civitas summer course
TRANSCRIPT
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CIVITAS Summer Course Sustainable Mobility for a Better Life
Block 1
07 June 2016
OMAU - Urban Environment Observatory of Malaga
13 June 2016 1
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Day 1 - Agenda
• 10:00 – 12:30: Urban Mobility and Parking – G. MINGARDO (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
• 12:45 – 13:45: Lunch
• 13:45 – 14:45: Public Transport: theory & practice – K. YILDIZGÖZ (UITP)
• 14:45 – 15:00: Coffee break
• 15:00 – 17:00: Sustainable mobility and wealthy cities – T. BLONDIAU (Transport & Mobility Leuven )
13 June 2016 2
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Urban Mobility and Parking
07 June 2016
Giuliano Mingardo
Erasmus University [email protected]
CIVITAS Summer School 2016 - Malaga
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Agenda
• Urban mobility in the last decennia;
• Parking policy and urban mobility;
• Misunderstanding and dilemma’s in parking;
• Parking and Retail;
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Urban Mobility
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Urban Mobility
In Europe there have been three general eras of urban mobility:
• 1890s till 1930s: WALKING
• 1930s till 1950s: BUS & BICYCLE
• 1960s on: CAR
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Transportation and Urban Form
Urban transportation is associated with a spatial form which varies according to the modes being used.
Considering commuting:
• Walking – 5 km
• Cycling – 15 km
• Driving (no freeways) – 30 km
• Driving (freeways) – 60 km
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How did urban mobility change in the last decennia?
Two major changes happened:
1. The matrix Origin – Destination (home-work) has changed;
2. The number and type of activities has changed;
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Urban Mobility
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Evolution of commuting
HOME WORKPLACE
HOME
KINDERGARTEN WORKPLACE
GYM
SUPERMARKETFRIENDS
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Cumulative Modal Contribution to Economic Opportunities
HorsesMaritime shipping
Canal shipping
Railways
Roads Air
Telecommunications
1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050
Eco
no
mic
Op
po
rtu
nit
ies
Industrial Revolution Mass Production
Globalization
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Urban Transport Problems
Transport problems are usually urban problems!Most notable urban transport problems:• Traffic congestion and parking difficulties;• Public transport inadequacy;• Difficulties for pedestrians;• Loss of public space;• Environmental impacts and energy consumption;• Accidents and safety;• Land consumption;• Freight distribution;
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The Sense of urgency• Transport is responsible for 21% of total greenhouse
gas emissions in the European Union (EU-15);• The link between air pollution and early deaths has
been scientifically proven;• On average each European takes half a day off a year
due to illness related to air pollution and this costs the economy more than €80bn;
• Overweight affects between 30% and 80% of adults living in Europe and up to one third of children;
• Number of premature deaths due to PM in EU (2000): >260,000– 2004 Tsunami: > 225,000– 151,000 civilians killed since Iraq invasion
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Why did mobility changed in the last decennia?
Which factors did influence the change in mobility in urban areas?
• Welfare;
• Technological development;
• The transition from an industrial economy to a service economy first and a knowledge economy later;
• Higher participation of women in the job market;
• Spatial planning;
• New location factor for companies;
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Why did mobility changed in the last decennia? (Cont.)
Which factors did influence the change in mobility in urban areas?
• Aging and multipop
• The distance among family members is getting bigger; at the same time proximity is important for care (for old people)
• ‘New families’/ ‘patchworkfamilies’ due to divorces, new relationships, etc…
• Health is getting important as lifestyle; more interest in sport
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KiM, 2014
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Costs of mobility for the individual
• Generalized Transportation Costs (GTC):
– Monetary costs;
– Non monetary costs;
• How do you think the importance of these costs have changed over time?
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Urban Transport Challenges
The major urban transport challenges are:
• Get people out of their cars?
• Convince people to use cleaner vehicles?
• Get more people walking and cycling?
• ...?
• ...?
• ...?
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The future of mobilitySupply of mobility
• Suppliers of a transport mode (Railways, Car manufacturers, Bike ,…)
• Suppliers of more transport modes (Mobility Mixx, Dutch Railways,…)
• SERVICE PROVIDER
Demand for mobility
• Demand for a transport mode (car, PT, bike,…)
• Demand for a mobility solution (from A to B)
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The future of mobility
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Parking Policy and Urban Mobility
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Why is Parking important?
• Because parking has been recognized as one of the main cause of traffic;
• Because parking generates [lots of] money both for the private and public sector;
• Because parking is an hot political item (‘parking is emotion’);
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Aim(s) of a parking policy
• As for Transport Policy, also a parking policy is supposed to achieve aims that go beyond transport:– Stimulate economic development;
– Generate revenues;
– Improve Quality of life;
– ...
• Is this the right approach?
• For sure parking policy has to contribute to the overall strategy and vision of the city.
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Aim(s) of a parking policy
• Transport-related aims:– Reduce traffic congestion;
– Increase the accessibility of the area;
– Increase road safety;
• Other aims:– Stimulate/support a vibrant economy (retail);
– Promote economic activities (business sector);
– Improve Quality of Life;
– Improve the environment;
– Raise revenues for the municipality;
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Evolution of parking policy
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Effects of parking policy (1)
• Parking has got relative little attention in the past;
• Little attention = Little knowledge;
• There is a huge lack of data [usage] in parking;
• As such, very often parking policy is based on feelings and emotions; only rarely on facts and knowledge!
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away parking lots for free”
(J. Jacobs)
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Effects of parking policy (2)
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Parking policy based on feelings
• There are many misunderstandings in parking policy;
• Very often parking = emotion;
• Wrong knowledge and/or lack of knowledge lead to wrong policies!!
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Misunderstandings and dilemma’s in parking
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Dilemma’s in parking pricing policy
• Short vs. long parking;
• Mobility/Quality of life vs. Financial issue;(Traffic congestion vs. income;)
• Should residents pay for parking?
• Parking fee vs. Customers?
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What is best for the city?•One car travelling during peak hours and staying parked for 8 hours; or • Five cars that travel outside peak hours and stay parked approx. 1,5 hour eachWhy?
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If you invest more than €100M in a parking garage in the city centre, do you really want to stimulate people not coming by car?
Who is going to pay that garage?
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Should residents of a luxury villa pay the same amount of money for a parking permit than people living in a slum neighbourhood?
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No parking, No business?•Is parking important to attract customers and visitors?• If you increase the parking fee, are you going to loose customers?
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Misunderstandings in parking policy
1. Free parking exists;
2. Parking is a location factor for companies;
3. No parking = No business;
4. P&R facilities increase the accessibility of the city and reduce congestion in the innercity;
5. Parking in residential areas is a problem only in the innercity;
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Free parking
• Free parking does not exist!!
• The price of parking is included in the costs of all other products and services we buy.
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Free parking does not exist!
The price of this is included in this!
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The price of this is included in this!
Local shopping area
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Parking and Retail
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‘No parking, No business’
Is it true?
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Why do retailers think that parking is important?
• Because they think that the majority of their customers come by car;
• Because they think that car drivers are better customers [spend more money] than customers travelling by other modes;
• Because they often think that parking can be free;
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WHY IS THAT?
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No parking = No business ?• Several researches:
1. Relation between modal split and expenditures in local supermarkets (in Leiden) 2007;
2. Relation between modal split and expenditures in a shopping street (Meent in Rotterdam) 2008;
3. Role of parking in shopping areas (> 80 shopping areas in the Netherlands) 2005;
4. Role of parking in shopping areas (> 180 shopping areas in the Netherlands) 2011;
• One result: ‘No parking = No business’ is a huge misunderstanding!
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3. Parkeermonitor: parking capacity vs. turnover
parking-capacity vs. turnover
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0,0000 0,0500 0,1000 0,1500 0,2000 0,2500 0,3000 0,3500 0,4000
capacity/m2-sfs
turn
over/
m2-s
fs
shopping areas
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4. KSO 2011
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y = 0,7625x + 2,0069R² = 0,8094
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 2 4 6 8 10
sco
re b
ere
ikb
aarh
eid
per
au
to
score parkeren
parkeren / auto bereikbaarheid
parkeren / auto bereikbaarheid
Linear (parkeren / autobereikbaarheid)
PARKING SCORE
SCO
RE
CA
R A
CC
ESSI
BIL
ITY
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCORE PARKING AND SCORE CAR ACCESSIBILITY
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KSO 2011
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y = 13,654x - 53,326R² = 0,375
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6 8 10
au
to m
od
al sp
lit
parkeren score
parkeren / modal split auto
parkeren / modal split auto
Linear (parkeren / modal split auto )
MO
DA
L S
PL
IT C
AR
PARKING SCORE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARKING SCORE AND MODAL SPLIT CAR
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KSO 2011
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y = 0,0029x + 33,883R² = 0,1647
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Mod
alsp
lit
car
Turnover m2
Relationship between modal split car and turnover m2
Datenreihen1
Linear (Datenreihen1)
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What Characteristics Do Shoppers Consider?
• In total: 12 shopping motives included in the survey
• Parking and accessibility by car among the top5 motives
• Still, only important for around every 6th person in the survey
Rank Motive Mentioned by
1 Closeness to home 60%
2 Completeness of shops
38%
3 Completeness of products
25%
4 Parking 18%
5 Accessibility by car 16%
6 Amthmosphere 14%
7 Product pricing 13%
8 Parking tariffs 5%
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050
00
10
000
1500
0T
urn
over
pe
r m
²
0 20 40 60 80 100Modal Split Car
05
00
01
00
00
15
00
0P
rod
To
t
0 10 20 30 40 50MSTotFiets
050
00
10
00
01500
0P
rod
To
t
0 10 20 30 40 50MSTotlopend
05000
1000
01500
0T
urn
ove
r pe
r m
²
0 10 20 30 40Modal Split OV
CAR BIKE
WALKING PT
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CONCLUSIONS KSO2011
• Parking is important for the perception of the car-accessibility of a shopping areas (NB: parking as a whole, not necessarily parking tariffs or number of
spaces);
• Yet, for less than 20% of the visitors is parking and car-accessibility a decision factor when choosing where to go shopping;
• The turnover of the shopping areas is not related to the modal split!!
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Retail and Mobility
• Most of retailers are afraid/against any kind of policy that might reduce car use in city centers
• The debate between retailers and policy makers is usually based on emotions
• Taking (investment) decisions based on emotions is usually not a good idea!
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Retail Crisis
There are three main reasons why traditional retail in cities is having a difficult time:
a) In the last years we have been through one of the deepest economic crisis since decades;
b) Internet has dramatically changed consumer behavior;
c) We increased retail supply (n. of shops) at the time we needed the least (a+b)
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Four-step model
• How does the consumer take his/her decision about buying a product?
• Four-step model:
– 1st step: Do I buy the product or not?;
– 2nd step: What product shall I buy?
– 3rd step: Where shall I buy it?
– 4th step: How do I go to the shop?
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Do you really think IKEA is successful because of this?
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13 June 2016 58
How do you explain this?
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Do they offer free parking?
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Can't see the wood for the trees
if someone can't see the wood for the trees, they are unable to understand what is
important in a situation because they are giving too much attention to details
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