circulatory and respiratory systems · 2019-12-03 · the circulatory system • closed circulatory...
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Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Chapter 37: Biology II
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The Circulatory System
• Larger organisms cannot rely on diffusion to move oxygen, nutrients and wastes through cells
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The Circulatory System
• Closed circulatory system: found in humans and other vertebrates
• Circulating fluid (blood) is pumped through a system of vessels
• Human circulatory system: heart, blood vessels, and the blood that flows through them
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The Circulatory System…The Heart
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Pericardium
• Protective sac of
tissue that encloses
the heart
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Myocardium
• Thick middle
muscle layer of the
heart
• Pumps blood
through the
circulatory system
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Septum
• A wall that separates the right and left side of the heart; prevents the mixing of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood
• Humans have a 4 chambered heart: 2 atria, 2 ventricles
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Atrium
• Large muscular upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle
• Plural: atria
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Ventricle
• Thick-walled
lower chamber of
the heart that
pumps blood out
of the heart
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Pulmonary Circulation
• Pathway in which
the right side of the
heart pumps
deoxygenated blood
to the lungs
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Systemic Circulation
• Pathway in which
the left side of the
heart pumps
oxygenated blood to
all of the body
except the lungs
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Valve
• Flap of connective
tissue between an
atrium and a ventricle,
or in a vein, that
prevents the backflow
of blood
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The Heart: Blood Flow
• Right atrium right
ventricle pulmonary
artery lungs
pulmonary vein left
atrium left ventricle
aorta body
superior/inferior vena
cava
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Pacemaker
• Small group of cardiac
muscle cells in the right
atrium that “set the pace”
for the heart as a whole
• Also known as the
sinoatrial node
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Blood Vessels
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Artery
• Large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tissues of the body
• Artery = away
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Capillary
• Smallest blood vessel
• Brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products
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Vein
• A blood vessel
that returns blood
to the heart
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Disorders of the Circulatory System
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High Blood Pressure/Hypertension
• Forces the heart to work
harder
• May weaken or damage
the heart muscle and
blood vessels
• Increases the risk of heart
attack and stroke
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Heart Attack
• Atherosclerosis/blocking of
the coronary arteries by
deposits of fatty
substances, cholesterol,
cellular waste, etc.
• Symptoms: nausea,
shortness of breath, severe,
crushing chest pain
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Stroke
• Blood clots form as a result of atherosclerosis may break free and get stuck in one of the blood vessels leading to a part of the brain
• Brain cells served by that blood vessel may die from lack of oxygen
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Stroke
• Brain function may be lost
• Can also occur when a weakened artery in the brain bursts, flooding the area with blood
• May result in: paralysis, loss of the ability to speak, even death
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Prevention
• Exercise
• Weight control
• Sensible diet
• No smoking
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Blood Plasma
• Straw-colored fluid that makes up about 55% of blood
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Blood Plasma
• 90% water
• 10% dissolved gases,
salts, nutrients,
enzymes, hormones,
waste products, and
plasma proteins
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Red Blood Cells
• RBC/Erythrocytes: the most numerous cells in the blood
• Made in the bone marrow
• Never divide
• Live about 3 months
• Removed by the liver and spleen
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Red Blood Cells
• Transport oxygen
• Red color is from
hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin: iron-
containing protein in red
blood cells that transports
oxygen from the lungs to
the tissues of the body
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RBC Disorder: Sickle Cell Anemia
• Abnormal hemoglobin causes the cells to
develop a sickle, or crescent, shape
• Cells are stiff and sticky
• Tend to block blood flow in the blood
vessels of the limbs and organs
• Oxygen cannot get through and episodes
can cause pain, serious infections, and
organ damage
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RBC Disorder: Sickle Cell Anemia
• Recessive genetic disorder
– 1 in 600 African-American infants
– 1 in 12 African-Americans are carriers of the condition
• RBC count is low because sickle cells die after only
about 10 to 20 days.
• Bone marrow can't make new red blood cells fast
enough to replace the dying ones.
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Malaria
• A disease caused by a parasitic protozoan that invades RBCs
• Sickled cells kill the parasite
• The individual’s normal RBCs can deliver oxygen
• Heterozygous individuals (sickle cell trait) have a better survival rate in areas plagued by malaria
• Malaria is most often seen in Africa and in the Mediterranean area of Europe.
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White Blood Cells
• WBC/Leukocytes:
much less abundant
that RBC
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White Blood Cells
• Attack foreign substances
or organisms
• Do not contain
hemoglobin
• Phagocyte: white blood
cell that engulfs and
digests foreign cells
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Types of WBCs
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Platelets and Blood Clotting
• Blood clotting is made
possible by plasma
proteins and cell
fragments called platelets
• Platelet: cell fragment
released by bone marrow
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The Lymphatic System
• Lymph: the fluid lost by the blood into surrounding tissue
• The lymphatic system: a network of vessels that collects the fluid that is lost by blood and returns it to the circulatory system
• Plays a role in nutrient absorption
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Respiration
• (A) Release of energy from the breakdown
of molecules in food in the presence of
oxygen
• (B) The process by which oxygen and
carbon dioxide are exchanged between
cells, the blood, and air in the lungs
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The Respiratory System
• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Air nose and mouth
• Pharynx: muscular tube at the end of the throat that serves as a passageway for air and food
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The Respiratory System
• Trachea: windpipe; tube through which air moves; epiglottis covers the entrance when you swallow food
• Larynx: at the top of the trachea; contains the vocal cords
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The Respiratory System
• Bronchi: passageways
leading from the trachea to
the lungs Bronchioles
• Alveoli: tiny air sacs at the
end of the bronchioles in the
lungs that provide SA for
gas exchange to occur
LUNGS
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Breathing
• The movement of air into and out of the lungs
• Diaphragm: large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity
• Contracts during breathing, pulling the bottom of the chest cavity down and increasing its volume
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Tobacco and the Respiratory System
• The upper part of the respiratory system is generally able to filter out dust and foreign particles that could damage the lungs
• Tobacco use damages and eventually destroys this protective system
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Tobacco and the Respiratory System
• Tobacco contains 3
dangerous substances:
• Nicotine
• Carbon monoxide
• Tar
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Tobacco and the Respiratory System
• Nicotine: stimulant drug in tobacco that increases heart rate and blood pressure
• Tar: contains a number of compounds that have been shown to cause cancer
• Smoking can cause such respiratory diseases as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer