CIVITAS Open AcademyCIVITAS Open AcademyLjubljana Ljubljana 15 April 201015 April 2010

Eric N. SchrefflerEric N. Schreffler Prof Tom Rye, Prof Tom Rye, Transport ConsultantTransport Consultant Edinburgh Edinburgh Napier San Diego, California, USANapier San Diego, California, USAUniversityUniversity

Edinburgh, UKEdinburgh, UK

CIVITAS Open AcademyCIVITAS Open AcademyLjubljana Ljubljana 15 April 201015 April 2010

Eric N. SchrefflerEric N. Schreffler Prof Tom Rye, Prof Tom Rye, Transport ConsultantTransport Consultant Edinburgh Edinburgh Napier San Diego, California, USANapier San Diego, California, USAUniversityUniversity

Edinburgh, UKEdinburgh, UK

Travel Demand Management:

International Experience

OverviewOverviewOverviewOverview

TDM in the U.S.

TDM in Latin America

TDM in Japan

TDM in Italy

TDM in the Netherlands

TDM in Sweden

Final thoughts

TDM in the U.S.

TDM in Latin America

TDM in Japan

TDM in Italy

TDM in the Netherlands

TDM in Sweden

Final thoughts

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Conversions used in this presentationConversions used in this presentationConversions used in this presentationConversions used in this presentation

1 pound (lb) = 0.45kg

1 US gallon = 3.6 litres

1 mile = 1.6km

VMT – vehicle mile travelled

1 pound (lb) = 0.45kg

1 US gallon = 3.6 litres

1 mile = 1.6km

VMT – vehicle mile travelled

TDM IN THE U.S.TDM IN THE U.S.TDM IN THE U.S.TDM IN THE U.S.Employer Participation in Reducing Car TravelEmployer Participation in Reducing Car Travel

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History of TDM in U.S.History of TDM in U.S.History of TDM in U.S.History of TDM in U.S.

TDM has evolved in response to crises:

• World War II

• Individual Employer Efforts

• The Arab Oil Embargo

• Suburban Traffic Problems

• Air Pollution

• Traffic Congestion

• Gas Prices

• Global Climate Change

TDM has evolved in response to crises:

• World War II

• Individual Employer Efforts

• The Arab Oil Embargo

• Suburban Traffic Problems

• Air Pollution

• Traffic Congestion

• Gas Prices

• Global Climate Change

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Seattle TDM InitiativesSeattle TDM InitiativesSeattle TDM InitiativesSeattle TDM Initiatives

Commute Trip Reduction Law

Extensive vanpool program

Universal public transport pass

Bicycle network

Carsharing - Zipcar

Corporate bus systems - Microsoft

Ridesharing incentives – R-TRIP

Telecommuting assistance

Community-based TDM -

Commute Trip Reduction Law

Extensive vanpool program

Universal public transport pass

Bicycle network

Carsharing - Zipcar

Corporate bus systems - Microsoft

Ridesharing incentives – R-TRIP

Telecommuting assistance

Community-based TDM -

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Commute Trip Reduction LawCommute Trip Reduction LawCommute Trip Reduction LawCommute Trip Reduction Law

Washington State law enacted in 1991

Partnership of state, cities and employers

Goal to reduce congestion, pollution and energy consumption

Targets set to reduce VMT

Requirements on worksites with 100+ workers

Applies to 1,100 worksites in Washington State

Companies survey employees annually

Washington State law enacted in 1991

Partnership of state, cities and employers

Goal to reduce congestion, pollution and energy consumption

Targets set to reduce VMT

Requirements on worksites with 100+ workers

Applies to 1,100 worksites in Washington State

Companies survey employees annually

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CTR ImpactsCTR ImpactsCTR ImpactsCTR Impacts

Commuters making 26,000 fewer car trips

Drive alone rate at CTR worksites down -70.9% in 1993 to 65.% in 2007

Washington State saw drive alone rate go down, only one of two among 50 states

CTR commuters reduced 4000 tons of air pollution

Reduced petrol consumption by about 7.9M gallons, saving over $23 million in fuel costs

Commuters making 26,000 fewer car trips

Drive alone rate at CTR worksites down -70.9% in 1993 to 65.% in 2007

Washington State saw drive alone rate go down, only one of two among 50 states

CTR commuters reduced 4000 tons of air pollution

Reduced petrol consumption by about 7.9M gallons, saving over $23 million in fuel costs

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CTR Impacts on TrafficCTR Impacts on TrafficLinking TDM and System PerformanceLinking TDM and System PerformanceCTR Impacts on TrafficCTR Impacts on TrafficLinking TDM and System PerformanceLinking TDM and System Performance

Without TDMI-5 in Seattle

With TDMI-5 in Seattle

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City of Redmond R-TRIPCity of Redmond R-TRIPCity of Redmond R-TRIPCity of Redmond R-TRIP

Redmond Trip Resource and Incentive Program

Operated by City of Redmond for commuters

Aim to reduce traffic congestion and improve AQ

Offered to any Redmond resident or commuter

Encourage bus use, ridesharing, bike, and walk

Incentive is one-time $50, then chance at drawings

One month free bus pass for new users

Extra incentives for vanpoolers

Redmond Trip Resource and Incentive Program

Operated by City of Redmond for commuters

Aim to reduce traffic congestion and improve AQ

Offered to any Redmond resident or commuter

Encourage bus use, ridesharing, bike, and walk

Incentive is one-time $50, then chance at drawings

One month free bus pass for new users

Extra incentives for vanpoolersLjubljana Workshop

Each day equals a chance to be entered in a prize draw. Logged on gortrip.com Each day equals a chance to be entered in a prize draw. Logged on gortrip.com

R-TRIP Incentive CalendarR-TRIP Incentive CalendarR-TRIP Incentive CalendarR-TRIP Incentive Calendar

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Cumulative ImpactsCumulative ImpactsCumulative ImpactsCumulative Impacts CO2 REDUCED:

• 34,950,280 lbs

FUEL SAVED:

• 1,593,428 gallons

TRAVEL SAVED:

• 37,126,880 miles

VEHICLE TRIPS SAVED:

• 1,244,159 trips

(since May 2008)

CO2 REDUCED:

• 34,950,280 lbs

FUEL SAVED:

• 1,593,428 gallons

TRAVEL SAVED:

• 37,126,880 miles

VEHICLE TRIPS SAVED:

• 1,244,159 trips

(since May 2008)

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Carsharing Carsharing Carsharing Carsharing

• Widespread in Europe (Germany, Switzerland)

• 60,000 members and 900 vehicles in U.S. (2004)

• Some members get rid of 2nd car

Daily Impacts: (San Francisco Evaluation)

• Average reduction of 7 parking spaces demanded per carshare vehicle

• Average net reduction of 5 VMT percarshare member per day

• 0.75 lb of CO2 emissions reduced per carshare member per day

• Widespread in Europe (Germany, Switzerland)

• 60,000 members and 900 vehicles in U.S. (2004)

• Some members get rid of 2nd car

Daily Impacts: (San Francisco Evaluation)

• Average reduction of 7 parking spaces demanded per carshare vehicle

• Average net reduction of 5 VMT percarshare member per day

• 0.75 lb of CO2 emissions reduced per carshare member per day

                                                                

TDM IN LATIN AMERICATDM IN LATIN AMERICATDM IN LATIN AMERICATDM IN LATIN AMERICADOING MORE WITH LESSDOING MORE WITH LESS

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TDM Initiatives in Latin AmericaTDM Initiatives in Latin AmericaTDM Initiatives in Latin AmericaTDM Initiatives in Latin America

Vision plan in Guatemala City

Bus Rapid Transit

Ciclovia – closing streets for active transport

Car Free Days – Bogotá

No Drive Days – Mexico City

Vision plan in Guatemala City

Bus Rapid Transit

Ciclovia – closing streets for active transport

Car Free Days – Bogotá

No Drive Days – Mexico City

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Guatemala CityGuatemala CityGuatemala CityGuatemala City

Part of Mayor’s 2020 Plan:

“A City for Living” with three goals:

1. Social solidarity

2. Environmental responsibility

3. Economic competitiveness

Transmetro and Pasos y Pedales part of Mayor Alvaro Arzu’s

plan

Part of Mayor’s 2020 Plan:

“A City for Living” with three goals:

1. Social solidarity

2. Environmental responsibility

3. Economic competitiveness

Transmetro and Pasos y Pedales part of Mayor Alvaro Arzu’s

plan

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Transmetro – Guatemala CityTransmetro – Guatemala CityTransmetro – Guatemala CityTransmetro – Guatemala City

BRT - dedicated busway on arterial median

BRT - dedicated busway on arterial median

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Transmetro – Guatemala CityTransmetro – Guatemala CityTransmetro – Guatemala CityTransmetro – Guatemala City

Benefits

• Reduces travel time by 20%

• Few buses needed overall

• Safer

• Fares did not substantially increase

Runner up to London and Paris for 2008 Sustainable Transport

Award

Benefits

• Reduces travel time by 20%

• Few buses needed overall

• Safer

• Fares did not substantially increase

Runner up to London and Paris for 2008 Sustainable Transport

Award

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Active Transport: Pasos y PedalesActive Transport: Pasos y PedalesActive Transport: Pasos y PedalesActive Transport: Pasos y Pedales

Part of Plan in Guatemala City

Part of international Ciclovia movement

Close five streets to trafficevery Sunday from 10:00 to 14:00

Part of Plan in Guatemala City

Part of international Ciclovia movement

Close five streets to trafficevery Sunday from 10:00 to 14:00

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TDM IN JAPANTDM IN JAPANTDM IN JAPANTDM IN JAPANPERSONALIZED TRAVEL PLANNINGPERSONALIZED TRAVEL PLANNING

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TDM Initiatives in JapanTDM Initiatives in JapanTDM Initiatives in JapanTDM Initiatives in Japan

TDM is rather new in Japan

Not well known by policy-makers

Innovations in Park-and-Ride

Bicycling parking technology

Educating students and licensed drivers on mobility management

Compressed work weeks and staggered hours

Personalized travel planning

TDM is rather new in Japan

Not well known by policy-makers

Innovations in Park-and-Ride

Bicycling parking technology

Educating students and licensed drivers on mobility management

Compressed work weeks and staggered hours

Personalized travel planning

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Travel Feedback ProgramsTravel Feedback ProgramsTravel Feedback ProgramsTravel Feedback Programs One-on-one advice on sustainable travel

behavior via survey, follow-up and tailored information and incentives

Also called:• Individualized marketing (Germany/US)

• Travel blending/travel smart (Australia)

• Personalized travel planning (UK)

Japanese Travel Feedback Programs (TFPs) for:• Residents (at home)

• Students (at school)

• Employees (at work place)

One-on-one advice on sustainable travel behavior via survey, follow-up and tailored information and incentives

Also called:• Individualized marketing (Germany/US)

• Travel blending/travel smart (Australia)

• Personalized travel planning (UK)

Japanese Travel Feedback Programs (TFPs) for:• Residents (at home)

• Students (at school)

• Employees (at work place)

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Travel Feedback Program ImpactsTravel Feedback Program ImpactsTravel Feedback Program ImpactsTravel Feedback Program Impacts

• Residential TFPs resulted in:

– 7.3% - 19.1% reduction in car use

– increased public transport use 30% - 69%

• Work place TFPs resulted in:

– 12% reduction in car use

– 50% increase in public transport use

– 19% decrease in CO2 emissions

• Residential TFPs resulted in:

– 7.3% - 19.1% reduction in car use

– increased public transport use 30% - 69%

• Work place TFPs resulted in:

– 12% reduction in car use

– 50% increase in public transport use

– 19% decrease in CO2 emissions

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TDM IN ITALYTDM IN ITALYTDM IN ITALYTDM IN ITALYURBAN MOBILITY POLICYURBAN MOBILITY POLICY

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Integrating TDM into Urban PlanIntegrating TDM into Urban PlanIntegrating TDM into Urban PlanIntegrating TDM into Urban Plan

ROME MOBILITY POLICY

Concentric Rings:

Historic core: ZTL access control

Rail ring: no non-catalyzed cars; parking pricing

Green ring: parking management

Ring road: higher polluters pay fee

Outside ring: suburban park-and-ride

ROME MOBILITY POLICY

Concentric Rings:

Historic core: ZTL access control

Rail ring: no non-catalyzed cars; parking pricing

Green ring: parking management

Ring road: higher polluters pay fee

Outside ring: suburban park-and-rideSource: ATAC

TDM IN THE UKTDM IN THE UKTDM IN THE UKTDM IN THE UK

TRAVEL PLANS AND

PERSONALISED TRAVEL PLANNING

TRAVEL PLANS AND

PERSONALISED TRAVEL PLANNING

Workplace travel plans (MM) in UKWorkplace travel plans (MM) in UK

Estimated that by 2007 in UK, travel plans in place for:

• 40% local authorities

• 50% colleges/universities

• 20% hospitals

• 10% businesses with more than 100 staff

Travel plans required in all major new developments

Impacts e.g. Wellcome Trust, 800 staff research institution near Cambridge – cut car use to 47% of trips

Median cost – around €60/employee

Estimated that by 2007 in UK, travel plans in place for:

• 40% local authorities

• 50% colleges/universities

• 20% hospitals

• 10% businesses with more than 100 staff

Travel plans required in all major new developments

Impacts e.g. Wellcome Trust, 800 staff research institution near Cambridge – cut car use to 47% of trips

Median cost – around €60/employee

Personalised travel plans in UKPersonalised travel plans in UK

Study of 16 schemes covering 80,000 households found average reduction in car driver trips of 11% and of car km of 12%

Cost around 40€/household

Study of 16 schemes covering 80,000 households found average reduction in car driver trips of 11% and of car km of 12%

Cost around 40€/household

TDM IN THE NETHERLANDSTDM IN THE NETHERLANDSTDM IN THE NETHERLANDSTDM IN THE NETHERLANDSFINANCIAL INCENTIVESFINANCIAL INCENTIVES

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Financial IncentivesFinancial Incentives Financial IncentivesFinancial IncentivesAmsterdam Ring Road

• Reconstruction of beltway around Amsterdam

• Comprehensive TDM program, including

– Free transit pass “mobility card” for 30,000 area employees

– Outreach campaign

– Personal travel advice service

– Camera images at major interchanges on website

– Shuttle to rail station

– Reduced parking cost at rail park-and-ride lots

– Free use of bikes from rail station

• Increased transit share from 23% to 42%

• Decreased car share from 61% to 42%

• Rail share up even after reconstructed roads opened

Amsterdam Ring Road

• Reconstruction of beltway around Amsterdam

• Comprehensive TDM program, including

– Free transit pass “mobility card” for 30,000 area employees

– Outreach campaign

– Personal travel advice service

– Camera images at major interchanges on website

– Shuttle to rail station

– Reduced parking cost at rail park-and-ride lots

– Free use of bikes from rail station

• Increased transit share from 23% to 42%

• Decreased car share from 61% to 42%

• Rail share up even after reconstructed roads opened

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TDM IN SWEDENTDM IN SWEDENTDM IN SWEDENTDM IN SWEDENPUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER – TDM AS PHILOSOPHYPUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER – TDM AS PHILOSOPHY

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Swedish TDM InitiativesSwedish TDM InitiativesSwedish TDM InitiativesSwedish TDM Initiatives

National policy – 4-stage principle

Broad implementation of TDM and MM

Comprehensive and comparable evaluation of TDM measures (SUMO)

Sustainable Urban Transport Planning – example: Lundamats

• Bicycle focus

• Travel plans

• BRT

• Mobility Center

• Land Use

National policy – 4-stage principle

Broad implementation of TDM and MM

Comprehensive and comparable evaluation of TDM measures (SUMO)

Sustainable Urban Transport Planning – example: Lundamats

• Bicycle focus

• Travel plans

• BRT

• Mobility Center

• Land Use

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Four-stage PrincipleFour-stage PrincipleFour-stage PrincipleFour-stage Principle Adopted by Swedish Road

Administration in 2002

Requires consideration of TDM first

Specific problems and road segments need to undergo step-wise evaluation to consider:

• Step 1-Measures that affect the demand for transport and the choice of mode

• Step 2-Measures that affect the more efficient use of the existing road network

• Step 3-Measures that make improvements to existing roads

• Step 4-Measures that make new investments in road capacity or major rebuilding

Adopted by Swedish Road Administration in 2002

Requires consideration of TDM first

Specific problems and road segments need to undergo step-wise evaluation to consider:

• Step 1-Measures that affect the demand for transport and the choice of mode

• Step 2-Measures that affect the more efficient use of the existing road network

• Step 3-Measures that make improvements to existing roads

• Step 4-Measures that make new investments in road capacity or major rebuilding

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LUND, SwedenLUND, Sweden

Sustainable Urban Transport PlanSustainable Urban Transport Plan

LUND, SwedenLUND, Sweden

Sustainable Urban Transport PlanSustainable Urban Transport Plan

• University town in SW Sweden

• 105,000 in urban area

• 25,000 commute into Lund

• 35,000 change at rail station

• 1969: decided against new arterial

• 1971: closed center to traffic

• Priority given to bike and walk

• University town in SW Sweden

• 105,000 in urban area

• 25,000 commute into Lund

• 35,000 change at rail station

• 1969: decided against new arterial

• 1971: closed center to traffic

• Priority given to bike and walkSource: Trivector Traffic AB and City of Lund

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LUND, SwedenLUND, SwedenLUND, SwedenLUND, Sweden

Sustainable Urban Transport Plan (LundaMaTs)

Lund Environmentally-friendly Transport

1.Introduction of sustainable planning

2.Recognition of bicycle city

3.Extended public transportation integrated with land use

4.Environmentally-friendly car traffic

5.Employer trip reduction

Adopted in 1997

Sustainable Urban Transport Plan (LundaMaTs)

Lund Environmentally-friendly Transport

1.Introduction of sustainable planning

2.Recognition of bicycle city

3.Extended public transportation integrated with land use

4.Environmentally-friendly car traffic

5.Employer trip reduction

Adopted in 1997

Source: Trivector Traffic AB

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LUND, SwedenLUND, SwedenLUND, SwedenLUND, SwedenImplementation of LUNDAMATS

• Governmental co-funding of 4 projects

• Bicycle city

• Walk and bike to school

• The Lund Link – BRT system

• Mobility Centre

• More than $42 million over 6 years

(35% from governmental funds)

• Goal to maintain 1995 traffic levels in 2005

• Phase I 1998-2004; Phase II initiated

Implementation of LUNDAMATS

• Governmental co-funding of 4 projects

• Bicycle city

• Walk and bike to school

• The Lund Link – BRT system

• Mobility Centre

• More than $42 million over 6 years

(35% from governmental funds)

• Goal to maintain 1995 traffic levels in 2005

• Phase I 1998-2004; Phase II initiated

Source: Trivector Traffic AB

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LUND, SwedenLUND, SwedenLUND, SwedenLUND, SwedenImpact of LUNDAMATS:

Comparing 1995 and 2005 per capita travel

Impact of LUNDAMATS:

Comparing 1995 and 2005 per capita travel

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LUND, SwedenLUND, SwedenLUND, SwedenLUND, Sweden

LUNDAMATS: The Keys to Success

• Educate residents about sustainable travel

• Involve politicians early in the process

• Carefully and thoroughly evaluate both process and impacts

LUNDAMATS: The Keys to Success

• Educate residents about sustainable travel

• Involve politicians early in the process

• Carefully and thoroughly evaluate both process and impacts Sources: Peter Jönsson and City of Lund

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Final ThoughtsFinal ThoughtsFinal ThoughtsFinal Thoughts

TDM can be useful mitigation strategy at worksite, school or new development

TDM is comprised of many measures, BUT…

TDM is most effective when implemented as integrated packages

(as with CIVITAS)

TDM should be integrated into system operations

TDM is a philosophy aimed at realizing a sustainable transport future

TDM can be useful mitigation strategy at worksite, school or new development

TDM is comprised of many measures, BUT…

TDM is most effective when implemented as integrated packages

(as with CIVITAS)

TDM should be integrated into system operations

TDM is a philosophy aimed at realizing a sustainable transport future

Ljubljana Workshop

THANKS!THANKS!THANKS!THANKS!

Eric Schreffler

estc@san.rr.com

Eric Schreffler

estc@san.rr.com

Tom Rye

t.rye@napier.ac.uk

Tom Rye

t.rye@napier.ac.uk

Ljubljana Workshop