classical india - mr. waddellmrwaddell.com/world/apwclassicalindia.pdf18 ! increasing economic...
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S T A T E , S O C I E T Y , A N D T H E Q U E S T F O R S A L V A T I O N I N I N D I A
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Classical India
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The Mauryan and Gupta empires 321 B.C.E.-550 C.E.
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India Before the Mauryan Dynasty 3
! 520 BCE Persian Emperor Darius conquers north-west India
! Introduces Persian ruling pattern ! 327 Alexander of Macedon destroys Persian Empire in
India ! Troops mutiny, departs after 2 years
! Political power vacuum
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Kingdom of Magadha 4
! Most significant remaining kingdom after Alexander’s departure
! Central Ganges plain ! Economic strength
! Agriculture ! Trade in Ganges valley, Bay of Bengal
! Dominated surrounding regions in north-eastern India
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Chandragupta Maurya 5
! Took advantage of power vacuum left by Alexander ! Overthrew Magadha rulers ! Expanded kingdom to create 1st unified Indian empire
! Mauryan Dynasty
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Chandragupta’s Government 6
! Advisor Kautalya ! Recorded in Arthashastra, manual of political statecraft ! Foreign policies, economics ! Domestic policies
! Network of spies ! Legend: Chandragupta retires to become a monk, starves
himself to death
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Ashoka Maurya ! Grandson of Chandragupta ! Represents high point of
Mauryan Empire, r. 268-232 BCE
! Expanded empire to include all of Indian subcontinent except for south
! Positive rulership integrated Indian society
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Decline of the Mauryan Empire 8
! Economic crisis follows death of Ashoka ! High costs of bureaucracy, military not supported by tax
revenue ! Frequent devaluations of currency to pay salaries ! Regions begin to abandon Mauryan Empire
! Disappears by 185 BCE
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Regional Kingdom: Bactria 9
! Northwestern India ! Ruled by Greek-speaking descendants of Alexander’s
campaigns ! Intense cultural activity accompanies active trade
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Regional Kingdom: Kush 10
! Northern India/Central Asia ! C. 1-300 CE ! Maintained silk road network
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The Gupta Dynasty 11
! Based in Magadha ! Founded by Chandra Gupta (no relation to Chandragupta
Maurya), c. 320 CE ! Slightly smaller than Mauryan Empire ! Highly decentralized leadership
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Gupta Decline 12
! Frequent invasions of White Huns, 5th c. CE ! Gupta Dynasty disintegrates along regional fault lines ! Smaller local kingdoms dominate until Mughal Empire
founded in 16th c.
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Economy: Towns and Manufacturing 13
! Manufactured goods in big demand ! Developed in dense network of small workshops ! Trade intense, capitalizes on trade routes across India
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Long-Distance Trade 14
! Persian connection since Cyrus, Darius ! Massive road-building projects under Persian rule ! Alexander extends trade west to Macedon ! Trade routes through Kush mountains, the silk roads
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Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin 15
! Seasonal sea trade expands ! Spring/winter winds blow from south-west, fall/winter winds blow
from north-west
! Trade from Asia to Persian Gulf and Red Sea, Mediterranean
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Society: Gender Relations 16
! Patriarchy entrenched ! Child marriage common (8 year old girls married to men
in 20s) ! Women encouraged to remain in private sphere
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Social Order ! Caste system from Aryan
times ! Brahmins (priests) ! Kshatriyas (warriors,
aristocrats) ! Vaishyas (Peasants,
merchants) ! Shudras (serfs)
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Castes and Guilds 18
! Increasing economic diversification challenges simplistic caste system
! Jatis formed: guilds that acted as sub-castes ! Enforced social order
! “outcastes” forced into low-status employment
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Wealth and the Social Order 19
! Upward social mobility possible for Vaishyas, Shudras ! Wealth challenges varna for status
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Religions of Salvation in Classical India 20
! Social change generated resentment of caste privilige ! e.g. Brahmins free from taxation
! 6th-5th c. BCE new religions and philosophies challenge status quo
! Charvakas: atheists ! Jainists, Buddhists
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Jainism 21
! Vardhamana Mahavira, 540-468 BCE ! Abandoned privileged family to lead ascetic life ! Promotes 7th c. movement based on Upanishads ! Emphasis on selfless living, concern for all beings
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Ahimsa 22
! Principle of extreme non-violence ! Jainists sweep earth, strain water, use slow movements to
avoid killing insects ! Ahimsa continues to inspire modern movements (Ghandi,
Martin Luther King Jr.)
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Appeal of Jainism 23
! Rejected caste, jati distinctions ! Obvious appeal to underprivileged groups ! But asceticism too extreme to become a mass movement
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Early Buddhism 24
! Siddhartha Gautama, c. 563-483 BCE ! Encountered age, sickness, death, then monastic life ! Abandoned comfortable life to become a monk
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Gautama’s Search for Enlightenment 25
! Intense meditation, extreme asceticism ! 49 days of meditation under bo tree to finally achieve
enlightenment ! Attained title Buddha: “the enlightened one”
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The Buddha and his Followers 26
! Begins teaching new doctrine c. 528 BCE ! Followers owned only robes, food bowls ! Life of wandering, begging, meditation ! Establishment of monastic communities
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Buddha and his Disciples 27
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Buddhist Doctrine: The Dharma 28
! The Four Noble Truths ! all life is suffering ! there is an end to suffering ! removing desire removes suffering ! this may be done through the eight-fold path
" (right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration)
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Appeal of Buddhism 29
! Less dependence on Brahmins for ritual activities ! No recognition of caste, jati status ! Philosophy of moderate consumption ! Public service through lay teaching ! Use of vernacular, not Sanskrit
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A Buddhist Monastery 30
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Ashoka’s Support of Buddhism 31
! Personal conversion to Buddhism ! Disillusioned after violent war with Kalinga ! Banned animal sacrifices, mandated vegetarianism in
court ! Material support for Buddhist institutions, missionary
activities
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Changes in Buddhist thought 32
! 3rd c. BCE – 1st c. CE ! Buddha considered divine ! Institution of Boddhisatvas (“saints”) ! Charitable donations to monasteries regarded as pious activity
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Spread of Mahayana Buddhism 33
! Mahayana (“greater vehicle”), newer development ! India, China, Japan, Korea, central Asia
! Hinayana (“lesser vehicle,” also Theravada), earlier version ! Ceylon, Burma, Thailand
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Nalanda 34
! Buddhist Monastery ! Quasi-university: Buddhism, Hindu texts, philosophy,
astronomy, medicine ! Peak at end of Gupta dynasty ! Helped spread Indian thought
! E.g. mathematical number zero
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Emergence of Popular Hinduism 35
! Composition of epics from older oral traditions ! Mahabharata ! Ramayana
! Emphasis on god Vishnu and his incarnations
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The Bhagavad Gita 36
! “Song of the Lord” ! Centuries of revisions, final form c. 400 CE ! Dialogue between Arjuna and Krishna during civil war
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Hindu Ethics 37
! Emphasis on meeting class obligations (dharma) ! Pursuit of economic well-being and honesty (artha) ! Enjoyment of social, physical and sexual pleasure (kama) ! Salvation of the soul (moksha)
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Popularity of Hinduism 38
! Gradually replaced Buddhism in India ! Gupta dynastic leaders extend considerable support