citizen’s survey « living with a very high voltage power...
TRANSCRIPT
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Citizen’s Survey « Living with a Very High Voltage Power Line ? »
Centre de Recherche et d’Information Indépendantes
sur les Rayonnements Electromagnétiques.
Synthèse des résultats
Catherine Gouhier et Pierre Le Ruz
Jean-Charles HerriauCoordination interrégionale Stop-THT.
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We thank very warmly all those who have contributed to the success of this
survey:
• Thepeoplewhoagreedtorespondtothesurvey,theco-ordinatorsandthesurveyteam;
• TheCentreforAppliedMathematicsoftheFacultédesSciencesetTechniquesattheUniversityduMainefortheirwork;
• Thecommunesthatmademeetingroomsavailable;
• Themembersofthesteeringcommittee.
We thank all the partners who put trust in us and supported the project
financially:
• TheRegionalCouncilsofBretagne,BasseNormandieandPaysdelaLoire;
• TheGeneralCouncilsofIlleetVilaineandManche;
• TheCommunitiesoftheCommunesofHautBocageandPaysdeLoiron;
• ThecommunesofAndouillé,Bion,Boisyvon,Buais,Chérencé-le-Roussel,Erbrée,Ernée,Heussé,LeMesnil-Gilbert,LaBaconnière,LaBazoge,LaChapelleErbrée,Larchamp,LeGenest-Saint-Isle,LesLogesMarchis,Margueray,Martigny, LeMesnil-Adelé,Mondevert,Montabot,Montaudin,Montbray, Parigny,Percy,Saint-Barthélémy,Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine,Saint-Laurent-de-Cuves,Saint-Martin-d’Aubigny,Saint-Pierre-des-Landes,Saint-Pois,Saint–Symphorien-des-Monts,Reffuveille;
• Theassociations:Greenpeace,IlleetVilainesoustension,VilaineTension,ManchesousTension,Mayennesurvoltée,RéseauSortirduNucléaire.
Andfinally aparticularmention for Jean-PaulHelbert, Boris Leroy,Roland LévèqueandCyrilSurbledfortheirsignificantinvestmentoftimeandthequalityoftheirwork.
Acknowledgements:
Conception graphique : Ivanne Milleville
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France has around 13,000 km of corridors for very high voltage power lines,
through which run some 21,000 km of lines.
There are plenty of questions about effect of these lines on the living conditions for
people close by, or in some cases directly underneath.
Independent experts regularly raise concerns about the health effects of prolonged
exposure. Studies undertaken in other countries show that these lines have not been
proved harmless – G. Draper 2005, Bio Initiative Report 2007, Anke Huss 2008.
Until now the industry, lead by RTE and the public authorities have asserted that all
is fine, there’s no reason to be afraid and there are no effects on farms…
Following the “Public Debate” into the project to install the “THT Cotentin-Maine”,
necessary due to the construction of an EPR (3rd generation nuclear power station) at
Flamanville in Normandy, the “Co-ordination Interregionale STOP THT” (STOP-THT), which
represents the group of associations in the three departments concerned, decided to
conduct its own survey along existing very high voltage power lines.
In order to ensure that the work was done with proper scientific rigour CRIIREM
(Independent Centre for Research and Information on Electromagnetic Radiation) was
engaged as scientific adviser.
This popular initiative is a first in France for this subject on the number of households
surveyed.
Thanks to the support of our many partners we now have information detailing the
impact of very high voltage power lines on the conditions for people living and working
nearby.
This summary is made available so that all people of influence might make informed
decisions.
Note : RTE is the company responsible for the HV power transmission network in France. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of EDF which in turn has the French state as majority shareholder. RTE has the sole contract for network development.
Animateur comité de pilotageCoordination Int Stop-THT
Pierre Le Ruz
Président du CRIIREM
Catherine GouhierResponsable laboratoire mesure
du Criirem
Jean-Charles Herriau
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5CRIIREMStop-THT
Objectives of the Survey:
Theobjectiveistoconfirmifthelivingandworkingconditionsforpeoplealongsideveryhighvoltagepowerlinesarethesameas,ordifferentto,thoseforpeopleelsewhere. Thesurveyteamhasgatheredthetestimonyofpeoplelivingalongsideexistingveryhighvoltagepowerlinesaswellasfromareferencepopulation.
The Scope of the Survey:
Thesurveyrelatestopeoplelivingorworkinginthethreefollowingzones:
• Azoneofhighexposure300mtrseithersideoftheveryhighvoltagelinefromFlamanvilletoDomloup(2x400,000volts).Called“THTFD”,thislinefunctionsonaverageat75%capacity;
• Azoneofmediumexposure300mtrseithersideoftheveryhighvoltagelinebetweenDomloupandLesQuintes(2X400,000volts).Called“THTDLQ”,thislinefunctionsonaverageat40%capacity;
• A reference zone not exposed to very highvoltages. This is the corridor reservedbyRTE for thefutureprojectTHTCotentin–Main.Thiszoneiscalled“SansTHT”.
ThesitestobesurveyedwerespecifiedfromIGNmapsand confirmedby telephonedirectories. Theexposedsitesarealongsome250kmofexistinglines.
Preparation of the Survey:
The design of the questionnaires and the processing of the datawere overseen by a steering committee fromSTOP-THTandCRIIREM.
Theanonymoussurveyreportson:
• Malfunctionofelectrical,electronicandmedicalsupportequipment;
• Pathologiesandabnormalbehavioursofanimalsonfarms;
• Thetestimonyofpeopleconcerningtheirhealthandtheirlivingconditions.
BetweenJanuaryandMarch2008asurveyteamof300people,organisedbyco-ordinatorstrainedbyCRIIREMintheskillsofobjectivesurveyworkinterviewedmorethan2000householdsacross160communes.TheinformationwasenteredontothequestionnaireswhichweresentdirecttoCRIIREM.
Note:IGNisthenationalcartographicserviceofFrance.
6 CRIIREM
Methods of Analysis:
Thequestionnaires,sortedandclassifiedbyCRIIREM,wereanalysedbytheCentreforAppliedMathematicsoftheFacultédesSciencesetTechniquesattheUniversityduMaine.
Thetwomethodsusedwere:
• MultipleCorrespondenceAnalysiswhichgivesageometric representationof thesignificant relationshipsbetweendatagroups;
• HierarchicalAscendingClassificationwhichallowsidentificationofsignificantsimilaritiesamongthevariablesreportedbypeopleintheformofhistogramsofcausalrelationships.
ThedossierswerereturnedtoCRIIREMandSTOPTHTtocompletetheworkwithsomedetailedstatisticalanalysisontheinfluenceoftheeffectsoftheTHTlinesonthepopulationsexposed,comparedtothosenotexposed.
The principal tests used were the chi squared test of independence and Fisher’s exact test. These tests werecompletedbytheanalysisofstandardisedPearsonresiduals.
Thehiddenvariables,suchasalcoholandtobaccousethatmightaffectresultsonhealth,weretestedtoconfirmtheeffectsofthelinesindependentofthesevariables.Alltheresultspresentedinthisreportarestatisticallysignificantatthe95%level.
Surveys Received:
All the results presented in this report are significant.
Insignificant results are detailed in the commentary to each section.
Remember:The results in the text compare the unexposed reference population “Sans THT” with whole of the exposed population “THT FD plus THT DLQ”.
In the graphics we give the results for each population, unexposed, medium exposure and high exposure.
Foreachplacesurveyeda”dossier”wasreturnedtoCRIIREM.Eachdossiercompriseda“Home”questionnaire,a“Workplace”questionnairean“AgriculturalActivity”questionnaireandoneormore“Individual”questionnaires.
CRIIREMreceived1921dossierscomprising6220usablequestionnaires:
• 1555«Home»questionnaires;• 441«Workplace»questionnaires;• 380«AgriculturalActivity»questionnaires;• 3844«Individual»questionnaires.
Questionnairesexcluded:
• 431questionnairesfromsitesoutsidethezoneofthesurvey–300mtrseithersideofthelines;• 113dossiersunusablebecauseofincompleteinformation.
Finally 82 dossiers and the associated “individual” questionnaires used by CRIIREM for the pre-reportpublished3March2008werenotre-introducedtothisanalysis.
Attention:
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1 -The probabilities indicated in this report correspond to the probabilities derived from these tests
7Stop-THT
Measurement of Induced Magnetic Fields – 50HZ:
Somemeasurementsofelectro-magneticfieldstargetedat50Hz–ELF–wereundertakenathouseholdsandsurroundingareaswithcalibratedELFelectro-magneticfieldmeters.
Theseobservationsenableddefinitionofzonesofexposuretoinducedmagneticfieldsof50HzmeasuredinµT(microteslas):
Value of magneticfield
Value of electricalfield
-Thereferencepopulation“SansTHT”arenotexposedtoveryhighvoltagelines,butareexposedtobackgroundlevelsofelectromagneticfieldsandthoseemittedbyelectricalappliancesandinstallations.Measurestakeninthecentreoflivingspacesgenerallygivevaluesbetween0.05µTand0.1µT.
-Forthepopulation“THTDLQ”withmediumexposurealongsidethelineDomloup–LesQuintes,measurementstakeninthecentreoflivingspaces,followingthesameprotocolasfortheunexposedgroup,generallygavevaluesbetween0.03and1µTdependingondistancefromtheline.
-Fortheveryexposedpopulation“THTFD”alongsidethelineFlamanville–Domloup“,measurestakeninthecentreoflivingspaces,againfollowingthesameprotocolasabove,gavevaluesbetween0.03and11µTdependingondistance from the line.
ThesemeasurementsareconsistentwiththevaluesdeclaredbyEDFandRTEinvariouspublicationswhichshowthattheinducedmagneticfieldsmeasuredinµTvaryasafunctionofthedistancefromalineandthecurrentthat it carries.
2 - This is the frequency of the French electricity network.
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8 CRIIREM
Impacts on Farms
Sans THT
136 68 176
THTDLQ THTFD
Thefarmerswereaskedaboutthebehavioursoftheiranimalsandthepathologiesandproblemstheyexperienceontheirfarms.
Inthezonesofhigh(THTFD)andmedium(THTDLQ)exposurethepatternof thedistanceof the farms fromthe lineswasnotsignificantlydifferent. Allof the farmshavecows,71.8%producingmilkand59.4%producing meat.
Milk Production:
All Animals:
Thefrequencyofdeliveringmilkatquality“AA”is significantly higher in the unexposed zone(THTFD).
For milk cattle, according to farmers in thezonesexposedtoveryhighvoltagelines:
• 56%observenervousnesscomparedto14%intheunexposedzone; • 38%observehesitationtoenterthemilkingparlourorevidentwishtoescapetheparlourcomparedto10%intheunexposedzone;
• 36%haveinconsistentyieldsofmilkfromeachcowcomparedto15%intheunexposedzone.
Theincidenceofthesethreephenomenaincreaseswiththeproximityandthepoweroftheline.Resultsobtainedforthethreezonesofthesurveyondiarrhoea,mortalityandabortionarenotsignificant.
Forallanimals,amongfarmsintheexposedzones:
• 11%reportedreductionindrinkingcomparedto0.8%intheunexposedzone;
• 22%reportedlossofweightcomparedwith7.7%intheunexposedzone; • 28%reportedreducedrateofgrowthcomparedwith10.8%intheunexposedzone;
• 26%reportedaggressioncomparedwith8,5%intheunexposedzone.
Theincidenceofthe4pathologiesaboveincreasedwithproximitytoandthepowerofthelines.Resultsobtainedforcannibalism;diarrhoea,dysenteryandenteritis;andmortalitywerenotsignificant.
3 - Milk of quality “AA” is superior quality for human consumption.4 - This was calculated by the analysis of standard residuals.5 - This incidence is calculated on the high exposure (THT FD) and medium exposure (THT DLQ) zones.
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4
3
Numberofquestionnairesevaluated
9Stop-THT
Commentary:
TheMultipleCorrespondenceAnalysisandtheHierarchicalAscendingClassificationrevealclearlysomeverysignificantfindingsinthefarmsexposedtoveryhighvoltagepowerlines,confirmedbythestatisticaltests(forallthepathologiespresentedhereP<0.01).
Formostfarmsinthehighandmediumexposurezones,afterexcludinganomalousdata,thefollowingabnormalbehavioursarereported:
• Aggressionandnervousness;
• Unrestinmilkingparloursandirregularityinmilkyields;
• Lossofweightandslowgrowth;
Theseproblemson farmsareconsistentwith thefindingsofa report for theMinisterofAgricultureandFisheries“Impactsonfarmsofelectromagneticfieldsinducedbyhighvoltageelectricitylines”byDominiqueBlatinetJean-JacquesBenetière,December1998.Theconclusionreads:
«High voltage lines can be the source of voltages andnuisanceparasitic currents in farmsby differentmeans;-Byinductioninconductiveobjectsandmaterialswithwhichtheanimalsareincontacttoagreaterorlesserdegree(indirecteffectsofelectromagneticfields);
-Bycurrentleakagecausedbyaccidentsorisolationswherethestandardearthingarrangementsdonotoperatenormally».
Also, regarding“Effectsofparasiticcurrentson thehealthandproductivityofanimals” thesamereportdeclares“thethresholdcurrentforareductioninproductionwouldbeoftheorderof4–6milliampères(mA)”.
Measurementsof inducedcurrent takenbyCRIIREMwithacurrentmeasurementclampon thecrushes,barriersandothertubularmetalworkonfarmsexposedtoveryhighvoltagelinesvarybetween10and800mA.Thisfindingconfirmstheriskofreducedproductionfromfarmsnearveryhighvoltagepowerlines.
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6 - Metal device used to limit the movement of cattle.
10 CRIIREM
Impacts on Living Conditions at Home
Sans THT
396 221 938
THTDLQ THTFD
Residentswereaskedaboutmalfunctionofelectricalandelectronicequipment in their homes.
• 98.7%ofhomesareindividualhouses.
• 54%ofresidentshavelivedinthehouseforatleast15years. • 47%ofhousesexposedexperienceelectricalinterferencecomparedto23.5%ofunexposedhouses.
• 25.6% of houses close to lines experience electricaldischargescomparedto14%ofunexposedhouses.
• Thesephenomenaexistupto200mtrs fromthe linesand are more frequent in the high exposure zone than themediumexposurezone.
• 74%ofhouseholdsconsiderthelineasavisualnuisance.
• 79%ofhouseholdsconsiderthenoiseofthelinetobeanuisance.39%ofhouseholdsconsiderthenoisetobe“disturbing”or“insupportable”.
Important Remarks:
• Wehaveidentified274peoplelivingin83housesbuiltafterinstallationofthelines.
• 87.3%ofrespondentsdeclaredtheyhadnoorinsufficientinformationregardingtheinstallationoflines.
Numberofquestionnairesevaluated
11Stop-THT
Commentary:
The statistical results are correlated by running a Multiple Correspondence Analysis and HierarchicalAscendingClassificationofthedata.Somesignificantthemesemerge.
Inthehomesofresidentsinthehighexposure(THTFD)andmediumexposurezonesphenomenawellknowninthefieldofElectromagneticCompatibilityhavebeenreported.
TheyoftenexperienceparasitesaffectingHIFI,televisionandwhitegoodsandfindthenoiseofthelineinsupportable(causedbythecoronaeffect).Theyregularlyfeelelectricalshocksontouchingmetalcomponents.
Inhouseholdsbetween200and300mtrsfromthelinesthesephenomenaaretwiceasfrequentasintheunexposedreference households.
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Impacts on WorkplacesSans THT
136 76 226
THTDLQ THTFD The representatives of theworkplaces replied to questions onelectricalorelectronicinterferenceintheirworkplace.
• 78%oftheworkplacesarefarms;
• 76.6%oftheworkplaceshavebeenrunningfor10yearsormore;
• At 55.6% of the worksites exposed to thevery high voltage lines, stray electrical currents areexperiencedinmetalstructures.Thiscomparesto8.9%of the unexposed worksites. 95%of sites report thesephenomenaasdisturbing;
• 31.7%ofexposedworksitesreportinterferencewith electronic equipment compared to 7.4% ofunexposedworksites;
• It is notable that the frequency of these twophenomenadecreasessignificantlythefurtherworksitesarefromthelines;
• 72.9%ofworkersaredisturbedbythepresenceofpylonsattheirworkplaceand67.4%aredisturbedbythepowercables.
Commentary:
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Thestatisticalresultsarecorrelatedbyrunningamultiplecorrespondenceanalysisofthedata,andhighlightdiverseproblems:electricaldischargesoncontactwithmetallicobjects,interferencewithelectricalandelectronicequipment,increasingasafunctionofproximitytoveryhighvoltagelines.
Similartendenciesarefoundinthechapter“ImpactsonLivingConditionsatHome”(Page10).
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Numberofquestionnairesevaluated
8 - The term « exposed » applies to the totality of the zone of medium exposure and the zone of high exposure. The individual values for each zone are given in the corresponding graphic.
7 - For all the interference presented here P<0.001.
9 - Probability of independence, P is systematically less than 0.001.
12 CRIIREM
Numberofquestionnairesevaluated
Sans THT
976 568 2300
THTDLQ THTFD The people questioned reported their experience of differentpathologies and symptoms.
Theproportionsofmentowomenareequivalentacrossthethreezonesofthesurvey.Theincidenceofsymptomsreportedisalwayshigherinthetotalityoftheexposedpopulations(THTFD&THTDLQ)thanintheunexposedpopulation(SansTHT).
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10 - P systematically less than 0.0001.
Impacts on Residents
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Somelevelsofincreasebetweentheexposedpopulationandtheunexposedpopulationare:
• 99%fordepression(15.8%against7.9%);
• 75%fordizziness(18.1%against10.3%);
• 74%forsickness(11.7%against6.7%);
• 61%forskinproblems(15.2%against9.4%);
• 55%forhearingdisturbance(22.6%against14.5%);
• 45%forirritability(50.6%against34.9%);
• 42%fordisturbedsleep(51.5%against36.2%);
• 41%forheadaches(43,9%against31.1%);
• 40%forlesdigestiveproblems(26%against18.5%);
• 38%fordifficultiesofconcentration(28.7%against20.8%);
• 21%forsightdisturbance(24.7%against20.4%);
Stop-THT
Formostofthesymptomswedonotobserveanyreductionofincidenceupto300mtrsfromtheline,thelimitofthissurvey,intheexposedpopulations.12
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12 - Evident after analysis of standard residuals.
11 - Calculated on the sum of the exposed populations.
Thestatisticalresultsarecorrelatedbyrunningamultiplecorrespondenceanalysisofthedata.
Thelinkbetweenthefrequencyofsymptomsandthefactoflivingnearaveryhighvoltagepowerlineisverysignificant.Upto300mtrsthefrequencyofsymptomsdoesnotseemtochangeasafunctionofdistancebetweenthe line and homes.
Theresultsshownherehavealsobeenverifiedinthepopulationwhoneithersmokenordrinkalcohol–theresultsarethesame(P<0.01)
Manyfactorsarestilltobestudied:effectsondifferentagegroups,differentlengthsoftimeresidingnearthelines,thelevelofexposuretoelectromagneticfields,symptomsreportedtodisappearawayfromhome,theinteractionofexternalfactorssuchasalcoholandtobaccouserelativetotheeffectsofthelines.
Toconfirmordiscountsuchinteractionsfurtheranalysesneedtobemadeparticularlycomparingthehealthdatabetweenthepopulationsdifferentlyexposed.Thiswillbethenextstageintheanalysisofthissurvey.
Commentary:
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13 - This is a function of both distance from and power in the line.
14 CRIIREM
Conclusions
“Health is a state of complete well being – physical, mental and social – and is not simply an absence of
sickness or infirmity.” Definition - World Heath Organisation.
Thiscitizen’ssurveyhasbeenconductedundertheauthorityofindependentscientists.Theresultsgiveaconsistentmessage:Asignificantreductionoflivingandworkingconditionsisreportedbyresidentsandbusinessesexposedtoveryhighvoltagepowerlines.
Inproximitytothelinespeople’shealthproblemsareincreasedbyproportionsthatarebothvariableandsignificant.(Irritability,headache,disturbedsleep….).Onfarms,cowsintheexposedzoneshave4timesthenervousness,3timesthediscomfortinthemilkingparlourandtwiceasmuchyieldinconsistencythanintheunexposedreferencezone.
Thisevidenceconfirmsourfears:thepresenceofveryhighvoltagepowerlineseffectivelychangeslivingconditions.Itisnolongeracceptabletocontinuetodenytheimpactofveryhighvoltagepowerlinesonresidents.
Thesurveyanditsconclusionsaresufficientlyconvincing.Theyformareasonedwarningthatrequiresthecommissioningofcomplementarystudiesonexistinglines.It isnecessarybettertounderstandtheimpactsofveryhighvoltagepowerlinesontheliving,peopleandanimals,andonequipment.
Theseresultsshowthattheeffectsofthelinesareobservableuptothe300mtrlimitofoursurvey.Whathappensbeyondthatdistance?
TheresultsdictateanimmediatesuspensionofallTHTprojectsuntilalawisadoptedthatdefinesthestatusinlawofthecorridorsforsuchlines.Theadoptionofspecificregulationsisnecessarytoassuretheprotectionofhealthandpreservationoflivingconditions.
Similarlytheresultsdemandmeasuresbetakentoreducethenuisanceto,andprovidesupporttothosewhoalreadylivealongsideexistinglines.
15Stop-THT
c) The Resolutions of the European Parliament:
TheResolutionA3-0238/94anditsproposedlegislationsupportedbytheEuropeanParliamentontheproposalsoftheCommissionforlimitingpublicexposuretoelectromagneticfields.(0Hz–300Hz)(COM(98)0268-C4-0427/98-98/0166(CNS))of1998.TheyrefertotherapporteuroftheEuropeanParliament,GianniTAMINOwhorecommendedaveryseverelimitof0.25µThavingtakenaccountofthelongtermhealtheffectsofexposuretoelectromagneticfieldsof50Hz.
OnemustunderlinethatTheInternationalCancerResearchCentrehascategorisedelectromagneticfieldsof50Hzaspossiblycarcinogenicforpeople,correspondingtotheclassification2Bofcarcinogenicsubstances,followingtheexampleofleadandpetrol.
Also the International Cancer Research Centre (CIRC), the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences(NIEHS),theWHOandcertainmembersoftheFrenchCommitteeSuperiorofPublicHealthconfirmtheassociationbetweeninfantileleukaemiaandannualexposuretoelectromagneticfieldsof50or60Hzandstrengthgreaterthan0.4µT.Alsoallsitesofactivitywithexposureabovethislevelarenotrecommended.
Reference Documents:
a) The recommendation of the Council of Europe 1999/519/CE of 12 July 1999:
b) Decree n° 2004-835 of 19 August 2004 relative to land likely to be useful to the State under ’article 12 a of the law of 15 June1906 on the distribution of energy:
Thisregulationreferstopublicexposuretoelectromagneticfieldsatextremelylowfrequenciesof50Hertz.Thisrecommendationispickedupinarticle12aofthe“arrêté”of17May2001specifyingthetechnicalconditionstobesatisfiedbydistributorsofelectricity.
Howeverthethresholdofmagneticfieldstrengthof100µTrecommendedisnotapplicableinthiscase.Ineffectitappliesonlytoacuteexposureofthebrainandisobsoletebecauseunderneathalineof2x400,000voltsthemaximumfieldstrength,accordingtoEDFandRTE,is30µT.
Thisregulationreferstocreationofcorridorsofservitudeforaerialelectricallinesofpowerratinggreaterthan130,000volts.Forveryhighvoltagelinesof2x400,000volts“anareaofexclusionof40metresmeasuredfromtheverticalincidenceofthesupportsoftheelectricallinesoradistanceequaltotheheightofthesesupportsifthisisgreater”isimposedaswellas15mtrbandseithersideofthefootprintofthecablesontheground.
The Prefects could apply this ministerial decree to establish protected corridors and thereby prohibitconstructionunderexistingveryhighvoltagepowerlinesandprohibittheconstructionofsuchlinesaboveexisting“domesticproperty,publicbuildings,juniorschools,colleges,highschools,healthfacilities,prisons,someopenairsitesandclassifiedinstallations.
16 CRIIREM Stop-THT
Bibliography:
• «Cesondesquituent,cesondesquisoignent»JeanPierreLentin(2001);
• «Pourquoietcommentmesurerleschamps50/60Hertz»PierreleRuz,JeanMarieDanze(1994);
• «L’HABITATSAIN?Risquesliésauxpollutionsélectriquesetmagnétiques...»JMDanze,PierreLeRuz,B Louppe,PierreBousquet(2004);
• «Notresantéfaceauxchampsélectromagnétiques»RogerSantini(1995);
• «ResidentialEMFexposureandchildhoodleukemia»DWatenberg(2001);
• «Cancerinfantileenlienavecladistanceauxligneshautestensionsdedistributiondel’électricitéen AngleterreetauPaysdeGalles»Universitéd’Oxford(2005),G.Draper,T.Vincent,M.EKroll,J.Swanson;
• «Bioinitiativereport»BioinitiativeWorkingGroup(2007),C.Blachman,M.Blank,M.Kundi,C.Sage, www.bioinitiative.org;
• ResidenceNearPowerLinesandMortalityFromNeurodegenerativeDiseases,(2008)A.Huss,A.Spoerri, M.Egger,M.Röösli.
e) The recommendation of The European Environment Agency:
TheEuropeanEnvironmentAgencyrecommendsapplicationofthePrincipleofPrecautionwhilewaitingforstandardsapplicabletopublicexposuretolowlevelelectromagneticfields.
f) Resolution of the European Parliament of 4 September 2008:
The Resolution of the European Parliament of 4 September 2008 (2007/2252 INI/ al. 21,22,23), whichintegratestheBio-InitiativeReportofAugust2007andtherecommendationsoftheEuropeanEnvironmentAgencyrequirestheCouncilofEuropetolowertheacceptablepublicexposurelevelsinlinewiththoserecommendations.
d) Regulations concerning risks of Electromagnetic Compatibility:
This regulation refers to thepossibilityofmal-functionofelectricalorelectronicequipmentoperating inelectromagneticfields,andincludesmedicalsupportequipmentsuchasheartstimulators,pacemakers,medicinepumps and implants.
Ineffect,inFrance,theEuropeanDirective2004/108/CE(decreen°2006-1278ofthe18October2006)andthestandardsNF-EN61000(editions2001-2002)setamaximumvalueof3,75µT(3ampèrespermetre)fortheExtremelyLowFrequencies(ELF).Thisvalueisnotoftenrespectedunderaerialpowerlinesof2x400,000Volts.
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Stop-THTCoordination interrégionale Stop-THTMairie,53380SaintHilaireduMaine
www.stop-tht.org
(riirem OuestCentre de recherches et d’informations
indépendantes sur les rayonnements électromagnétiques19-21rueThalèsdeMilet,72000LEMANS
Tél/Fax:02.43.21.18.69 [email protected] www.criirem.org
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With the participation of:
ConseilgénéraldelaManche.
Communes:Bion,Boisyvon,Buais,Chérencé-le-Roussel,Ferrières,Heussé, La Bazoge, Le Mesnil-Adelée, Le Mesnil-Gilbert, Margueray, Martigny, Montabot, Montbray,Parigny,Percy,Reffuveille,Saint-Barthélémy,Saint-Laurent-de-Cuves, Les Loges-Marchis, Saint-Martind’Aubigny, Saint-Pois, Saint-Symphorien-des-Monts,Saint-Martin-le-Bouillant,Tréauville.
Sortir dunucléaire
Réseau
Conseilgénéraldel’IlleetVilaine.
Communes:Erbrée, La Chapelle Erbrée, Livré-sur-Changeon,Mondevert.
Communautésdecommunes:LeHautBocage,LePaysdeLoiron.
Communes:Andouillé, Ernée, La Baconnière, Larchamp, LeGenest-Saint-Isles, Montaudin, Saint-Pierre-des-Landes,Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine.
Association:VilaineTension.