child development 3-12 part 2: ages 6 to 9
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Child Development 3-12 Part 2: Ages 6 to 9. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Core In-Service February 12, 2010 9:00-11:00 a.m. Debbie Richardson, Ph.D. Parenting Assistant Extension Specialist Human Development & Family Science Oklahoma State University . Introduction. Welcome - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Child Development 3-12 Part 2: Ages 6 to 9 Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Core In-Service February 12, 2010 9:00-11:00 a.m.
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension ServiceCore In-Service February 12, 2010 9:00-11:00 a.m.
Debbie Richardson, Ph.D.Parenting Assistant Extension SpecialistHuman Development & Family ScienceOklahoma State University
Child Development 3-12Part 2: Ages 6 to 9
1Introduction2Welcome
Centra instructions
Overview of in-service
Resource materials
2In-Service Objective3Extension Educators will be able to describe growth, tasks, behaviors, and abilities of 6 to 9 year-old children including physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development.
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD3Domains of Development4Physical CognitiveSocialEmotional
Ages 5-7, skills in all domains are emergingAges 6-8, beginning to consolidate growth in all domainsLearning fundamental communication, math and problem-solving skills Expanding social and community awareness
Combine in an integrated, holistic fashion to yield the growing whole child.4Physical DevelopmentAges 6-95Growth6Rate of physical growth is slower occurs in spurtsOften 3-6 growth spurts a year, each lasting about 8 weeksHeight: Generally 2 to 2.5/yearWeight: Average 5-7 lbs./yearLoss of front primary teeth and emergence of permanent teeth about age 6-7 replace about 4 teeth per yearEyes reach maturity in size and functionBrain growth slows - has almost reached adult sizeHead circumference increases about 1 Gradual growth of faceInfection-fighting lymphoid tissues (i.e., tonsils, adenoids)
Developmental time frames should serve as a rough estimate rather than exact schedule of how development will unfold. However, failure to meet certain milestones may be indicative of possible developmental delays.
Children should have regular well-child visits to ensure healthy development
May have growing pains
6Individual Development7Significant differences in appearance including height, weight and buildHeredity, nutrition, normal developmental variation and physical activity can all affect rate of growth & developmentAAP recommends well-child visits at 5, 6, 8, and 10 years
Motor Abilities & Skills8Fine and large motor skillsMuscle coordination and control are still uneven and incompleteMuscular strength, hand-eye coordination, and stamina continue to progress rapidly allowing older children the ability to perform increasingly complex physical tasks (e.g., dance, sports, musical instruments)Skills/abilities influenced by growth, age, level of practice performing tasks, and individual childs innate abilities
By age 5-6Large motor
Fine motor
9Stand on one foot for 10 seconds or longerHopSomersaultSwingSkip
Copy geometric patterns and print some lettersDraw a person with a bodyUse fork, spoon, and sometimes table knife properlyAble to take care of basic hygiene (e.g., bathing, teeth, toliet)
Refer to resource materials9By age 8-910More graceful with movements and abilitiesMaster eye-hand coordinationManipulative skills increaseDresses and grooms self completelyCan use tools more effectivelyGood printing and writing
Sleep11Need about 9-11 hours per night Increasing demands from school, sports, other activitiesTV, computers, video games, caffeine can lead to difficulty falling asleep, nightmares and disruptionsSleep problems, disorders commonPoor/inadequate sleep can lead to mood swings, behavioral problems, cognitive problems that impact ability to learn in school
Consistent sleep schedule and bedtime routineQuiet, private timeBedroom dark, cool and quiet, no TV or computersAvoid caffeine
Cognitive DevelopmentAges 6-912Cognitive Development - PiagetPreoperational Stage: 2-7 yrs Concrete Operational Stage: 7-12 yrsThought processes (operations) become organized and integrated with one another allow logical thought Ability to classify objects in multiple ways, order objects in a logical sequenceMake rational judgments and perform operations about concrete or observable phenomenaAbstract thinking, yet still limited (no hypothetical or complex abstractions)
13This is the idea that some changes can be undone by reversing an earlier action. An example is the ball of clay that is rolled out into a snake piece of clay. Children at this stage understand that you can regain the ball of clay formation by rolling the piece of clay the other way. Children can even conceptualize the stage in their heads without having to see the action performed. 13Cognitive Development - Piaget14Better understanding of time and space, but not yet able to correctly place events in time sequenceSome reversibility - quantities moved can be restored (e.g., 3+4 = 7 and 7-4 = 3), understand changes in form of objectDeductive reasoning ability to draw conclusions from given facts & infoRelativism realize others thoughts & perspectives differ from own, can be wrong themselves, their own and others thoughts/feelings do not reflect realityPreviously had to manipulate physically to understand14The Evolving Brain15Continued brain development underlies changes in cognitive skillsDifferent parts of the brain start to function more effectively as a coordinated systemNewly developed functions enable children to coordinate their thinking and their behaviors more effectivelyPre-frontal cortex is still immature the part responsible for good judgment and control of impulses
Metacognition16Process of thinking about thinkingAutomatic awareness of own knowledge and ability to understand, control, and manipulate their cognitive processesBegins to think about own behavior and see consequences for actionsCan think through actions and trace back events that happened to explain situations
16Thinking17Dramatic increase in real-world knowledge expanding experiences outside homes, in schools and communitiesFantasy thinking gives way to logical thinking, distinguish between real & pretend, understand cause-and-effectOccasionally revert to pre-logical thinking patterns under stress - normal and results from a healthy, active imaginationIncrease in speed and capacity of memory processing allows handling more complex problems; can consider 2 or more aspects of a problem
17Thinking18Learn to control attention and concentrate for longer periods of time - can obtain and use information more efficientlyPracticing and paying attention can improve remembering new thingsAbout age 6, begin to internalize strict moral rules of behavior (right or wrong) - Can understand and apply rules, make judgments, and want rules strictly followedAble to develop simple plans before acting, to achieve goals, more reliable without adult supervision
Attention and Learning19Rarely can sit for longer than 15-20 minutes for an activityAttention span gets longer with ageMay begin projects but finish fewmore about exploringBest learn through activitiesCan talk through problems to solve them requires more adult time and childs sustained attention
Language20Continually increasing vocabularyBy age 8, can understand about 20,000 wordsSpeak with more precisionBegin to understand a word may have different meaningsBegin to read and write
By age 5-621Recall parts of a story, tell longer storiesSpeak sentences of more than 5 wordsUse future tenseRecite address correctlyCount 10 or more objectsCorrectly name at least 4 colorsKnow about common items such as money, food, appliancesMost learn to read by age 6-7, but some as early as 4-5Simple math, addition & subtraction
By age 8-9 (3rd/4th grades) 22Can count backward and understand fractionsReading a paragraph extends beyond deciphering words to understanding contentWriting extends beyond correct spelling and penmanship to composing a sentence and start paragraphsEnjoy playing strategy gamesEnjoy word play (e.g., puns, insults) to exercise and show off growing cognitive & language abilitiesMostly think in present terms, but may think about the future
Social & Emotional DevelopmentAges 6-923
Psychosocial Development Erikson
Initiative Vs. Guilt (Purpose)About 3 to 6 yearsFeel free to act, create, express self creatively, and take risks.
Industry Vs. Inferiority7-11 yearsBusily learn to be competent and productive or feel inferior and unable to do anything well. Tries to develop a sense of self-worth by refining skills.24Evolved from psychoanalytic tradition expanding Freuds theory.
Focus on emotional development.
Struggle between 2 emotional states one positive, the other negative push and pull the individual creating tension and posing unique interpersonal problems.
Industry vs. Inferiority Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.
The healthy developing child learns to master the more formal skills of life: Relating with peers according to rulesProgressing from free play to play that may be elaborately structured by rules and may demand formal teamworkMastering academic skills
The child who successfully resolves earlier crises is trusting, autonomous, and full of initiative will learn easily enough to be industrious. Sense of work and accomplishment.
Immobilized by inferiority, is
Mistrusting child will doubt the future. Shame and guilt-filled child will experience defeat and inferiority.24Expanding Social World25Spend more time outside their homes, in school, with peers, and in activities with other adults and without adults presentHave increased freedom and autonomy to explore the worldBecome less dependent on family and less self-centeredGreater physical and cognitive capacities make it possible to be more responsible for tasks at home and schoolVery energetic, like to make things, take risks, and are interested in accomplishing a taskNeed to develop a sense of mastery or competence by performing tasks without adult help
25Expanding Social World26Changes from fantasy play where imagination is key element to rules-based games with objective to win a competition regulated by rulesMore capable of playing a larger number of children for longer periods of time and sticking to rules of a gameBelonging and acceptance by peers becomes very important concern; no longer look to only adults for gratificationVery concerned with justice and fairnessDevelop and show social skills (i.e., empathy, compassion) by observing effect of their own and others behaviors toward others
Strict understanding about what is right and wrong. What is viewed as fair or equal is important. If standard is violated they can be verbally or physically aggressive in attempt to get even.26Emotions27Usually able to articulate thoughts and feelingsAlthough no less articulate than girls, many boys are not as expressive mainly due to socialization to be masculineBy age 9, most boys have successfully learned to repress feelings except anger tend to be more physically oriented in self-expression
Common fears include monsters, the dark, the unknown, school, failure, death, family problems, and rejection
6 Year-Olds28Emotions up and downThrives on approvalPossessive with belongings; not yet able to distinguish mine & yoursResponds negatively at first then cooperatesHas trouble compromisingDifficulty making choicesLikes to help with routines
Plays best with one friend rather than large groupNeeds to be reminded of instructionsMoney and rewards of greater interest
Capable & independent
Love-hateCan be much confusion and trouble between self and others then quiets down287 Year-Olds29Plays easily with othersWants to be part of a groupMay be self-absorbed, moody,Becoming more aware of self and othersSensitive to others feelings; may feel others dislike them, are critical or poking funDislikes individual praise
Does not listen or take correction wellResponds well to rewardsProcrastinates, easily distracted, short memory, tunes out; loses interest suddenlyVery competitive and does not know how to loseLies because of immaturityImmature sense of ownershipFights with wordsMore modest about body
Tests limits with determination298 Year-Olds30More outgoing and self-confidentMore self-aware and self-judging; dislikes being teased about shortcomingsCan respond rapidly to instructionsPrefers hint/cue rather than a direct order; responds to glanceAsks for praise; wants time, attention, affection, approvalTells tales with some truthDramatic, impatient, demandingLikes to argue, compete, criticize
Easily disappointed if people dont behave as wishedTalks a lot and gossipsCannot lose gracefullyInterested in & concerned about possessions
Friends of same sex important
Signs of growing independence test growing knowledge with back talk and rebellion
Learns through others mistakes
309 Year-Olds31Quieter; more self-control; can spend more time aloneIncreasingly self-confident, independent, responsible, dependable, cooperativeLikes to pleaseLikes organized activities; likes to be chosenFriendships are more solidSometimes temperamental May resist/rebel authority and being told what to do
Great interest in fairnessGroup standards more important than parental standardsDemanding /critical of others and selfSelf-involved; may not hear when spoken to; may appear absent-minded or indifferentShows anger at parents but is loyal to family, friendsTakes criticism or commands better if carefully phrased
Interests expanding beyond home and family31Related IssuesAges 6-9
32Peers & Friendships33Develop ability to communicateUnderstand others points of viewEnable functioning as part of a groupLearn social rules Develop personality through interactionOpportunities for give and take, negotiation of differences, shared experiences, mutual trustNaturally curious about relationships between genders, but peer group usually consists of same-sex friendships and typically deny interest in opposite sex
Positive peer relationships serve as protective factor for at risk youth.
Refer to fact sheet33Self-Concept34Shift in self-esteem continue to develop a sense of self and how perceived by othersMeasure own worth in a more objective way based on social acceptance and own sense of competenceParents who demonstrate close relationship, acceptance, define clear limits for activities and behaviors, and respect childs stage of development and unique individuality help build high self-esteemHigher self-esteem can better develop ways to resist risk factors for aggression, violence, and other negative behaviorsSelf-esteem tends to be strong and resilient during middle childhood. Children typically confident, adventurous, and certain of capabilities.
Recognize they are being judged on ability to obtain socially valued goals (e.g., school, sports).
Refer to Self-esteem fact sheet34Stress35Growth & developmentSchoolPeersScheduleProblems at homePressure to conform to expectations from family, teachers, other adults
Refer to Stress fact sheet35Relationships with Parents36Change as childrens competence and autonomy increaseParents need to share their control over childrens lives with the children themselvesParents need to change parenting strategies to incorporate: reasoningreinforcement of childrens understanding of right & wrongproblem-solving & prosocial skillsuse of humor
36Discussion & Questions
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What added to your knowledge?
What are some key messages for parents? For child care providers?
How might you use this information?37
Wrap-upWatch video clip and review resource materials
In-service evaluation
Next Session on Ages 10-12: Friday, Feb. 19, 911am
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Submit questions or comments about this session or for next session.
Post recording of session. 38