Chp. 16 Transformations in Europe

By Chad BrubakerPd. 6/7Chp. 16 Transformations in Europe New ImpactsViolent war resulting from theological controversies within the Latin ChurchWitches became a scare as an example of the devils evil.Printing press has huge impact in EuropeReligion reformationPapacy- central government of Latin ChristianityPapacy quickly receiving stature and corruptionIndulgence- forgiveness of the punishment received for sinsMartin Luther1483-1546, Invented new way for preaching indulgenceDedicated to monastic life and prayerProtested that money shouldnt be given to pay for sins, rather faithMore LutherProtestant reformation- the beginning of rejecting the popes authority Luther called those who relied on good deeds for salvation RomanistsHe stated that the Christian belief is from the word of God from the Bible John CalvinInspired by Martin Luther, he was a well educated French theologistHe published The Institutes of the Christian Religion, which was a book of Christian teachingsBelieved salvation was a gift from God and that everyone was predestined for their salvationCalvinistsCongregations elected their own committees and synodsShowed simplicity in dress, life and religious worshipThey worshipped in churches empty of statues, instruments, stained glass, incense, and vestmentsCatholic ReformationCatholic Reformation- the activities of a new religious order-The Society of Jesus Jesuits Well-educated Jesuits helped the protestants win back some of their adherents by teaching and preaching themCertain Jesuits became important missionariesWitch huntsBegan in the late 1500s and early 1600sFolklore about magic and spirits were passed around causing extreme fear of their evil100,000 tried as witchesScientific revolutionThe conception of the universe was originally viewed as the earth being at the centerNicholas Copernicus came up with the idea that the sun was the center of the universeGalileo Galilei built a telescope and wrote about what he saw in The Starry Messenger EnlightenmentThe advances in scientific ideals sparked certain individuals to question everythingEnlightenment- the beginning of the belief that science governed physics and natural lawsScientific methods and discoveries became a model for changing European societyThe BourgeoisieBourgeoisie- The urban class that dominated manufacturingIn The Netherlands the manufacturers and craftsmen made a variety of goods in factories and workshops like around EuropeThe expansion of the Maritime trade contributed to the new design of ships, an example was the fluitMore BourgeoisieJoint-stock companies- the Dutch tried these giving them monopolies over trade in the IndiesStock exchanges- an Italian inovation transferred to the cities of N. west Europe in the 1500sGentry-landowners that affected the lifestyle of the old aristocracyPeasantsSerfdom deeply dropped from the plagueLegal freedom didnt much affect peasants lives Little Ice Age- The slight dropping of temperatures that contained massive effects

WomenStatus of women affected by her husbands career and her familyA womans lifestyle was better or worse depending on class and family wealthWomen in modern Europe were more prominent in culture than any other women in the worldPolitical InnovationsEfforts of making a European empire failedMonarchs flourished howeverHoly Roman Empire- The empire in the German Heartland that was that was city-states and principalities put togetherReligious PoliciesSpain and France successfully saved the catholic traditions from the Protestant reformationFrench Calvinists gained military advantage in the French wars of ReligionKing Henry VIII used his power to deplete monasteries and conventsEngland and France MonarchiesKing Charles I never summoned the parliament English Civil War- the war caused by King Charles arresting his lead critics, Charles lost the warVersailles- the symbol of the French monarch victory over traditional rights of of nobility, clergy, and towns

War and DiplomacyMonarchs expanded vast sums of money and caused a lot of devastation and mass deathPrussias army placed them as one of Europes major powersVictory of wars depended on Navy powerCosts of WarTo pay for war, Europe was forced to raise their revenuesSilver and gold imports from Spains American colonies filled the tresururyAnglo-Dutch War debts helped persuade the English monarch to increase the size of the governments roleMartin Luther

Protestant Reformation

Witch Hunts/Trials

John Calvin

The pope during the catholic reformation