cim
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Computer-Integrated Computer-Integrated ManufacturingManufacturing
CIMCIM
Computer Integrated Computer Integrated ManufacturingManufacturing
Computer-IntegratedComputer-Integrated ManufacturingManufacturing Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Design and
ManufacturingManufacturing Numerically Controlled MachinesNumerically Controlled Machines Industrial RobotsIndustrial Robots Automated Materials HandlingAutomated Materials Handling Flexible Manufacturing SystemsFlexible Manufacturing Systems
Definition of Definition of CIMCIM by the Computer and Automation by the Computer and Automation Systems Association of the Society of Systems Association of the Society of manufacturing Engineers (CASA/SME):manufacturing Engineers (CASA/SME):
““CIM is the integration of the CIM is the integration of the total manufacturing enterprise total manufacturing enterprise through the use of integrated through the use of integrated systems and data systems and data communications coupled with communications coupled with new managerial philosophies new managerial philosophies that improve organizational and that improve organizational and personnel efficiency.”personnel efficiency.”
CIMCIM
CIM is the integration of all enterprise CIM is the integration of all enterprise operations and activities around a common operations and activities around a common corporate data repository. corporate data repository.
It is the use of integrated systems It is the use of integrated systems and data communications coupled with and data communications coupled with new managerial philosophies. new managerial philosophies.
What is CIM?
CIM is not a product that can be CIM is not a product that can be purchased and installed. purchased and installed.
It is a way of thinking and It is a way of thinking and solving problems.solving problems.
What is CIM?
POTANTIAL BENEFITS OF POTANTIAL BENEFITS OF CIMCIM Improved customer serviceImproved customer service Improved qualityImproved quality Shorter time to market with new productsShorter time to market with new products Shorter flow timeShorter flow time Shorter vendor lead timeShorter vendor lead time Reduced inventory levelsReduced inventory levels Improved schedule performanceImproved schedule performance Greater flexibility and responsivenessGreater flexibility and responsiveness Improved competitivenessImproved competitiveness Lower total costLower total cost Shorter customer lead timeShorter customer lead time Increase in manufacturing productivityIncrease in manufacturing productivity Decrease in work-in process inventoryDecrease in work-in process inventory
The computer has had a substantial The computer has had a substantial impact on almost all activities of a factory. impact on almost all activities of a factory.
Often, the introduction of the Often, the introduction of the computer changed the organizational computer changed the organizational structure of a department and made structure of a department and made necessary adoption of new management necessary adoption of new management structures. structures.
The Role of Computer in Manufacturing
The operation of a CIM system gives The operation of a CIM system gives the user substantial benefits:the user substantial benefits:
• Reduction of design costs by 15-30%;Reduction of design costs by 15-30%;• Reduction of the in-shop time of a part by Reduction of the in-shop time of a part by
30-60%; 30-60%; • Increase of productivity by 40-70%;Increase of productivity by 40-70%;• Better product quality, reduction of scrap Better product quality, reduction of scrap
20-50%. 20-50%.
The Role of Computer in Manufacturing
AGILE MANUFACTURINGAGILE MANUFACTURING
Globalization of markets has put Globalization of markets has put tremendous pressure on tremendous pressure on manufacturing enterprises to be manufacturing enterprises to be competitive. competitive.
To cope with competitive pressures, To cope with competitive pressures, a new paradigm in manufacturing a new paradigm in manufacturing known as known as AGILE MANUFACTURINGAGILE MANUFACTURING is is emerging.emerging.
AGILE MANUFACTURINGAGILE MANUFACTURING
The objective of The objective of agile agile manufacturingmanufacturing is to enable is to enable manufacturing enterprises to be manufacturing enterprises to be competitive by dynamically competitive by dynamically reconfiguring software, equipment reconfiguring software, equipment and organization structures.and organization structures.
AGILE MANUFACTURINGAGILE MANUFACTURING
Agility is the ability to grow and Agility is the ability to grow and succeed in an environment of succeed in an environment of constant and unpredictable changes.constant and unpredictable changes.
In recent years, the manufacturing In recent years, the manufacturing paradigm has been changing from paradigm has been changing from mass production to agile mass production to agile manufacturing.manufacturing.
AGILE MANUFACTURINGAGILE MANUFACTURING
The reasons of this trend change are:The reasons of this trend change are:• The strength of global competition is The strength of global competition is
increasing;increasing;• Mass markets are fragmenting to niche Mass markets are fragmenting to niche
markets;markets;• Customers expect low volume, high Customers expect low volume, high
quality;quality;• Short product life-cycles, developmentShort product life-cycles, development
CHARACTERISTICS OF AGILE CHARACTERISTICS OF AGILE MANUFACTURING:MANUFACTURING:
Greater product customizationGreater product customization Rapid introduction of new or modified Rapid introduction of new or modified
productproduct Advanced interenterpise networking Advanced interenterpise networking
technologytechnology Upgradable productsUpgradable products Increased emphasis on knowledgeable, Increased emphasis on knowledgeable,
highly trained workershighly trained workers Interactive customer relationshipInteractive customer relationship
CHARACTERISTICS OF AGILE CHARACTERISTICS OF AGILE MANUFACTURING:MANUFACTURING:
Dynamic reconfiguration of production Dynamic reconfiguration of production processesprocesses
Greater use of flexible production Greater use of flexible production technologiestechnologies
Rapid prototypingRapid prototyping An open systems information environmentAn open systems information environment Innovative and flexible management Innovative and flexible management
structuresstructures Product pricing based on value to the Product pricing based on value to the
customercustomer Commitment to the beniCommitment to the beninng operations and g operations and
product designsproduct designs
A communication network is the backbone A communication network is the backbone of an enterprise integration. Networks help to of an enterprise integration. Networks help to unify a company by linking together all the unify a company by linking together all the computerized devices irrespective of their computerized devices irrespective of their physical location. physical location.
Through networks the whole enterprise Through networks the whole enterprise can be integrated, including suppliers and can be integrated, including suppliers and customers. customers.
Communication Networks
For example, sales and marketing can For example, sales and marketing can send customer requirements for new products to send customer requirements for new products to design engineering. design engineering.
A CAD generated bill of materials can then A CAD generated bill of materials can then be transferred to “material requirements be transferred to “material requirements planning(MRP)” systems.planning(MRP)” systems.
Product design information can be Product design information can be transmitted to manufacturing for use in process transmitted to manufacturing for use in process planning. planning.
Communication Networks
There 2 main types of There 2 main types of communication networks:communication networks:
1) Telecommunication Networks;1) Telecommunication Networks;
2) Computer communication Networks.2) Computer communication Networks.
Types of Communication Networks
Telecommunication network is mainly used Telecommunication network is mainly used for voice communication.for voice communication.
Computer communication network is a Computer communication network is a system of interconnected computers and system of interconnected computers and other devices capable exchanging other devices capable exchanging information. information.
Types of CommunicationNetworks
Highlights in the History of Highlights in the History of TelecommunicationsTelecommunications
18441844 Morse sends the first public telegraph Morse sends the first public telegraph messagemessage
18761876 Telephone patent issued to Alexander Telephone patent issued to Alexander Graham BellGraham Bell
18771877 First telephone in private homeFirst telephone in private home18811881 First long-distance line, from Boston, MA, to First long-distance line, from Boston, MA, to
Providence,RIProvidence,RI18901890 Undersea telephone cable, England to Undersea telephone cable, England to
FranceFrance19151915 First transcontinental telephones call in U.S.First transcontinental telephones call in U.S.19291929 Coaxial cable invented; Herbert Hoover Coaxial cable invented; Herbert Hoover
becomes the first President with a phone becomes the first President with a phone on his on his desk.desk.
19471947 Transistor inventedTransistor invented19511951 Direct long-distance dialingDirect long-distance dialing19601960 First test of electronic switchFirst test of electronic switch19631963 Touch-tone service introducedTouch-tone service introduced19701970 Laser inventedLaser invented19761976 First digital electronic switch installedFirst digital electronic switch installed19801980 Divestiture of AT&T (Ma Bell and the baby Divestiture of AT&T (Ma Bell and the baby
bells)bells)19881988 First transatlantic optical fiber cableFirst transatlantic optical fiber cable19891989 First fiber-optic cable to the home field trial, First fiber-optic cable to the home field trial,
Cerritos, CACerritos, CA19901990 Demonstration of 2000-km links using Demonstration of 2000-km links using
optical amplifiers without repeaters.optical amplifiers without repeaters.
Network Architectures & Protocols
A communication network consists of a number components such as hardware, software and media.
A network architecture describes the components, the functions performed, and the interfaces between the components of a network.
It encompasses hardware, software, standards, It encompasses hardware, software, standards, data link controls, topologies and protocols.data link controls, topologies and protocols.
Types of CommunicationNetworks
Network Architectures & Protocols
It defines the functions of, and interactions between, three types of components.
Network hardware components Network hardware components Communication software modulesCommunication software modules Application programs that use the networksApplication programs that use the networks
Types of CommunicationNetworks
Network Architectures & Protocols
PROTOCOL:
Protocols in network architecture define the set of rules of information exchange between two devices(peers).
Protocols specify the message format and the rules for interpreting and reacting to messages.
Types of CommunicationNetworks
Computer Network Reference Model
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model is an architecture that Reference Model is an architecture that enables different vendors’ systems, such enables different vendors’ systems, such as DECNET, SNA, TCP/IP and SINEC, to as DECNET, SNA, TCP/IP and SINEC, to communicate by using a common set of communicate by using a common set of protocols.protocols.
Types of CommunicationNetworks
The reference model is based on:The reference model is based on:• The communication functions are divided into The communication functions are divided into
layers;layers;• The services to be provided by each layer are The services to be provided by each layer are
specified;specified;• Layer N+1, above layer N, uses the services of Layer N+1, above layer N, uses the services of
the latter to implement its functions;the latter to implement its functions;• Communication between the layer N and the Communication between the layer N and the
participating terminals is specified by the ISO participating terminals is specified by the ISO protocols. protocols.
Types of CommunicationNetworks
Types of CommunicationNetworks
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKSTYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
Local Area NetworksLocal Area Networks (LANs)(LANs) Used to interconnect computers Used to interconnect computers within the same building or within the same building or organisation. organisation.
A LAN typically operates at speeds A LAN typically operates at speeds ranging from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps, ranging from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps, connecting several hundred devices connecting several hundred devices over a distance of up to 5 to 10 kmover a distance of up to 5 to 10 km
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) - MANs Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) - MANs are large are large LANsLANs that cover a large city or suburb. Used to that cover a large city or suburb. Used to interconnect interconnect LANsLANs within a metropolitan area. A typical within a metropolitan area. A typical
MAN operates at a speed of 1,5 to 150 MbpsMAN operates at a speed of 1,5 to 150 Mbps
Wide Area Networks (WANs)Wide Area Networks (WANs) Use common carrier facilities over Use common carrier facilities over long distances and are used to long distances and are used to connect sites and facilities over the connect sites and facilities over the countries. countries. Usually the speed between the cities Usually the speed between the cities can vary from 1.5 Mbps to 2.4 Gbps. can vary from 1.5 Mbps to 2.4 Gbps. In a WAN, the cost of transmission is In a WAN, the cost of transmission is very high, and the network is usually very high, and the network is usually owned and operated by a public owned and operated by a public networknetwork
Global Area Networks (GAN)Global Area Networks (GAN)
ththeessee are networks connections are networks connections between countries around the globe. between countries around the globe. A GAN’s speed ranges from A GAN’s speed ranges from 1.5Mbps to 100Gbps and its reach is 1.5Mbps to 100Gbps and its reach is several thousands of kilometres.several thousands of kilometres.
COMMUNICATION HIERARCHYCOMMUNICATION HIERARCHY enterprise levelenterprise level
Globally link various plants/sites and Globally link various plants/sites and interconnect corporations through electronic interconnect corporations through electronic data interchangedata interchange
plant levelplant levelConnect departments inside plantConnect departments inside plant
cell levelcell levelConnect cells inside departmentsConnect cells inside departments
equipment/device levelequipment/device levelconnect individual devices such as computers, connect individual devices such as computers, robots and NC machinesrobots and NC machines
MANUFACTURINGMANUFACTURING
Parallel with increasing needs for faster Parallel with increasing needs for faster communications the needs of large data storage communications the needs of large data storage capacity and fast computers is increasing also. capacity and fast computers is increasing also.
Now typical manufacturing environment, called Now typical manufacturing environment, called also as CAD/CAM/CAE environment is composed also as CAD/CAM/CAE environment is composed of of fast fast computers, centralized data storage units, computers, centralized data storage units, CNC controlled machine centers, robots etc., all CNC controlled machine centers, robots etc., all connected on the same network. connected on the same network.
On this networks either TCP/IP or specially On this networks either TCP/IP or specially designed manufacturing protocols like, MAP or designed manufacturing protocols like, MAP or TOP, are used.TOP, are used.
MANUFACTURINGMANUFACTURING
MAPMAPAn initiative by General Motors of The An initiative by General Motors of The United States has resulted in the selection United States has resulted in the selection of a set of protocols, all based on ISO of a set of protocols, all based on ISO standards, to achieve open system standards, to achieve open system interconnection within an automated interconnection within an automated manufacturing plant. manufacturing plant.
The resulting protocols are knows as The resulting protocols are knows as manufacturing automation protocolsmanufacturing automation protocols (MAPs)(MAPs)..
MANUFACTURINGMANUFACTURING
MANUFACTURINGMANUFACTURING
TOPTOP
In a similar way, an initiative by the In a similar way, an initiative by the Boeing Corporation (USA) has resulted in Boeing Corporation (USA) has resulted in the selection of a set of ISO standards to the selection of a set of ISO standards to achieve open system interconnection in a achieve open system interconnection in a technical and office environment. technical and office environment.
The selected protocols are known as The selected protocols are known as technical and office protocols (TOPs)technical and office protocols (TOPs). .
MANUFACTURINGMANUFACTURING
Flexible Manufacturing Flexible Manufacturing SystemsSystems
Out In
Tool changer
Tool changer
Indexing tables
Load/unload stations
Temporary storage areas(33 pallet spaces)
AG
V 1
AGV 2
CNC 3
AS/RS
Co
mp
ute
r co
ntr
ol
L/U L/URaw material storage(roller conveyor)
Raw
mat
eria
l s
tora
ge
(flo
or
sp
ace)
Tool changer
CNC 1 CNC 2
Out In Out In
Industrial Industrial RobotsRobots
Shoulder swivel
Pitch
Elbow extension
Yaw
RollArm sweep