ch&pt•r e material and...
TRANSCRIPT
Ch&pt•r e
MATERIAL AND METHODOLOBY
- 14 -
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Historical backgrpund
The Bhunjia are one of the little known tribe of Madhya
Pradesh and Orissa. The racial orig'in of these people is
difficult to be traced out. There are no written documents
which rec6rd the history of their origin. The notable account
on Bhunjia given by Russell and Hir01lal in a .. cf ~
"The tl-ibe;_.· of
Central Provinces of India", hold the view that a section of
the Bhunjia called 'Chaukhutia' have originated from the
marriages between Gonds and Halbas, but the field study among
the Bhunjia revealed that the two sections of the tribe
Chinda the Chaukhutias have completely different
connections. Those dwelling on the hills are referred to as
the Chaukhutias and the plain dwellers are called Chinda.
Like other tribes the BhunJia have their leqendary
evidences to state as to how the Bhunjia originated. As the
legend goes Sunabeda was the ancient patch of the earth where
dwelt the first couple of the human race called Dokra and
Dokri. Once the Dokra on his way to the forest, over heard
the Gods discussing about the problems of the earth. He heard
them saying "today it will thunder, to,.orrow there will be
rains and a day after tomorrow all the world will be
overflooded". Com1ng back home the Dokra built a wooden be><,
kept food, water and other necessaries inside, and locked the
- 1 5 -
box keeping his son and daughter inside. As he heard there
was heavy pouring of rains and the earth was submerged under
water. However, the wooden box with two human lives was
floating on the sea. Goddess Parvati Traced them while Lord
Mahadev created earth worm to make the earth solid and the
two children lived there. In course of time they remained ~s
husband and wife and begot children. From them were born the
Gond& (untouchables) who are the elder brothers next to them
are the Bhunjias.
The fact that Bhunjias had racial admixture with the
Gonds is, however, ascertai tied from the legend narrated by
them (Rout, 1967-68). The story narrates that in earlier days
the Bhunjias had no inter-mal·riage group <Mal·kaml. Seven Gond
brothers coming from the west in search of games married ' .
seven daughters of the Mathihar <The Netam BhunJia living in
Sunabedal and thus became Bandhu (Markam)
Bhunjias. But for this legend there is nothing to help us
but after the legend of Kachua Dhurwa was known, it became
very clear that the term Bhunjia is from the root Bhunjna and
that the Choukhutia. Bhunjias have been born because of the
union between the Bonds and' the Halbas. This also ,helps to
explain why do the Chinda and Choukhutia Bhunjias appear so
different. The letter have more Gandish features, not so the
former. It also explains the geographical distribution of the
two sub-tribes of the Bhunjias and the reason why they do not
11 ve together.
- 16 -
The Chinda and Chukhutia Bhunjias the two sub-groups,
live in separate geographical areas of Bindranawaga•-h Tehsil
and Orissa state and the tribal organisation of the two sub-
groups al-e also diffe•-ent fl-om each other. The Chindas are
divided into 4 ~- Netam, Morkam, Marai and Sori, whereas
the Chaukhutias are divided into three ~gets viz. Net.m,
Morkam and Ma•-ai. Under Netam got seven sub-claus viz.
Pu jar i , Pat i, Jhakal-, Amarukh ia, Dumarbahara, Suar and
Tendubaia are there. Under Morkam got nine sub-claus v1z.
Barik, Sarmat, Daujiena. Bhoi, Na1k, Seth. Chataria, Borge and
Majhi are there. Under Marai got is the Potia sub-clans.
Rev1ew of literature reveals that there are no more one
got village system. The size of Bhunjia families is small.
Average number of persons per family is 5,8. The family bonds
oT the ~nunJla soc1ety are st1ll quite intact and nuclear
family system is the prevailing feature. A token of pre-
puberty marriage of the girls is an important socio-religious
rite in the tribal culture of Bhunjias. They are very strict
about the girl's Kanda bara i.e, the taken arrow marri&Qe.
They claim that in their tribe a
goes wron9 in any other way before
They have no language of their own. They speak a dialect
which is admixture of Oriya and Chattisgarhi and dress
themselves ~ . i
in chattisgarhi sytle. They are fairly strong in
the1r body bu1lt and eke out their living mainly ~
cultivat1ng land. Shift1ng cultivation has long been
- 17 -
gxven a good-bye and settled agriculture is widely prac~isedJ
but the economy is no doubt sub-sta,iated by collection of '
roots, fruits, greens and tubers from the jungle, wage
eal-ning by worki1,g as fil-m labourel-s, working in road wo.rk,
cutting timbers from the jungle on wage basis and coll.cting
and selling valuable forest products.
Theil- houses are two sloped houses thatched by wild
grass. A single family has usually three huts, the outer
house, thE? kitchen and t"he cattle shed. The village& are
I homogeneous except the Bhunjia's give sheltel- to few par:te or
Ganda families. The Bhunjia's of different villages come in
contact with each other on major ceremonial occasions, in
marriage, in fairs and in mar~:ets. In Dashara fe&tival groups
of tribals and non tribals from neighbouring villages come to
worship Sundei, the tutelary deity of the Bhunjias. Tne
~nunJias also maintain certain taboos. The women observe
more taboo than the men. Among the Cnoukhutia BhunJia sub-
group the women only wear sari round their waist and
remaining part of the body remains exposed.
Popylatign dtstributign
The Chaukhutia Bhunjia are a small aboriginal tribe in
Bindranwagarh Zamindari of Central Provinces and the Khariar
Zarmindarx of Orissa. Accordxng to Russel and Hiralal <19'~ >,
Sunabeda plateau is considered to be the birth place of the
Bhunjxa where from they are believed to have migrated down to
- 18 -
the plains and to the villages of Madhya Pradesh. The Chinda
Bhunjias ... -e usually found in Ga•-iabandh and Deobhog R.I.
Circle of Bindraf!X"agarh Tehsil and the Chaukhutia Bhunjias
usually reside in Gariabandh, Churra, R.I circle of
Bindrar:).agarh Tehsil of Ra1pur district as shown in Fig. 1.
According to Census (1981>, the total population of the
Bhujias in M.P are 9524 with a sex ratio of 991 males per
1000 females and comp1·is1ng of 0.36Y. of the total population.
Geographictl Settinos
The Raipur District is situtted in the Chattisgarh
Region of the Madhya Pradesh state and occup1es the south
eastern part of Upper Mahanadi basin•a large belt of hilly
areas to the south and east. The district lies between 0 0 0
lat1tuces 19 57 E and 21 53' S and longitudes 81 25'E and 0
~1 ~~·w (Verma, 1973>. The district is bounded on the North
by Bilaspur district, in the south by Koraput District of
same state <Fig.1l. Sarangarh Tehsil of Raigarh District and
Kanker Tehsil of Bastar District respectively form the north-
east and south-east boundaries of the district. The Kharu~
river in the West forms the Western boundary of the district J... '
and Seonath and M~handi mark the northern boundary with
Bilaspur district. The greatest length of the district from
North to South in about 227 Kms and the greatest width is
about 114 Kms.
- 19 -
Flora
Mixed forests on hill slopes with their mantle of sandy
or gravelly soii have been mal-ked exclusively in Deobhog,
Gariaband, Mainpur and Chu'rra ranges. A t>al forest is a
delightful sight eal-ly in' March when the trees shower Leaf
and flower. The bright yellow flowers of ganiar
<Cochlospermum gossyp1um> appeal- in March. The clustel-s of
golden yellow flowers of amaltas or dhanbohar <Cassia
fistula) appear in April and May. The brilliant red flowers
ot the silk cotton tree ··or semar Bombax malabtricum tre
conspicuous in March and last for a few months of the several
Bauhinia species Bauhinia variegata is also grown in gardens
tor 1ts wnate ~no purp&e T&owers. Amti <Bauhinia retusa)
known for its acid taste leaves and gum used for making sweet
meats is also very common. The gasti <Ficus infectonial hts
small yellowish white berries attracting a large number of
green pigeons. The gular <F. glomeratal has pear shaped friut
eaten byy the urchins. The f ~ ifL benghtlensis) is
protected for its shade and some fine specimens tre found in
the southern boundary of the District. Pical ifL riligigsa!
ar,e held sacred and are also found near the village tank.
Some of the plants like sarphok <Tephrosit purpyreal.
Charota <Cassia oc:cidentalis), Cas1ia obtysifglia cassia
sopnera and bhatia solanum indicum) are mad i c i nall y
otnerw1se usefu& Tor tne peop&e.
- 20 -
Ftunt
Semnopithecus entellus <bendra) is found in forests and
out of them monkey is considered sacred. Felis tigris <sher,
bagh> is fond in all parts of the District. Cattle lifting
tigers are quite active in Gariabandh tahsil. Files pardus
the panthel- or 1 eopard < tenduwa, chi t,wa) , is found , in great
numbers all over the District where there are forests. Cyon
dukhunesis, the Indian wild dog <Kogwal is found in the
Taurenga tract of Gariabandh in abundance. S~<s cri@tatu&,
the lnd1an boar <barha) is found all over the District tnd 1s
occasionally destructive to crops. It is abundant in Baruka
and Chul-ra tracts of Gar iabanbdh Tehsi 1 G;avaeusgaurutq the
Indian bison (gaUl-), is found in hilly areas and is Bean in
the Taurenga and Indagaon Block• of EAst R•ipur Divitlion and
in the Sitanadi range of South Raipur DiviBipn.
Pave criBtatus, the common pea fowl, iB found in •11 the
forests of the District, Ptrdicult Asitticf, the jungle or
bush quail, is found in all p•rts of the DiBtrict and is very
common. 'y !)
Most abundant among the major c•rps are the Labio, C•ti•
and Cirrhint species, among the pre-detdries, Wallago attu,
eel and live fishes and among the minor c~ps, ~ stigmf,
~-~lc~o. Kan1tee co~1o, Kasnoora oan1comus ano Lnela oaca11a.
lhe cl1mate of thl& District is characterised by a hot
- 21 -
dry summer and well distributed rains in the monsoon season.
The cold season commences from December and last till the end
of February. The hot season follows there after and continues
till about the second week of June. The south-west monsoon
seasoq is from the middle of June to the end of September,
October and f'lovembeo· canst i tute the post monsoon season. Fo·om
about the beginning of March temp(lraturet!i begin to rise
steadily till May which is usually the hottest month of the
year. Recoo-ds of rainfall is available around Gariabundh.
Mahasoimund- Pithoo-a which is the central part of the
District. Rainfall during July August is highest in the year,
all over the District and constituted more than half of the
total rainfall. The relative humidity is high during the
south-west monsoon season generally being over cast in the
monsoon season. Winds are light to moderate generally with
some 1ncrease in foo·ce in late summer and the south-west
monsoon seasons.
lhe top corners of the mounds have bhata land which i~
poor of laterite, red in colour and containing numerous
little pebbles. It does not have much consistenty and hardly
retain moisture. The Kanhur is a black soil which is rarely
retainture of moisture. The Matasi, generally the yellow
poruto and sandy soil is not retantlve of moi!ltur• but gives
good out turn of paddy with heavy rainf•ll <Census, 1981>
.. 2~ -
Period ;and Duration g.! Field work
The present s)itudy is based on a field work which was
c.;u-ried out during late 1989, early and middle of 1990 in
sevet·al instalments. A good rapport was estab_,:lished with the
people.
Selection ~ ~ gf ~Sample
To develop the standar~s of growth for the Bhunjia
childt·en it was felt necessary to formulate these standards '
on sample that 'face the best environmen~ within i
the
population. Accot·ding to Garn (1958) it is very important
that in these standards of growth the children from different
geogt·aphical regions, ~ept·esenting different social classl!s
and different ethnic groups should not be included because of
extreme genetic diversity. Tanner <1973> also opines that
where the population is genetically heterogeneous ;and
t·epresenting diffeent social c:l;at~ses, standards should not be
constructed. He also suggests that st;and;ards of growth
separately for each ethnic: group should be constructed. Since
the Bhunjia is a little known ethnic population which share
common, uniform environment and geographical are;a, it w•s
felt necessary to construct the standards of growth •mong
tnu; popu1a1aon.
1ne data on growth study were collected from 7e5 boys and
698 girls, respectively aged 5+ years through 18+ years
<T•ble e). These children belong to 47 vill;ages <Table 1).
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- 2 5 -
T'?'tBLE 3
Sanq.)le size of the Bt.urt.J 1" buys and ~pr l> f\H antl1rupo111etri<.. rnee:~surt:H11ents
·--·-----·----··- -- ·-····-·-- ------· --·-··-···-~·-·-- -------- -···-------· --·- -- ·---- --
)J- :-- ~ 00 5. 9' .. ) 6+ 6.00 6. 9r;· 7+ 7.00 7.99 8+ 8.00 8.99 .• , .. 9.00 9 y r;t,;
10+ 10.00 1(). '7', 1 1+ 11.00 .. 1·1. 99 12 ~ 1 ~2 • 00 12.9<:; 13+ 13 • 00 - 18. 99 14+ 14.00 14 • 9"! ·15·• 15.00 .. 15.99 16+ 16.00 16.99 17+ 17.00 17.99 18+ 16.00 18.99
Total
: Anthr opornetr· i c. btJ y~:~
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<.>1 ,. •'l
.~-
53 50 so : ... u .... \. t A.
~0 :, 1 ~- ., :J ••
51 31 . '
' 52 52
725
t'1easur·t'IT1ent<:.
(J 1 r 1 s i~ Ll ..
52 S~l
51 ,- .-, _, .. ,;, ~. 1 ~
:.> 1 so ~
.> I
52 ~0
49 4.'3 41 47
691.\
- 26 -
Here some doubtful cases were eKcluded. For the study of
nutrition the data was collected from 156 households of 6
villages. Apart from 156 households 9 households '
eKcluded for doubtful and incomplete information. Fer t
demographic study data were collected from 10 villages which • • '
include 279 households.
&IJi!t Assenmtnt
The Bhunjias like other typical illiterate societies de
not keep age records. It was a great qiifficulty to estimate
their ages, Fortunately, the births as well as death records
are registel-ed by the Kotowar. This register in maintained by
the local police stations. MaKimum care was taken to estimate .
their ages., The ,-eported ages were checked and cross-checked
by asking/by assessing the age of the first child which were
comparatively easier to .guess, gap between marriage and first
child birth, etc. which have become very effective in their
age estimation. The ages of the boye and girls investigated
fer the Whole study were checked with the Kotowar't regi•ter
and the school going children were checked with the 8chool
registers.
In anthropometry the children bet~ween 8.00 and 8,99,
9.00 and 9.99, 10.00 and 10.99 as 8+ years, 9+ years, 10+
years and so on in the present study which have been
followed after Eveleth and Ttnner (1976),
Grgwth .~ Phytictl prvrlop .. nt
l-lnthropometr>c measurements on Qrowth ;and
27 •
development were collected from the Bhun~ia boys and girls
aged ST through 18+ yeana; ft-om 47 villages of Gariaband and
Ma1npur blocks under Gariaban~ sub-division in the Raipur
District, Madhya Pradesh. The names of 22 direct and 4
indirect anthropometric measurments along with 8
ratio/indices and their respective abbreviations are given in
Table 2. The direct antfropomet:ic mea~Qments were :taken after
Weiner and Lowli.e < 1981) and 4 other indirect anthropometric
measurements were callec:;ted after Fr i sancho ( 1990 l •
The four indirect anthropometric measurments viz., a) Total
Upper arm area <TUAl, bl Upper arm muscle area <UMAl, cl
Upper arm fat an!a based on Upper arm c i t-cumference and
triceps skinfold thickness. ' .
Letting 'C' equal the circumference of the upper arm. 2
al Total arm area ITUA> • c /(4*~>, similarly, letting Ts
equal the triceps skin fold thickness,
bl Upper arm muscle area <UMAl 2
•CC-(Ts•n>l /(4*nJ,
Then the upper arm fat area is calculated by subtraction -
c1 upper arm fat area 1UFA'
= Total upper arm ~area - upper arm muscle area.
The arm fat index (or percentage of fat in the upper arml is
as follow(,
dl Arm fat index <AFI>
= <Upper arm fat area/Total arm areal * 100.
- 26 -
Besides 8 ratiom/indices have been calculated following
standard fomulae. They are as follows :-
i> Stature 1 weight ratio= weight <kgl/stature<cml <Brozek,
1956)
i i ) Upper arm ci~cumference 1 stature ratio
circumference <cml/ stature <cml
2 iii> Body mass index =weight lkgl/stature <m )
ivl 3 Waight/staturl• index <Parnal, 1954>
vl Pelidis1 index "' 3JlO*weight m.L* 100 Sitting height <cml
e vi) Surface area <m )
.. upper arm
0,7?5 0.425 for'men =Weight 1kgL * stature <cml * 74.66
10,000
0,42::5 0.7?:5 ~or women "' Weight lkgl ~ Stttyrt is.lnl. ~ zat. ee
10,000
v111 ~ephalic index c Maximum ~ brttdth * 100
nax1mum Head length
' ' ' v1111 bltt1ng ne1gnt 1noex = bltt1ng ne1gnt ~ * 100
btature 1cm1
Presrntttion Qf tnthropometric ·Q11a
Means and standard deviations along with selected
percentiles <5th,10th,25th,50th,7::5th,90th tnd 95thl of the
- 29 -
direct anthropometric measurments and ~our nutr it iona·l
anthropometric ratios/indices have been presentll.'d by sex and
stated age. For anthropometric evalu~ation o~ nutritional
status with respect to growth, weight and muscle status
percentile calculation of 2-Scores were culculated. Th.
present populat iol, has been compared with two standards ;
vi :r:.
the Indian standard <Indian Council of Medical Research ICMR,
1972) and sec~ndly International standard <National center
fo..- Health Stati»tis, NCHS, United states) (Johnson et
1981). The NCHS data have been considered as internation~'·l
standard one because it was b.ased on a la1·ge representative
sample of the united states. It was sub-sequently adopted by
the World Health Organisation <WHO> as an International
growth reference <Waterlow et al~, .19771 Dlbley et al., 1987,
Frisancho, 19901 cole, 199:5 .and 1991 >.
The sklnfold values obtained have been further
transformed into their logarithms to make the distribution of
these parameters nearly gaussian <Tanner, 19o2l. The
transformation used for skinfol'd is.
Log transform • 100*log10 Cskinfold thickness in 1/10 m.m
- 18)
<Edwards et al., 1955)
Regression equations, Y • bx + c has been calculated for
st.ature and weight by age and seK <Aggarwal, 1990),
Anthrgcometric Evaluation Q( grqwth ADQ Jitatu~
NutriUqnal
' Hn~ropometr1c eva1uat1on or growtn and nutr1t1ona1 status
- 30 -
were usually evaluated with reference to height /stature and
W&ight. ·~.'.:t;? using four standrads; which include
1) The Stuart and Stevenson's growth curves based upon
studies conducted during the 1950s of children from
Boston and ~owa cityr
2> The National center for Health Statistics <NCHS> growth
curves being compiled from a combined sample of data
I
derived from the NCHS's Health Examination Surveys <HES>,
conducted during 1963-65 and 1970-74, and data from the
Fels Research Institute!
3> The British Standrads of hieght and weight velocity
published by Tanner and Davis <19951, have determined the
extent to which children are growing either normally,
advanced, or delayed for their age and also to infer
wnecner cn1Ldren are either obese or undernourished for
1:n1n r neigh t •
1ne assessment of nutritional status in a population
includes height/stature and weight. Sometimes conclusion
drawn from both of the measurement may not draw true
influence <Rivers, 19981 for some environmental factor• like
famine (Rivera, 19881 as prevalence of wasting reported for
the third world countries <Martorell, 1985>. Hence along with
skin fold thickness have been included and are represented
in 5 categories <Table 4) by which the nutritional assessment
was cone. Here an approach has been done with the help of
TA
BL
E
4
Ar)
thro
po
metr
ic
Cla
ss1
fic
at1
on
fo
r tn
e ev~luat1on
or
Gro
wth
an
d
Nu
trit
ion
al
sta
tus.
(~•I
Perc
en
t1le
Z
-
Sco
re
: G
row
th
:sta
tus
1 W~ight
Sta
tus
2 :
Mu
scle
S
t.-t
us
3 --
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-;
C ..
te•
JOr}
' l
' o
.o
to
5.0
'
z '•
. -
1. 6
50
: S
ho
rt
:t_a
~,.,
W
el•.
;Jh
t:
Lo~,~,~
Mu
scle
'
' W
ast
ed
!C
dte
9o
ry
ll
' 5
. 1
to
15
.0
' -1
.64
5 <
z,.,
, <.
-1 .0
40
: B
elo
w·
t ·'
Be ld
W
' B
el'
""
' '
' A
vera
9e
' A
v&
ra•;
Je
'
Av
era
ge
' '
: C "'
t e •:
JO r
y
Ill
: 15
. 1
to
85
.0
' -1
.03
6
/ z
< +
"1.0
20
; Avera~~e
' A
vera
'}e
' A
ve
ra
•3e
'
' '
' '
' '
:Cate
']u
ry
IV
:85
. 1
to
95
.0
' +
1.0
36
<
z
< +
1.6
40
: A
bo
ve
' A
bo
ve
' A
bo
ve
' '
• A
vera
ge
' A
ve
rag
&
: A
ve
r a·~e
' :c
ate
9o
ry
v :9
5.
1 to
1
00
.0
' z
; .. +
1.6
45
: T
all
'
Heav
y
' H
1 g
h 11
u s
c l
e '
' '
We1
gh
t :G
oo
d
Nu
tr-1
t1o
n1
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
Z
-S
co
re ~
<S
tan
dard
's
mea
n
valu
e
-V
alu
e
of
su
bJects
/sta
nd
ard
deviati~n
2 ~ -·
of
s~andard).
· G
row
th Statu~
defi
ned
w
ith
re
fere
nces
to
sex
-sp
ecif
ic
sta
nd
ard
s
of
Sta
ture.
!.Je
igt.
t
Mu
scle
Statu~
defi
ned
w
ith
refe
ren
ces
to
sex
--sp
ecif
ic
sta
nd
ard
s
of
Weig
ht
by
ag
e
an
d/
or
by
fr
a.m
e
'SlZ
e.
Sta
tus
defi
ned
w
ith
re
fere
nces
to
sex
-sp
ec1
f1c
sta
nd
ard
s
of
m1d
a
rrr,
m
uscle
a
rea
b
y
ag
e
an
d/
or
Ly
fr
am
e
siz
e ..
<••
>
Ad
ap
ted
fr
om
Fr1~ancho
11
99
0)
An
thro
po
metr
ic
Sta
nd
ard
s
for
the
assessm
en
t o
f G
row
th
an
d
Nu
trit
ion
al
Sta
tus.
An
n
AF
bo
r.
Un
iv.
Mic
hiy
an
P
ress.
w -
- 32 -
~n1s new classification made by Fr1sancho (1990).
Presentation gf nutritignal anthrocgmetric ~
For the assessment of anthropometrically evaluation of
nutritional status; mean, standrad deviations and percentiles
at 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, have been
calculated. The above calculations have been also done for
the anthropometric rat1o/1ndices. For categorisat1on of the
different stages for nutrit1onal st~tus it has been. compared
with ICMR < 1972) and NCHS <Johnson et •1., 1981 > the
international standard for both the two parameters viz.
growth and weight status but in case of muscle status only
NCHS data have been included because of lacking of the Indian
data. The classification of
nutritional assessment was based on both Z-sc:ore and
percent1le cut offs.
The analysis ci-f the physic.al growth . .and development and
anthropometric evaluation of growth and nutritlonal status
chapters, has been done with the Computer. D.ata was entered
into Compute\- files Ul!iing Foxplus, DBMS package, and
programmes were wr1tten using Foxplus. Graphs were prepared
using Lotus 123.
Nutritipn
The food habit and dietary 1ntake among the Bhunj1a was
carr1ed out by means of nutritional investigat1ono; Hl 156
households spreading out 1n 6 VIllages (Table 1 ). The d.ata
- 33 -
on food consumption in the hou,;;ehold survl!!ys were collected
afte,- Thimmayamma and Hao ( 1980). 'ach of the households was
visited tw1ce-a-day; 1 .e., in the morning and evening. The
duration of the survey was for seven consecut1ve days, The
uncooked raw foods were weighed with a sulter pan type of
bala11ce. Food consumed by the household membe•- outside or
food consumed by the guests 1n the households were also
recorded. Food consumed outs1de by the household member was
asc~rta1ned by interview. For the assessment of the calorie
a.< 111take by the households members standp;'ad food-balance sheet
was used. f''ricw to the collection of calor1e intake data,
genel-al infDl-mations partiCUlarly age-seH stl-UCtUJ-e, d 1eta1-y
habits, drinking habits, land ownership, practice of kitchen
gardening, sufficiency in food in terms of months, cooking
procedure, sources of water, sanitation, etc. were recorded
through scheduled proforma.
Presentttion ~ nutritional ~
The total 'consumption unit (C.U.> for each household
was calculated on the basis of Indian Council of medical
Research ( 1992> <Table 3>. The calo!(ie intake for different
nutrients has been calculated after,Gopalan et al. (1993>. ~e.
The working status of the Bhunjias been taken as moderate,
as they are all agricultural workers.
lhe 1ntake 1n terms of per consumption un1t or per adult
person per day has been est1mated 111 the following way
-34 -
Co--effi cieflt for conof.HJtin·d calorie re·~ult'enol'!nt of Jiffert1nt •jroups. "
' Group
Adult mdle <moderMte Worlarl (:)dul t renoale (nouderate Wor kEH)
Adolescents 12 to 21 years Clo1ldre11 --7 tu ·12 y~•ars
Children - 7 to 9 years Ch1ldre11 S to 7 y~drs Ch1lo.lren 3 tu 5 years Ch1ldren -- 1 to 3 years
• •
l
* Gug•Jested by !fld1an Counul of M"diLe\l Research (1992)
CO--Units
1.0 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.7 O.i.J 0.5 0.4
- '3 5 -
Total raw amount of each food stuff.
lntake per consumption •-------------------------------------
Unit/day
Genetical demography
Total consumpt1on of the fam1ly who the meal.
un1ts Total no of X days of
SUI-vey.
The data on genetical demography were collected from the
villages of Baghmar, Kodopali, Mohuabhata, Tendubai of
Gariabandh Block and Amad, Jangra, Jungar, khokma, Tetolkothi
and Tourenga of MainpUI- block. The number· of households
Included · '"'-e 279. The demographic 1nfor·mat1ons were
collected on the1r age, sex, marital status, place of birth,
age at marriage, etc. The informations on reproductive
performances 1.e., live births, dead children, reproductive
wastages were recorded. All these informations were collRcted
through schedules and questionnire. All the informations were ;
cross checked during the field work where.ver possible.
Presentation 2f genetictl demogrAPhic QA1A
In demography different informations l1ke on types of
fami 1 y, domicile size, family size, a-REI age and sex
structure, age at marriage, marriage distance on the basis
travel route in Km, selection intensity have been collected.
Statistical Cgnstants
1 J Mean 1 X J
fx ,., = ~------- Where
N
I!)
'$" .... ,. ..... t X N
Standrad
6.
- 3 6 -
= Sum ot = Frequency = Score = Total no. of
deviation lSD)
=
2 ::?:fx
N
scores.
6 = Standrad deviation ::!.'::: = Sum of f = f•-equenc:y }{ = Mean
Where
Ill) Calculation of percentile IAgg,rwal, 1990)
PN - Fb
Pp = L + ------------------ X 1 f w
PJ? = the ,-equired pel-cent i le
Where,
Po ant p = the p1-oport1on of the distribution wanted N = No. of cases L = ·E:<ac:t lower limit of th&> class interval
whach Pp falls Fb = Cum~< 1 at i ve frequency below the CI containing FN = frequency within the cr containing Pp i = Size of class i nte•-val
IV) ;{ Score
X - M z = ____ 6 ____ _
Where
z = Standrad score X = Mean of the standrad Score M = Value of the subject a = otandrad devaation of the standrad
V) Regression equation <Aggarwal, 1990)
F'redact1ng Y frorY X seraes.
in
Pp
b yx
' . -..) I -
N XY X > Y> = ---------------------------- Where
2 N X
b = Coeff1cient for predicting Y from X X = Independent Variable Y = Cr1terion Variable
Predict1ng X form Y Scores
b N XY X) Y>
= ----~----------------------- Where
·~ y y )
o = Coefric1ent for pred1cting X from Y X = Criter1on Var1able Y = Independent Var1able
VI> Selection intensity <I>
Index of opportunity for selection <I> along witA its two
components; Im and If were calculated after Crow <1958) is
follows :-I = Im + If/Ps Where
I = Index of opportunity fat- selection
F'd Proportion of death upto 15 Years of age I =
Ps = I
If =
-----Ps
- Pd 1-'f
-----xs
=
=
Proportion of surv1vors upto 15 years of age
Variable of the number of live born.
Square of the mean no. of live born.
Lm = Index of selection due to mortal1ty Component.
Lf = Index of select1on due to fert1l1ty Component.
VI> Skewness
When a d1str1but1on of score 1s not symmetr1cal 1 t ••
-JB -
S<lld to be asymmetrical or skewed. By Skewness we mean the
degree of its departure from symmetry. It 1s calculated by
the formula g1ven by Karl Pearson commonly known as Co-
efficient of Skewness. a - Z
J = 6
J = Co-efficient of a = mean ..,
= mode and '-
Skewness
6 = Standard dev1at1on
Karl Pearson's Co-efficient of Skewness generally l1es
between + 3. M1nus value of this Co-efficlent 111d1cates
--~-:.; negative Skewness and if it is pos1tive, it' ind1cates
posit1ve Skewness.
VII> Kurtosis
The Kurtosis of a distribution refers to its ·curvedness'
of 'Peakedness' • The peakedn;?ss is based on the degree of
concentration of scores near the central tendency. A \', \
nor-mal
c:n-ve is mesokurt1c o•- having medium Kurtosis. A peaked
:urved is called 'Leptokurtic' and a flat topped curve of the
Co-efficient 1:1 •
2 1 t i s as to l 1 ows
4th moment
2nd moment
ln case of normal curve B = 3. When the value of 8 1s 2 2
greater than 3 the curve 1s more peaked than normal curve,
1 .e., 1t 1s called as 'Leptokurtlc'. when the value is hav1ng
less pea~edness 1 .e., 'platykurtlc' <Gupta, 1979).