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Post on 20-Dec-2015
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Class Website
http://public.csusm.edu/DAMwebsite/humanheredity.html
Announcements, Lectures and Homework assignments will be posted
Cells are the Fundamental Unit of All Living Things
Prokaryotes Single-cell organisms Cells have no nucleus or membrane-bound
organelles Bacteria
Eukaryotes (YOU-karyotes) Multicellular organisms Each cell has membrane-bound organelles,
including a nucleus Animals and plants
Chemical Constituents of Cells
CarbohydratesSugars and starches
LipidsFats and oils
ProteinsIncluding enzymes
Nucleic acidsDNA and RNA
Membrane-bound Organelles
Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth and Rough Golgi Complex Lysosomes and Peroxisomes Mitochondria
Nucleus
Location of chromosomal DNA DNA contains the “recipes”
for making proteins Proteins give cells their
specific characteristics and functions
Nucleolus Site of ribosome production
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Covered in ribosomes Site of protein synthesis
Smooth Site of lipid synthesis
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
Sacs of enzymes Lysosomes
Degrade cellular debris
Peroxisomes Degrade lipids and other
biochemicals
Cytoskeleton
Protein scaffolding Give cell its shape Transport cellular
contents 3 major components
Microtubules Intermediate filaments Microfilaments
Microtubules
Largest diameter Hollow tubes Composed of tubulin dimers Important for cell division Form cilia
Intermediate Filaments
Smaller than microtubules Coiled rods Composed of dimers of different
proteins depending on cell type Important for cellular attachments
Microfilaments
Smallest component of the cytoskeleton
Long, thin rods Composed of actin Important for stretching and
compression of the cell Important for cell-cell interactions
Plasma Membrane
Encompasses cytoplasm and organelles Phospholipid bilayer Regulates what enters and exits the cell
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail
Molecules in the Plasma Membrane
Give cell its characteristics Glycoproteins
Proteins with sugar attached
Glycolipids Lipids with sugar attached
Proteins Receptors/Signal Transduction Cell adhesion
Receptors Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane A ligand is a molecule that binds to a receptor
Ionotropic Allow direct passage of molecules into cell
Metabotropic Cause a cascade of events involving secondary messengers and enzymes
Signal Transduction
Metabotropic receptors Outside stimuli (extracellular)
changed into intracellular biochemical reaction
Signal is changed and amplified
Aris Q3
Cell Adhesion
Cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) Bind to adhesion receptor proteins
Mouse embryonic neurons migrating up radial glia