classical greece 500 – 404 bce athens golden age 490 bce – athens defeats the persians at...
TRANSCRIPT
Classical GreeceClassical Greece
500 – 404 BCE Athens Golden Age500 – 404 BCE Athens Golden Age 490 BCE – Athens defeats the Persians at Battle of 490 BCE – Athens defeats the Persians at Battle of
MarathonMarathon 480 BCE – Athens and the acropolis are destroyed by 480 BCE – Athens and the acropolis are destroyed by
Persian invasion forcePersian invasion force 480 BCE – Athenian navy defeats Persian navy at 480 BCE – Athenian navy defeats Persian navy at
Battle of SalamisBattle of Salamis 479 BCE – Athens and Sparta defeat Persian army at 479 BCE – Athens and Sparta defeat Persian army at
Battle of PlataeaBattle of Plataea 461 – 429 BCE Pericles rules Athens as strategos461 – 429 BCE Pericles rules Athens as strategos 431 – 404 BCE Peloponnesian War between Athens & 431 – 404 BCE Peloponnesian War between Athens &
Sparta – Sparta winsSparta – Sparta wins
Classical GreeceClassical Greece
Greeks were polytheistic – had many Greeks were polytheistic – had many gods – the 12 leading gods were known gods – the 12 leading gods were known as The Olympiansas The Olympians
The Greek gods lived upon Mt OlympusThe Greek gods lived upon Mt Olympus There were also demi-gods – half god There were also demi-gods – half god
half human (Herakles) and heroes half human (Herakles) and heroes (Achilles, Perseus, Theseus, etc).(Achilles, Perseus, Theseus, etc).
Classical GreeceClassical Greece The 12 Olympians were:The 12 Olympians were: Zeus – king of gods, god of lightning, the skiesZeus – king of gods, god of lightning, the skies Poseidon – god of the sea, waterPoseidon – god of the sea, water Hades – god of the underworldHades – god of the underworld Hera – queen of the gods, goddess of marriageHera – queen of the gods, goddess of marriage Aphrodite – goddess of love, beautyAphrodite – goddess of love, beauty Apollo – god of sun, music, archeryApollo – god of sun, music, archery Athena – goddess of wisdom, warAthena – goddess of wisdom, war Ares – god of warAres – god of war Artemis – goddess of moon, the huntArtemis – goddess of moon, the hunt Hestia – goddess of the home, the hearthHestia – goddess of the home, the hearth Hermes – messenger of the gods, medicineHermes – messenger of the gods, medicine Haphaestus – god of metalwork, the forgeHaphaestus – god of metalwork, the forge ** Dionysius – god of wine, the theater, altered states ** Dionysius – god of wine, the theater, altered states
(added to 12 later)(added to 12 later)
Classical GreeceClassical Greece
Key termsKey terms Agora – public squareAgora – public square Acropolis – citadel on a hillAcropolis – citadel on a hill Stoa – roofed colonnadeStoa – roofed colonnade Cella – center of the temple where statue of Cella – center of the temple where statue of
the god stoodthe god stood Strategos – literally ‘general’ but an elected Strategos – literally ‘general’ but an elected
position of power in the Athenian governmentposition of power in the Athenian government
Characteristics of Characteristics of Classical Greek ArtClassical Greek Art
Emotionless, expressionless facesEmotionless, expressionless faces Perfection is sought in human formPerfection is sought in human form Man is the measure of all thingsMan is the measure of all things Golden ratio used in buildings – exact Golden ratio used in buildings – exact
ratiosratios Attempt at the ideal Attempt at the ideal Man has control over nature is a themeMan has control over nature is a theme
Classical Greece - ArtClassical Greece - Art
AcropolisAcropolis c. 470-420 BCEc. 470-420 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Artists: Iktinos, Kallikrates, Artists: Iktinos, Kallikrates,
Phidias, MneskilesPhidias, Mneskiles Rebuilt by Pericles after it Rebuilt by Pericles after it
was destroyed by was destroyed by PersiansPersians
Citadel on a hillCitadel on a hill
Classical Greece - ArtClassical Greece - Art
ParthenonParthenon 448-432 BCE448-432 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Iktinos, Kallikrates and Iktinos, Kallikrates and
PhidiasPhidias Considered most perfect Considered most perfect
building by architectsbuilding by architects Uses the Golden Ratio Uses the Golden Ratio Roof was blown off by Roof was blown off by
Venetians during war with Venetians during war with TurksTurks
Classical Greece - ArtClassical Greece - Art
Lapith and Centaur Lapith and Centaur MetopeMetope
440 BCE440 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece Relief SculptureRelief Sculpture Artist: PhidiasArtist: Phidias Symbolizing the Symbolizing the
conflict between conflict between civilization and civilization and barbarianismbarbarianism
Classical Greece - ArtClassical Greece - Art
Three GoddessesThree Goddesses 438-432 BCE438-432 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece Relief SculptureRelief Sculpture Artist: PhidiasArtist: Phidias Usually identified as Usually identified as
Hestia, Dione, AphroditeHestia, Dione, Aphrodite The drapery appears wet The drapery appears wet
and hence is called – and hence is called – wet draperywet drapery
Classical Greece - ArtClassical Greece - Art
Procession of WomenProcession of Women 440 BCE440 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece Relief SculptureRelief Sculpture Artist: PhidiasArtist: Phidias Physical types idealizedPhysical types idealized Concept of unity and Concept of unity and
variety – similar enough to variety – similar enough to unify the whole yet unify the whole yet different to capture the eyedifferent to capture the eye
Classical Greece - ArtClassical Greece - Art
Erechtheus, Praxithea and Their DaughtersErechtheus, Praxithea and Their Daughters 440 BCE440 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece Relief SculptureRelief Sculpture Artist: PhidiasArtist: Phidias This stood above the entrance to the ParthenonThis stood above the entrance to the Parthenon Shows King Erechtheus preparing his daughters for sacrificeShows King Erechtheus preparing his daughters for sacrifice
Classical Greece - ArtClassical Greece - Art
The PropylaiaThe Propylaia 437-432 BCE437-432 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: MnesiklesArtist: Mnesikles This was the This was the
monumental entrance monumental entrance way into the acropolisway into the acropolis
Similar to Doric templeSimilar to Doric temple
Classical Greek ArtClassical Greek Art
ErechtheionErechtheion 421-405 BCE421-405 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: MnesiklesArtist: Mnesikles Served as temple that Served as temple that
held sacred olive tree held sacred olive tree and sacred salt water and sacred salt water poolpool
Classical Greek ArtClassical Greek Art
Porch of the Caryatids Porch of the Caryatids (from the Erechtheion)(from the Erechtheion)
421 – 405 BCE421 – 405 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: MneskilesArtist: Mneskiles Temple was dedicated to Temple was dedicated to
legendary king of Athens legendary king of Athens ErechtheusErechtheus
Porch was used for public Porch was used for public speechesspeeches
Use of female figures as Use of female figures as columnscolumns
Classical Greek ArtClassical Greek Art
Temple of Athena NikeTemple of Athena Nike 427 – 424 BCE427 – 424 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: KallikratesArtist: Kallikrates Use of Ionic columnsUse of Ionic columns Temple dedicated to Temple dedicated to
Athena Victorious as Athena Victorious as protector of city of protector of city of AthensAthens
Classical Greek ArtClassical Greek Art
Kritios BoyKritios Boy 480 BCE480 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: KritiosArtist: Kritios First statue to use First statue to use
contrapposto and contrapposto and stand in true sense stand in true sense with weight shiftedwith weight shifted
Warrior A
ca. 460-450 B.C.E.
from the sea off Riace, Italy
Sculpturebronze
78 in. highFound complete because it is from an
ancient shipwreck
Zeus (or Poseidon?)
ca. 460-450 B.C.E.
from the sea off Cape Artemision, Greece
Sculpture82 in. high
Not sure which god because item is missing from his hands to identify him
Classical Greek ArtClassical Greek Art
Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) 450 – 440 BCE450 – 440 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: PolykleitosArtist: Polykleitos Only exists in Roman Only exists in Roman
copiescopies Greeks called in the canon Greeks called in the canon
(meaning rule or measure)(meaning rule or measure) This was considered the This was considered the
best example of best example of contrappostocontrapposto. .
Late Classical Greek ArtLate Classical Greek Art
Aphrodite of Knidos or Knidian Aphrodite of Knidos or Knidian AphroditeAphrodite
350-300 BCE350-300 BCE Knidos, GreeceKnidos, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: PraxitelesArtist: Praxiteles This is a Roman copy, there This is a Roman copy, there
are many versions of this. are many versions of this. Praxiteles chose marble rather Praxiteles chose marble rather
than bronze to work inthan bronze to work in First nude monumental statueFirst nude monumental statue Blatant use of eroticismBlatant use of eroticism Early example of change from Early example of change from
Classical to HellenisticClassical to Hellenistic
Classical Greek ArtClassical Greek Art
Discobolus (Discus Discobolus (Discus Thrower)Thrower)
450 BCE450 BCE Olympia, GreeceOlympia, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: MyronArtist: Myron Roman copy of Greek Roman copy of Greek
bronzebronze Tribute to athleteTribute to athlete Perfection of frozen Perfection of frozen
movementmovement
Late Classical Greek ArtLate Classical Greek Art Apoxymenos (The Scraper)Apoxymenos (The Scraper) 330 BCE330 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: LysipposArtist: Lysippos Arm extending out into Arm extending out into
space for first time in space for first time in sculpturesculpture
Roman copies only existRoman copies only exist Shows an athlete scraping Shows an athlete scraping
oil from his skin with a strigiloil from his skin with a strigil
Classical Greek ArtClassical Greek Art
Muse and MaidenMuse and Maiden 440-430 BCE440-430 BCE Attic, GreeceAttic, Greece PotteryPottery By the Achilles PainterBy the Achilles Painter In classical era the use In classical era the use
of white backgrounds is of white backgrounds is exclusively for funerary exclusively for funerary vasesvases
Classical Greek ArtClassical Greek Art
Theater of EpidaurosTheater of Epidauros 350 BCE350 BCE Epidauros, GreeceEpidauros, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: Polykleitos the Artist: Polykleitos the
YoungerYounger Best natural acoustics in Best natural acoustics in
the world; Greek theaters the world; Greek theaters were all built into the were all built into the sides of hills, never sides of hills, never freestanding like Roman freestanding like Roman theaterstheaters
Late Classical Greek ArtLate Classical Greek Art
SocratesSocrates 350 BCE350 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: LysipposArtist: Lysippos Copy of Greek bronzeCopy of Greek bronze Socrates is considered Socrates is considered
the first great the first great philosopher of the Westphilosopher of the West
Late Classical Greek ArtLate Classical Greek Art
PlatoPlato 350 – 340 BCE350 – 340 BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: SilanionArtist: Silanion Plato is considered Plato is considered
western history’s western history’s greatest philosophergreatest philosopher
Plato was his nickname Plato was his nickname meaning “broad one”meaning “broad one”
Hellenistic GreeceHellenistic Greece 388 – 322 BCE Aristotle’s life388 – 322 BCE Aristotle’s life 360 – 336 BCE – Philip II King of Macedon begins conquest of Greece360 – 336 BCE – Philip II King of Macedon begins conquest of Greece 343 – 340 BCE – Aristotle is assigned as tutor for Alexander III343 – 340 BCE – Aristotle is assigned as tutor for Alexander III 338 BCE – Greece united under Philip II of Macedon338 BCE – Greece united under Philip II of Macedon 336 BCE – Assassination of Philip II ; Alexander III becomes king336 BCE – Assassination of Philip II ; Alexander III becomes king 334 – 330 BCE – Alexander conquers Persian Empire334 – 330 BCE – Alexander conquers Persian Empire 327 BCE – Alexander reaches India but is forced to return by troops327 BCE – Alexander reaches India but is forced to return by troops June 10, 323 BCE – Alexander dies of fever in BabylonJune 10, 323 BCE – Alexander dies of fever in Babylon 323 – 30 BCE Alexander’s Empire is split by his generals and ruled over 323 – 30 BCE Alexander’s Empire is split by his generals and ruled over
as Hellenism spreads throughout Mediterranean Worldas Hellenism spreads throughout Mediterranean World Hellenistic World includes Persia, Syria, Turkey, Egypt, Greece, parts of Hellenistic World includes Persia, Syria, Turkey, Egypt, Greece, parts of
India, Italy, southern France and southern Spain.India, Italy, southern France and southern Spain.
Hellenistic Greek ArtHellenistic Greek Art Hellenistic Art Aspired to:Hellenistic Art Aspired to:
Show that idealism was not importantShow that idealism was not important Show that maybe humans could NOT impose Show that maybe humans could NOT impose
order on nature and the universeorder on nature and the universe Believe that perfection was NOT attainableBelieve that perfection was NOT attainable Show more truth and reality in artShow more truth and reality in art Make art more human and emotionalMake art more human and emotional
Hellenistic Art Hellenistic Art CharacteristicsCharacteristics
DramaticDramatic Violent Violent EroticErotic SpontaneousSpontaneous PassionatePassionate EmotionalEmotional
Battle of Issus
ca. 310 B.C.E.
Pompei, Italy
Mosaic/Painting (original)
Artist: Philoxenes of Eretriatessera Mosaic
8 ft. 10 in. x 16 ft. 9 in.Shows Alexander battling the Persian Emperor
Hellenistic ArtHellenistic Art
Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great 330 BCE330 BCE Pella, MacedoniaPella, Macedonia SculptureSculpture Roman copy of bronzeRoman copy of bronze Alexander was perhaps Alexander was perhaps
the greatest military the greatest military general the world has general the world has seenseen
His empire spread His empire spread Hellenism to the eastHellenism to the east
Hellenistic ArtHellenistic Art
Temple of Olympian Temple of Olympian ZeusZeus
22ndnd century BCE century BCE Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece ArchitectureArchitecture Use of Corinthian order Use of Corinthian order
for a major temple is for a major temple is first employed herefirst employed here
Romans would prefer Romans would prefer this order to all othersthis order to all others
Choragic Monument of Lysikrates
334 B.C.E.
Athens, Greece
ArchitectureMarble
Was originally open in middle and trophy was displayed with statue
Hellenistic Greek ArtHellenistic Greek Art
Altar of ZeusAltar of Zeus 180 – 160 BCE180 – 160 BCE Pergamon, TurkeyPergamon, Turkey ArchitectureArchitecture Finest example of existing Hellenistic architectureFinest example of existing Hellenistic architecture Sculpture on the friezes is full of movement, violence and emotionSculpture on the friezes is full of movement, violence and emotion
Hellenistic Greek ArtHellenistic Greek Art
Athena and AlkyoneusAthena and Alkyoneus 166-156 BCE166-156 BCE Pergamon, TurkeyPergamon, Turkey Relief SculptureRelief Sculpture High relief shows play of High relief shows play of
shadows to create depthshadows to create depth Emotion and movement Emotion and movement
portrayed effectivelyportrayed effectively From Altar of ZeusFrom Altar of Zeus
Hellenistic Greek ArtHellenistic Greek Art
Trojan Horse FriezeTrojan Horse Frieze 22ndnd – 3 – 3rdrd century CE century CE Gandhara, IndiaGandhara, India Relief SculptureRelief Sculpture Greek art and themes spread all the way to India Greek art and themes spread all the way to India
because of Alexander’s triumphsbecause of Alexander’s triumphs
Hellenistic Greek ArtHellenistic Greek Art
Nike of Samothrace (Winged Nike of Samothrace (Winged Victory)Victory)
200 - 190 BCE200 - 190 BCE Samothrace, GreeceSamothrace, Greece SculptureSculpture Artist: Pythokritos of RhodesArtist: Pythokritos of Rhodes One of the 3 Masterpieces of One of the 3 Masterpieces of
Hellenistic art Hellenistic art Part of a monument to a naval Part of a monument to a naval
victory by Eudamos of Rhodes victory by Eudamos of Rhodes Rare instance of a monument Rare instance of a monument
and statue being found in its and statue being found in its original location – found in 1863original location – found in 1863
Captures movement of windCaptures movement of wind
Hellenistic Greek ArtHellenistic Greek Art
LaocoonLaocoon 11stst century BCE century BCE Rhodes, GreeceRhodes, Greece SculptureSculpture Artists: Hagesandros, Artists: Hagesandros,
Athanodoros & Athanodoros & PolydorosPolydoros
One of the 3 great One of the 3 great masterpieces of masterpieces of Hellenistic ArtHellenistic Art
Extreme show of Extreme show of emotion, violence and emotion, violence and passionpassion
Hellenistic Greek ArtHellenistic Greek Art
Aphrodite of Melos Aphrodite of Melos (Venus di Milo)(Venus di Milo)
190 – 130 BCE190 – 130 BCE SculptureSculpture Melos, GreeceMelos, Greece Artist: Alexandros of Artist: Alexandros of
AntiochAntioch One of the 3 masterpieces One of the 3 masterpieces
of Hellenistic artof Hellenistic art Erotic pose and draperyErotic pose and drapery Return to classical smileReturn to classical smile
Aphrodite, Eros and Pan
ca. 100 B.C.E.
Delos, Greece
Sculpturemarble
52 in. highDramatic movement is typical of Hellenistic Art
Sleeping Satyr (Barberini Faun)
ca. 230-200 B.C.E.
Pergamon, Turkey
Sculpturemarble
85 in. highCaptures a more intimate moment as he melds
back into the tree
Old Market Woman
ca. 150-100 B.C.E.
Rome, Italy
Sculpturemarble
54 in. highDramatic realism and even slight eroticism
Some Roman artists continued in the Hellenistic style./tradition
Greek ArtGreek Art
The end . . . The end . . . Next Lecture . . . Next Lecture . . . The EtruscansThe Etruscans