. A. Morphological classsificationMorphological classsification..Based on morphology bacteria are divided into Based on morphology bacteria are divided into various groupsvarious groups1. Filamentous or higher bacteria- Actinomycetes1. Filamentous or higher bacteria- Actinomycetes
2. True or lower bacteria2. True or lower bacteria I. Gram positive bacilliI. Gram positive bacilli
Aerobes- corynebacterium, bacillusAerobes- corynebacterium, bacillus Anaerobes-Clostridium, lactobacillusAnaerobes-Clostridium, lactobacillusII. Gram positive cocciII. Gram positive cocciIII. Gram negative cocciIII. Gram negative cocciIV. Gram negative bacilli or rodsIV. Gram negative bacilli or rods
Gram-positive rods
Gram-negative rods
Gram-positive cocci
Gram-negative cocci
V. coccobacilli- BrucellaV. coccobacilli- Brucella
3. Comma chaped- vibrios3. Comma chaped- vibrios
4. Spirochaetes- Borrelia, Treponema4. Spirochaetes- Borrelia, Treponema
5 . Mycoplasmas- Cell wall deficient5 . Mycoplasmas- Cell wall deficient
6 . Ricketsia and chlamydia- Obligate 6 . Ricketsia and chlamydia- Obligate parasitesparasites
B.Nutritional classificationB.Nutritional classificationI. Based on Energy requirementsI. Based on Energy requirementsPhototrophs: Derive energy from sunlightPhototrophs: Derive energy from sunlightChemotrophs: Use ChemicalsChemotrophs: Use Chemicals
II. Based on ability to synthesize II. Based on ability to synthesize essential metabolitesessential metabolitesAutotrophs: Synthesize organic coumpounds Autotrophs: Synthesize organic coumpounds from from carbon dioxide carbon dioxide and nitrogenand nitrogenHeterotrophs: Depend on preformed organic Heterotrophs: Depend on preformed organic
compounds eg compounds eg pathogenspathogens
III. Based on oxygen requirementsIII. Based on oxygen requirementsAerobesAerobesAnaerobesAnaerobes
Gram-positive cocci
AnaerobicGram-positive rods
AnaerobicGram-negative rods
AnaerobicGram-positive cocci
AnaerobicGram-negative cocci
IV. Based on temperatureIV. Based on temperature
Psychrophiles: Below 20°C Psychrophiles: Below 20°C
Mesophiles: 25-40°CMesophiles: 25-40°C
Thermophiles: 55-80°CThermophiles: 55-80°C
C . Biochemical classificationC . Biochemical classification:: LF LF NLF NLF LLFLLFProduction of Indole, H2S, Catalase, Oxidase, Production of Indole, H2S, Catalase, Oxidase,
Urease etcUrease etc
D. Classification based on D. Classification based on staining reactionstaining reaction::I. Based on Grams stainI. Based on Grams stain::
Gram positive bacteriaGram positive bacteria
Gram negative bacteriaGram negative bacteria
II. Based on acid fast stainII. Based on acid fast stain::
Acid fast bacilliAcid fast bacilli
Non acid fast bacilliNon acid fast bacilli
E. Serological/ antigenic E. Serological/ antigenic classificationclassification
Microorganism possess many different Microorganism possess many different kinds of antigens, based on which kinds of antigens, based on which they are classified intothey are classified into
I. Serovars or SerotypeI. Serovars or Serotype
II. Sero groups II. Sero groups
Major Taxonomic Groups of Bacteria per Bergey’s manual
Gracilicutes – gram-negative cell walls, thin-skinned
Firmicutes – gram-positive cell walls, thick skinned
Tenericutes – lack a cell wall & are soft
Mendosicutes – archaea, primitive procaryotes with unusual cell walls & nutritional habits
Assignment:Assignment: Find out what isFind out what is Bergey’s manual
in detail.