circulatory system images vt-122 anatomy & physiology ii · circulatory system images vt-122...

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Chapter 14

Circulatory System Images

VT-122

Anatomy & Physiology II


The mediastinum


Dog heart


Cat heart


Dog heart ultrasound

Can see pericardium as distinct bright line


Pericardial effusion

Fluid build-up in pericardial space


Pericardial effusion


Enlarged heart or effusion?

Here’s the normal heart


Enlarged heart or effusion?


Heart wall


myocardium

endocardium


Cat, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Myocardium thickens and functions

poorly as a pump


Dog, dilated cardiomyopathy

Myocardium thins and functions poorly

as a pump


Heart chambers

Right atrium

Left atrium

Right ventricle

Left ventricle

Septum

Right AV valve

= tricuspid

Left AV valve

= bicuspid or

mitral valve

Pulmonary

semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve


Blood Flow Through the Heart


Blood Flow


Blood Flow through heart


Coronary Circulation?

Left ventricle

Aorta

Coronary arteries

Capillaries

Coronary veins

Coronary sinus

Cranial vena cava

Right atrium


Structures of the Heart: External

Anatomy

Auricles - largest and

most visible parts of the

atria

Left ventricle - long and

narrow, thick-walled,

terminates at apex of

the heart

Right ventricle - wraps

around left ventricle



Anatomy

The borders of the

ventricles are

separated by

interventricular sulci

Contain fat and

blood vessels that

are part of the

coronary circulation

of the heart



Anatomy

Cranial and caudal

vena cavae join

together with the

coronary sinus that

collects blood from

coronary circulation



Anatomy

The pulmonary

artery emerges

from the right

ventricle as the

pulmonary trunk Quickly divides into

right and left pulmonary

arteries traveling to

each lung

Pulmonary trunk is

larger and more curved

than the vena cavae



Anatomy

The aorta is the

largest artery in the

body

The walls of the

aorta are the thickest

of any blood vessel



Anatomy

The aorta emerges

from the left

ventricle into the

aortic arch

The brachiocephalic

trunk and left

subclavian artery

branch off the aorta

just after aortic valve


Structures of the Heart: Internal

Anatomy

Atrioventricular valves = tricuspid and bicuspid

(mitral)

Flaps originate from a fibrous ring of the valve

The flaps are prevented from bending back into

the atrium by the chordae tendineae.



Anatomy

Chordae tendinae

connect the free

edges of the

valvular flaps to the

papillary muscles

Trabeculae carnae

are muscular

columns projecting

from the walls of the

ventricles



Anatomy

Moderator band - tissue present in the right

ventricle; originates at interventricular septum

Not attached to flaps of tricuspid valve

Provides additional structural support to the wall of

the right ventricle

• The left ventricle

does not have a

moderator band



Anatomy

Aortic valve and pulmonic valves - 3 flaps

attached at their outer edges to a fibrous

ring; no chordae tendinae

Aortic and pulmonic valves are both called

semilunar valves.


Quiz time!

Identify this valve

Left Atrioventricular valve

Bicuspid valve

Mitral valve


Quiz time!

Name this structure

Moderator band


Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)

P wave - depolarization of the atria

QRS complex - waves created by

ventricular depolarization

T wave - repolarization of the ventricles


ECG monitor


Auscultation

Left side

M = 5th rib space

A = 4th rib space

P = 3rd rib space

Right side

T = 4th rib space


Fetal Circulation

Bypasses (shunts)

in the fetal

circulation keep

most of the blood

out of the pulmonary

circulation.

The fetus receives

oxygen from the

mother through the

placenta.


Types of blood vessels

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins

(Towards tissue) (Within tissue) (Away from tissue)


Vascular Anatomy


Blood flow into the ventricles begins at the beginning of which period? E

The pulmonary semilunar valve closes at the end of which period? C

Atrial systole occurs during which period? A

Ventricular systole begins at the end of which period? A

Blood flow out of the atria stops at the end of which period? A

AA B C D E


Ventricular systole ends at the beginning of which period? D

The S2 sound is heard during this period. D

The semilunar valves open at the beginning of which period? C

Blood flow into the pulmonary artery stops at the end of which period? C

Ventricular pressure is greatest during which period? C

A B C D E


Venipuncture

Cephalic vein:

craniomedial aspect

of forelimb

Femoral vein: medial

aspect of hind limb

Saphenous: lateral

aspect of hind limb


Venipuncture

• Jugular Veins

Ventral aspect of each

side of the neck in the

jugular groove

Close to the carotid

arteries

• Care must be taken to

avoid accidental

injection into the

carotid artery


Venipuncture

Caudal epigastric vein

Milk vein

Ventral aspect of each

side of the abdomen

Thin-walled, superficial,

prone to hematoma

formation

Coccygeal vein

Ventral midline of the tail


Cat venipuncture


Dog venipuncture


Ruminant venipuncture


Ruminant venipuncture

Don’t use the milk veins (caudal epigastric)!


Equine venipuncture


Swine venipuncture


Chinchilla jugular


Small bird jugular


Rabbit jugular


Rat coccygeal vein


Nugent hamster saphenous


Rabbit saphenous


Exotics venipuncture

Central artery

Marginal ear vein

And the vein is where, precisely?

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