civil war part one
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CHAPTER 4THE CIVIL WAR
1861-1865
CHAPTER 4THE CIVIL WAR
1861-1865
THE UNITED STATES IN 1840THE UNITED STATES IN 1840
Overseas tradeand immigrationwere the focus of maritime interests in the 1840s.
Overseas tradeand immigrationwere the focus of maritime interests in the 1840s.
ClipperClipper WhalerWhaler
PacketPacket
The issue of slavery was not of prime importance to the average American of the early 1800s.
The issue of slavery was not of prime importance to the average American of the early 1800s.
The majority of Southerners were small farmers who could not afford slaves and most Northerners were small farmers or tradesmen who had never come into contact with any slaves.
The majority of Southerners were small farmers who could not afford slaves and most Northerners were small farmers or tradesmen who had never come into contact with any slaves.
Slave trade had been illegal since 1820.Slave trade had been illegal since 1820.
Southern economy depended on slavery to be profitable while Northern economy was based on commerce and industry.
Southern economy depended on slavery to be profitable while Northern economy was based on commerce and industry.
A Moral andCommercial
Issue
A Moral andCommercial
Issue
SlaverySlavery
By 1850 only about a third of the national population lived in the South. Southern politicians had become alarmed at the lossof political power in the House of Representatives.
By 1850 only about a third of the national population lived in the South. Southern politicians had become alarmed at the lossof political power in the House of Representatives.
Total Population 1850Total Population 1850
The South pressed for admission of the new states as slave states so that their political power base would remain strong.
The South pressed for admission of the new states as slave states so that their political power base would remain strong.
Free States and TerritoriesSlave StatesTerritories Open to Slavery
It stipulated that a balance between slave and free states had to be maintained as new states entered the Union
It stipulated that a balance between slave and free states had to be maintained as new states entered the Union
Closed to slavery byMissouri Compromise
Open to slavery byMissouri Compromise
Free states andterritories
Slave States
MissouriCompromise of 1820
MissouriCompromise of 1820
The Missouri Compromise of 1820 lasted until the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which eliminated it and
The Missouri Compromise of 1820 lasted until the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which eliminated it and
made it possible for slavery to be introduced into any new territory based on the decision of the residents. made it possible for slavery to be introduced into any new territory based on the decision of the residents.
Free state or territory
Slavery state or territory
Open to slavery by principleof popular sovereignty.Compromise of 1850
Open to slavery by principleof popular sovereignty.Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
SLAVERY DEBATESSLAVERY DEBATES
Slavery became a major political issue.Slavery became a major political issue.
Stephen DouglasStephen Douglas Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln
The threat to stop the spread of slavery intensified in 1859 when John Brown raided the Federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia) and called for a general insurrection of Southern slaves.
The threat to stop the spread of slavery intensified in 1859 when John Brown raided the Federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia) and called for a general insurrection of Southern slaves.
WestVirginia
WestVirginia
Harper’s FerryHarper’s Ferry
VirginiaVirginia MarylandMaryland
Potomac
Potomac
Shenandoah
Shenandoah
Extremists on both sides became willing to go to war to ensure that their views prevailed. Against this backdrop of tension the presidential election of 1860 took place.
Extremists on both sides became willing to go to war to ensure that their views prevailed. Against this backdrop of tension the presidential election of 1860 took place.
ARGUING ABOUTSLAVERY
ARGUING ABOUTSLAVERY
1860PresidentialCandidates
1860PresidentialCandidates
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln
StephenDouglasStephenDouglas
JohnBell
JohnBell
JohnBreckinridge
JohnBreckinridge
Election of 1860Election of 1860
Lincoln won the election with just 40 percent of the popular vote, and no Southern electoral votes.
Lincoln won the election with just 40 percent of the popular vote, and no Southern electoral votes.
December 1860South Carolina Secedes
December 1860South Carolina Secedes
KY VA
NC
SCGAAL
FL
TN
In January 1861, the Star of the West attempted to enter the harbor of Charleston to resupply Union troops at Fort Sumter. She was fired on, andshe retreated out of range.
In January 1861, the Star of the West attempted to enter the harbor of Charleston to resupply Union troops at Fort Sumter. She was fired on, andshe retreated out of range.
Star of the WestStar of the West
Fort Sumter, SCFort Sumter, SC
Jefferson Davis
President ofConfederate
States ofAmerica
Jefferson Davis
President ofConfederate
States ofAmerica
Confederacy in January 1861
Confederacy in January 1861
TXTX LALAMSMS
ALALGAGA
SCSC
FLFL
Southern officers had to choose between loyalty to their country and ties to their homes.
Southern officers had to choose between loyalty to their country and ties to their homes.
Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee Matthew F. MauryMatthew F. Maury
Most career enlisted sailors sided withthe Union.Most career enlisted sailors sided withthe Union.
Southern militias quickly took over most forts in the South.
Southern militias quickly took over most forts in the South.
The Civil War started here.The Civil War started here.
Fort SumterFort Sumter
On 11 April 1861,General Beauregarddemanded thatFort Sumtersurrender.
On 11 April 1861,General Beauregarddemanded thatFort Sumtersurrender.
Major AndersonUSA, garrisoncommander,refused.
Major AndersonUSA, garrisoncommander,refused.
April 12, 1861, first shots fired.
April 12, 1861, first shots fired.
Fort SumterFort Sumter
On 15 April, President Lincoln calledfor 75,000 volunteers for 3 monthsto suppress the rebellion.
On 15 April, President Lincoln calledfor 75,000 volunteers for 3 monthsto suppress the rebellion.
TXTX LALAMSMS
ALALGAGA
SCSC
FLFL
ARAR TNTN NCNC
VAVAW VAW VA
Fort Sumter’s fall contributed to
additional states joining each side
of the conflict.
Fort Sumter’s fall contributed to
additional states joining each side
of the conflict.
North22 Million2.5 Million
North22 Million2.5 Million
South9 Million1 Million
South9 Million1 Million
Population In UniformPopulation In Uniform
North AdvantagesHeavy IndustryRail System$331 Million in Exports
North AdvantagesHeavy IndustryRail System$331 Million in Exports
South DisadvantagesNo Foundries or Metal WorksTransportation SystemOnly $31 Million in Exports
South DisadvantagesNo Foundries or Metal WorksTransportation SystemOnly $31 Million in Exports
Naval DifferencesNaval Differences
NorthYes
AdequateSmall
NorthYes
AdequateSmall
SouthNoneFewNone
SouthNoneFewNone
ShipyardsSeamanNavy
ShipyardsSeamanNavy
The Confederacy had no navy at allwhen the war began.
It tried to build naval ships and armoredgunboats called ironclads for harbordefense, and fought valiantly, but it could never match Northern sea power.
The Confederacy had no navy at allwhen the war began.
It tried to build naval ships and armoredgunboats called ironclads for harbordefense, and fought valiantly, but it could never match Northern sea power.
Covered or cased with iron plates,as a ship for naval warfare; armor-plated
A wooden warship of the middleor late 19th century having iron orsteel armor plating
Covered or cased with iron plates,as a ship for naval warfare; armor-plated
A wooden warship of the middleor late 19th century having iron orsteel armor plating
IroncladIronclad
The South was dependenton importation of food.The South was dependenton importation of food.
Because of the Union blockade, the Confederacy was near starvation by war’s end.
Because of the Union blockade, the Confederacy was near starvation by war’s end.
South’s Emotions andWishful Thinking
South’s Emotions andWishful Thinking
• Major war not expected
• North would quickly tire of casualties and losses
• Unstable politics in the North
• Border states’ sympathies
• Major war not expected
• North would quickly tire of casualties and losses
• Unstable politics in the North
• Border states’ sympathies
THE BORDER STATESTHE BORDER STATES
MOMO KYKY DEDE
MDMD
The Border StatesThe Border States
Maryland Delaware
Kentucky Missouri
Maryland Delaware
Kentucky Missouri
While remaining in the Union, thesefour states were at least partiallysympathetic to the Confederate cause.
They supported both sides with troops.
While remaining in the Union, thesefour states were at least partiallysympathetic to the Confederate cause.
They supported both sides with troops.
King CottonKing Cotton
The South had no idea about the economic demands of a modern war.
The South had no idea about the economic demands of a modern war.
The South believed that once theNorthern blockade cut off “King Cotton”from British and French markets, itwould force these countries to help theSouthern cause for economic reasons.
The South believed that once theNorthern blockade cut off “King Cotton”from British and French markets, itwould force these countries to help theSouthern cause for economic reasons.
Strengths of the SouthStrengths of the South
• Officer corps • Vast territory• Loyalty to cause• Officer corps • Vast territory• Loyalty to cause
Comparison of North and South in 1860Comparison of North and South in 1860
Category North South
Population Wealth Produced Farm Acreage Value of Crops Railroad Mileage Factories Iron Production Bank Deposits
Category North South
Population Wealth Produced Farm Acreage Value of Crops Railroad Mileage Factories Iron Production Bank Deposits
71%75%65%70%72%85%96%81%
71%75%65%70%72%85%96%81%
29%25%35%30%28%15% 4%19%
29%25%35%30%28%15% 4%19%
Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis
• Authorized privateering
• Declared embargo on cotton
• Authorized privateering
• Declared embargo on cotton
• Began a naval blockade of all Southern ports from Virginia Capes to Texas
• Began a naval blockade of all Southern ports from Virginia Capes to Texas
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln
A ship or person that passesthrough a blockadeA ship or person that passesthrough a blockade
Blockade RunnerBlockade Runner
Blockaded ports by the UnionBlockaded ports by the Union
Davis’ Miscalculations Davis’ Miscalculations
• British and French observed blockade.
• Europeans had huge inventories of cotton.
• South needed cash reserves.
• British and French observed blockade.
• Europeans had huge inventories of cotton.
• South needed cash reserves.
• Began with 3 ships in home waters to patrol 3,550 miles
• By December 1861, had 264 vessels and adequate blockade of all major cotton ports
• Began with 3 ships in home waters to patrol 3,550 miles
• By December 1861, had 264 vessels and adequate blockade of all major cotton ports
Gideon WellesSecretary of the Navy
Gideon WellesSecretary of the Navy
Major Cotton PortsMajor Cotton Ports
Entrance to Mississippi RiverEntrance to Mississippi River
Naval BlockadeNaval Blockade
• Many types of vessels were used for the blockade.
• The crews had little or no training.
• Many types of vessels were used for the blockade.
• The crews had little or no training.
Paddle SteamerPaddle Steamer
Whaling ShipWhaling Ship
TugsTugs
Blockade Expansion by End of 1862Blockade Expansion by End of 1862
• Blockade depended upon coal and other supplies.
• Union established bases in Confederate territory.
• Blockade depended upon coal and other supplies.
• Union established bases in Confederate territory.
Florida’s poor inland transportation,coupled with the Union blockade, deprived the South of essential salt for preservation of food.
Florida’s poor inland transportation,coupled with the Union blockade, deprived the South of essential salt for preservation of food.
Union supply basesin the South were significant factorsin the victory.
Union supply basesin the South were significant factorsin the victory.
Fort PickensFort Pickens
• Responsible for improved naval ordnance
• Developed larger smooth-bore guns
• Responsible for improved naval ordnance
• Developed larger smooth-bore guns
CommanderJohn DahlgrenCommander
John Dahlgren
END OF PARTONE
END OF PARTONE