CHOLERA RISK, INFECTION,

and

S E RV

I CE - B A

S E D L

EARNING

Mary Ann Mueller Graduate Student Walden University

May 4, 2012

Prevention

Electron micrograph of Vibrio cholerae

Source: Boyd and Wirtz, authors of General Microbiology

CHOLERARISK, INFECTION and PREVENTION

HISTORY

Source: healthystate.org

Todays slides are focused on Cholera and will cover the following:

CHOLERARISK, INFECTION and PREVENTION

Risk

Factors

Statist

ics Disease

InfectionResearch

Symptoms Prevention

Helpful Tips

1. What are some FYI Statistics?

2. What are Waterborne Disease and Cholera?

3. What are the Symptoms for Cholera?

4. What can I do to Prevent Infection?

5. What are the Risk Factors?

6. When should I seek Medical Help?

CHOLERARISK, INFECTION and PREVENTION

Quote:

“Even when people have been treated, the risk of re-infection remains high…Cholera can be treated quickly and people can get better quickly but the challenge is ensuring they don’t get re-infected and clean drinking water needs to be available.”

Paul Garwood, WHO

CHOLERARISK, INFECTION and PREVENTION

CHOLERA

For Your Information (FYI) STATISTICS?

Epidemics of Cholera

Source: http://www.who.int/gho/epidemic_diseases/cholera/en/index.html

CHOLERA

Source: The Cholera Model; based on research by Rita Colwell and others.http://blokesch-lab.epfl.ch/page-10508-en.html

RESERCH

CHOLERA

What is CHOLERA?

What is WATERBORNE Disease?

Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae (CDC, 2011)

It is considered any disease that can spread through contaminated water (LMASDHD, 2012; RD, 2012)

CHOLERA

DISEASE

O1 & O139Cause Outbreaks

Two Serogroups of V. cholerae

VIBRIO CHOLERAE STRAINS

Source: http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/non-01-0139-infections.html

CHOLERA

DISEASE: Continued

LATEST NEWS BREAK!!!

Recently, new variant strains have been detected in several parts of

Asia and Africa. (WHO, 2012)

ANYONE

can get “CHOLERA” through

Contaminated Food and Drink Containing Cholera Bacterium.

What are the SYMPTOMS?

CHOLERA

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011)

CHOLERA

SYMPTOMS: Continued

(WHO, 2012)

CHOLERA is an Extremely Virulent Disease. It affects both children and adults and can kill within hours.

CHOLERA

How can Cholera be PREVENTED?

(WHO, 2012)

Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Surveillance System

Are keys for mitigating cholera outbreaks, controlling cholera in endemic areas and reducing deaths.

MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH:

Drinking Water

Food

Hand Washing

Bathing & Sports

CHOLERA

PREVENTION: Continued 2

Source: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html

CHOLERA

• Poor Sanitary Conditions. • Reduced or Nonexistent Stomach Acid.. • Household Exposure. • Raw or Undercooked Shellfish.

(Mayo Clinic, 2011)

What are the RISK FACTORS?

Cholera remains a global threat to public health and

a key indicator of lack of social development.

CHOLERA

RISK FACTORS Continued

(WHO, 2012)Epidemics have never arisen from dead

bodies

CHOLERA

When should I seek MEDICAL HELP?

IMMEDIATELY

Dehydration can be rapid so fluid replacement is essential.

1. Cholera is an Acute Diarrhoeal Disease!

2. Cholera can be Orally Treated Successfully!

3. Cholera Prevention, Preparedness and Response … Works!

4. Safe Water and Sanitation are Critical!

5. Remember … Conventional Control Measures!

CHOLERA

KEY FACTS

(WHO: Media Centre, 2012)

CHOLERA

Available VACCINES

Source: http://www.who.int/immunization/Cholera_PP_Accomp_letter__Mar_10_2010.pdf

ORAL CHOLERA VACCINES:

(CDC, 2012)

1.Dukoral (manufactured by SBL Vaccines) 2.ShanChol (manufactured by Shantha Biotec in India)

No Country Requires Proof of Cholera Vaccination!

Individual Travelers are Responsible for cholera Infected Food Imports

Quarantine Measures and Embargoes of People and Goods are Unnecessary

HELPFUL INFORMATION

TRAVEL and TRADE

(WHO, 2012)

WHO Global Task Force on CHOLERA Control

WORKS TO

1. Provide technical advice, support for cholera control and prevention at country levels!

2. Train health professionals at national, regional, international levels in prevention, preparedness and response of diarrhoeal disease outbreaks!

3. Disseminate information. guidelines on cholera, and other epidemic-prone enteric diseases to health professionals and the general public!

World Health Organization, 2012

HELPFUL INFORMATION Continued

WHO Response!

HELPFUL WEBSITES

CDC—Cholera: Resources and Publications http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/publications.html

Department of Environmental Quality—Drinking Water http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3313_3675---,00.html

Michigan State University Extension—Searchable Database and Other Resources

http://www.msue.msu.edu/portal/

World Health Organization---Cholera: Media Centrehttp://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html

REFERENCES

Busari, S. (2008). WHO: 60,000 at risk of cholera in Zimbabwe. [CNN/Garwood]. Retrieved from http://articles.cnn.com/2008-12-09/world/zimbabwe.epidemic.cholera_1_cholera-outbreak-zimbabwe-president-robert-mugabe?_s=PM:WORLD

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Cholera. Epidemiology and risk factors. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/epi.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Cholera. Non-O1 and Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae Infections. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/non-01-0139-infections.html

Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. (2012). Cholera: General information. [CHOP]. Retrieved from http://www.chop.edu/service/parents-possessing-accessing-communicating-knowledge-about-vaccines/vaccine-preventable-diseases/cholera.html

 

École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL; 2011). Research. BLOKESCH Lab - Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology UPBLO. Retrieved from http://blokesch-lab.epfl.ch/page-10508-en.html

LMAS District Health Department. (2012). Waterborne and Vector-borne diseases. What you should know. Retrieved from http://lmasdhd.org/uploads/PDF/Water_VectorFS08.pdf

Mayo Clinic. (2011). Cholera. Risk factors. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cholera/ds00579/dsection=risk-factors

Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental health (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press.

Right Diagnosis. (2012). Cholera. Waterborne diseases. Retrieved from

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/w/waterborne_diseases/intro.htm  

REFERENCES: Continued 2

Sack, D.A., Sack, R.B., Nair, G.B., Siddique, A.K. (2004). Cholera. The Lancet Journals. 363(9404)223–33. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7

World Health Organization. (2010). Cholera vaccines. The WHO position paper on cholera vaccines. [Brief Summary]. Retrieved from www.who.int/entity/immunization/Cholera_PP_Accomp_letter__Mar_10_2010.pdf

World Health Organization. (2012). Cholera. Global Health Observatory (GHO). Retrieved from

http://www.who.int/gho/epidemic_diseases/cholera/en/index.html

World Health Organization. (2012). Cholera. Media centre . Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html

REFERENCES REFERENCES: Continued 3