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Citizens’ Environment Watch. Water Quality Monitoring with Benthic Macroinvertebrates Benthic Macroinvertebrate Identification Guide. Coelenterata (Hydras). Size range: 2-25 mm long Movement: sessile Colour: variable, often clear to whitish Inconspicuous, tube with tentacles - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Citizens’ Environment Watch
Water Quality Monitoring
with Benthic MacroinvertebratesBenthic Macroinvertebrate Identification Guide
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Coelenterata (Hydras)• Size range: 2-25 mm
long• Movement: sessile• Colour: variable, often
clear to whitish• Inconspicuous, tube with
tentacles • Asexual reproduction
through budding
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Turbellaria (Flatworm)• Size range: 5-30 mm • Movement: creep slowly on
bottom • Colour: greyish brown, often ‘colourless’• very flat• unsegmented• eyespots on head
http://www.microscopyu.com/moviegallery/pondscum/platyhelminthes/dalyellia/
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Nematoda (Roundworms)• Size range: usually <1
cm long• Movement: Rapid, whip-
like movements• Colour: usually
transparent• Unsegmented• Usually tapered at both
ends
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Oligochaeta (Aquatic Earthworm)• Size range: 1-30 mm• Movement: crawl along
bottom of tray• Colour: pinkish, light brown• Similar appearance to earth
worm, with bundles of hairs on each segment behind the first
• Segmented body with clitellum (swollen, glandular region)
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Hirudinea (Leech)• Size range: 5-400 mm• Movement: inch along
bottom with the aid of suckers at either end of body
• Colour: brown, black, green on top/orange on bottom
• Segmented body• Often with several
pairs of eyes on head
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Isopoda (Sow Bug)• Size range: 5-20 mm • Movement: crawl slowly
on bottom• Colour: brownish, red• Many pairs of legs (up
to 8)• Dorso-ventrally
compressed• Often associated with
organic matter
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Pelecypoda (Clam)• Size range: 2-250 mm• Movement: none (found at
bottom of tray)• Colour: white, yellow, brown,
grey, black• Hard shell• Flat, 2 halves hinged• Do not count empty shells
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Amphipoda (Scud)• Size range: 5-20 mm• Movement: swim on
side• Colour: blueish grey,
brown, green, red• Many pairs of legs (up
to 14)• Long antennae
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/kils/hyperia/hyperia1.htm
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Decapodae (Crayfish)• Size range: 10-150
mm• Movement: walk on
bottom• Colour: green, brown,
blue• Similar appearance to
lobster• Large claws• Eyes on small stalks• Escapes backwards by
beating tail
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Hydrachnida (Water Mite)• Size range: 0.4-3 mm • Movement: appear like a
small moving dot - uncoordinated, scrambling
• Colour: bright red, green, blue or brown
• Round body• 4 pairs of legs
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pondscum/arachnids/hydracarina/
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Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)• Size range: 3-28 mm (not
including tail)• Movement: Swim up and
down in ‘s’ pattern• Colour: brown or brownish
black (sometimes mottled)• 3 pairs of legs• Single tarsal claw• Feather-like gills under
abdomen• 3 tail filaments (sometimes
only 2 filaments are present)
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Anisoptera (Dragonfly)• Size range: 15-45 mm• Movement: slow• Colour: green to greenish
brown• Larger than mayfly but
without tail filaments; no visible external gills
• Modified labium for catching prey
• Large eyes and head• Often flat
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Zygoptera (Damselfly)• Size range: 10-26 mm• Movement: slow moving but more active than
dragonflies• Colour: green to greenish brown• 3 gills present on end of tail• Thinner than dragonfly• Three pairs of legs
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Plecoptera (Stonefly)• Size range: 5-50mm• Movement: slow• Colour: yellowish,
brown or blackish (sometimes mottled)
• Similar to mayfly but with 2 tail filaments
• Sometimes feather-like gills under body (not dorso-lateral on abdomen)
• Tarsi with 2 claws
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Hemiptera (True Bug)• Size range: 15-40 mm• Movement: swimming or
skimming on water surface• Colour: black or brownish• Legs sometimes long and
stick out from body• Often 2 pairs of soft folded
wings• Often with well developed
breathing appendages• Sucking mouth parts
(rostrum)
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Megaloptera (Helgrammite)• Size range: 25-90 mm• Movement: Crawl on
bottom• Colour: brown• Large, similar in
appearance to centipedes (the ‘hairs’ are actually gill filaments)
• 3 pairs of legs in anterior abdominal segments
• Well developed mandibles• Often with anal prolegs
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Trichoptera (Caddisfly)• Size range: 2-50 mm• Movement: Slow movements
on bottom• Colour: abdomen cream
coloured• Often no movement if found
in cases of sticks, stone or sand (look for heads inside cases)
• Three pairs of legs behind head
• Dorsal thoracic plates variously sclerotized
• Anal prolegs with hooks
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Lepidoptera (Aquatic Moths)• Size range: 10-25 mm• Movement: crawls like a
caterpillar• Head with ring of ocelli
(small simple eye)• 3 pairs of short,
segmented, thoracic legs (between head and abdomen)
• Ventral, abdominal prolegs
http://www.nature.ca/rideau/b/b5b-e.html#synclita
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Coleoptera (Beetle)• Size range: 2-40 mm• Movement: swimming or crawling
on bottom• Colour: brown, black, mottled• Most have 3 pairs of legs near
head• Larvae are similar to caddisfly
larvae but bodies are hard, with mandibles, maxillae, labium and 2- or 3-segmented antennae; may have unsegmented terminal abdominal appendages
• Adults: hardened forewings protect soft hind wings, antennae with 11 or fewer segments
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Gastropoda (Snail)• Size range: 2-70 mm• Movement: none (found
floating or at bottom of tray)
• Colour: grey, brown or black
• Hard shell• Spiral shaped• Do not count empty
shells
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Chironomidae (Midge)• Size range: 2-20 mm• Movement: whip back and
forth• Colour: red, white or
cream• Segmented body• Shaped like letter “J”
when preserved• May be in tube of silt• Well developed, hardened
head with eyes; anterior and posterior parapods (lobed shaped body extensions)
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Tabanidae (Horsefly)• Size range: 1.5-40 mm• Movement: unknown• Colour: white or cream• pointed at both ends, leathery texture• Segmented, straight or slightly curved• 7 pairs of bumps on abdomen (creeping welts with hooks)• Head retracted into thorax
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Culicidae (Mosquitos)• Size range: 3-15
mm• Movement: twitches
when touched• Colour: brown• Thickened body at
head• Segmented body,
curved at one end
http://insects.tamu.edu/images/insects/common/images/b-txt/bimg221.html
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Ceratopogonidae (no-see-ums)• Size range: 3-13mm• Movement: whipping
motion, but stiff when picked up
• Very slender, pointed at both ends, segmented; small pointed sclerotized (hard) head
• No abdominal appendages; may have some terminal abdominal hairs
http://www.junglewalk.com/popup.asp?type=v&AnimalvideoID=3160
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Tipulidae (Cranefly)• Size range: 10-45 mm• Movement: similar to
a worm• Colour: white,
yellowish or light brown
• One end with finger like projection, lobes or long hairs
• Reduced head is retracted into thorax
• Soft body; may have creeping welts
http://www.ent.iastate.edu/imagegal/diptera/tipulidae/3936.94craneflylarv.html
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Simuliidae (Blackfly)• Size range: 3-15 mm• Movement: Similar to an
inch worm• Colour: brown or
greyish• Often with labral fans• Similar to flattened
maggot with one end 1/3 fatter
• Sessile (non-motile), attached at posterior end
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Misc. Diptera (Misc. True Flies)• Size range varies• May have parapods,
pseudopodia (temporary projection), creeping welts or other appendages, but no jointed thoracic legs
• Often maggot-like; head may be retracted into thorax
• Adults with one pair of wings
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References• Images and characteristics adapted from Gartner Lee
Limited, 1997 and Ontario Benthos Biomonitoring Network, 2005
• Commonness rankings from Jacques Whitford Environmental Limited, 2001
• Tolerance values taken from Watershed Report Card, 2000
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Thank You!
For more information, please contact:
Citizens’ Environment Watch401 Richmond St. W. Suite 380
Toronto ON M5V 3A8P: (647) 258-3280F: (416) 979-3155
www.citizensenvironmentwatch.orginfo@citizensenvironmentwatch.org