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JoanChiaoNorthwesternUniversity

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Compassion Afeelingthatarisesinwitnessinganotherssufferingthatmotivatesasubsequentdesiretohelp.(Goetz,Keltner,Simon-Thomas,2010)

Empathy [responses]thataremoreother-focusedthanself-focused,includingfeelingsofsympathy,compassion,tendernessandthelike(Batson,1991)

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culturalpsychology

social/cognitive/affectiveneuroscience

neurogenetics

culture

mind

brain

genes

situation/development/evolution

(Chiao&Ambady,2007;Chiaoetal.,2010;Chiao,2011)

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EcologicalPressure

Culture

Behavior

Gene Neuroscience

E1,E2

D1,D2C1,C2

B1,B2

A1,A2

IntegratedModelofHumanBehavior

(Chiao&Immordino-Yang,inpress,PerspectiveinPsychologicalScience)

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EcologicalPressure

Culture

Prosociality

Gene Neuroscience

IntegratedModelofHumanBehavior

CompassionEmpathy

SympathyConcernforothers

AmygdalaACC

BilateralAISomatosensorycortex

MPFC

TPJ

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Howdoescultureinfluenceneuralprocessesunderlyingemotionrecognition?

(Chiao,etal,2008,J.Cog.Neurosci.)

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FacialExpressionsinBlindandDeaf

Children

despitenosensoryinput,theycansmile,

cryandlaugh

(Eibl-Eibesfeldt,1973)

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fear contempt disgust surprise

happy anger sadness

(Ekman&Friesen,1971)

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IngroupadvantageDisplayrules

Emotionalsensitivity Idealaffect Emotionregulation

(Elfenbein&Ambady,2000;Mesquita&Leu,2008;Tsai,2007;Grossman&Kross,

2010;Butler,Mauss,Gross,2008)

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Peoplerecognizefearfacialexpressionsbetterwhenexpressedbymembersoftheirownculture(Elfenbein&Ambady,2002).

Peopleinfernationalitybetterfromemotionalexpressionsrelativetoneutralexpressions(Marsh,Elfenbein&Ambady,2003).

Ingroupbiaslikelyakintophoneticandfacialrecognitionbiasesobservedasaresultofcriticalperiodsindevelopment(Kuhletal1992;Pascalis,DeHaan,Nelson,2002).

Ingroupadvantagein

emotionrecognition

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012345678

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003DateofPublication

NumberofPublications

(Phan,etal,2002,Neuroimage;pubmedsearchpost-2002)

Caucasian non-Caucasian

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Method:Cross-culturalneuroimaging

10Caucasians 10Japanese

(Chiao,etal,2008,J.Cog.Neurosci.)

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Method:Cross-culturalneuroimaging

(Chiao,etal,2008,J.Cog.Neurosci.)

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(Chiao,etal,2008,J.Cog.Neurosci.)

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CulturalPsychology Culturalspecificityiningroupbiasesofemotion

recognitionarereflectedasneuraltuningofamygdalaresponse.

BrainSciences Culturalspecificityinamygdalaresponsetofearfaces. Amygdalamaybepartoflargerneuralnetworkthat

facilitatesgroupselectioninempathyandaltruisticbehavior.

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Howdoescultureinfluenceempathicneuralresponsetoemotionalscenes?

(Mathur,Harada,Lipke,Chiao,2010,Neuroimage)

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Affectiveempathy(ACC/AI) Affectsharing Empathicresonance

Cognitiveempathy(MPFC) Selfevaluation Perspective-taking

ImagineSelf-pain

ImagineOther-pain

ExperienceSelf-and

Other-pain

Singer,etal.(2004),Jacksonetal,(2006)

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14African-Americans14Caucasian-Americans

Method

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Rateempathyfortarget(1=notatall;4=verymuch)

-Altruisticmotivationindices(Money&Time)-Interpersonalreactivityindex(IRI)-Socialdominanceorientation(SDO)

-Implicitracialbias(IAT)

StudyTask

Post-scanmeasures

Method

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(Mathur,etal.,2010,Neuroimage)

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(Mathur,etal.,2010,Neuroimage)

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(Mathur,etal.,2010,Neuroimage)

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Discussion Empathicneuralresponseforemotionalpainof

humankinddiffersfromempathicneuralresponseforemotionalpainofgroupmembers

Affectiveempathy(ACC/AI) Irrespectiveofgroupmembership Automatic

Cognitiveempathy(MPFC) Enhancedforingroupmembers Ingroupidentification

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(Mathur,Harada,Chiao,2011,HumanBrainMapping)

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(Mathur,etal.,2011,HumanBrainMapping)

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Howdoescultureinfluenceempathicneuralresponsetoemotionalscenes?

(Chiao,Harada,Mathur,Lipke,2009,NYAS;Cheonetal,2011,Neuroimage)

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Culturalvariationinhierarchypreference

Culturevaryinpreferenceforhierarchy Hierarchicalrelationshipsmaymaintainsocialharmonyin

somecultures

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Method:Cross-culturalneuroimaging

13Caucasians 14Koreans

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(Chiao,Mathur,Harada,Lipke,2009,NYAS)

Culturalvariationinhierarchypreferencepredictsempathicneuralresponse

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fMRIstudydesign

(Cheonetal,2011,Neuroimage)

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Culturalmoderatorsofempathy

SocialDominance SocialDominanceOrientationScale(SDO; Prattoetal,1994)

DispositionalEmpathy EmpathicConcern(Davis,1983)

Individualism-Collectivism Self-ConstrualScale(SCS;Singelisetal,1995)

EthnicIdentity

MultigroupEthnicIdentityMeasure(MEIM) DisplayRules DisplayRuleInventory(DRAI;Matsumotoetal,2008) ExplicitAttitudes

FeelingThermometertowardsKoreansandCaucasian-Americans(Cheonetal,2011,Neuroimage)

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SocialDominance SocialDominanceOrientationScale(SDO; Prattoetal,1994)

DispositionalEmpathy EmpathicConcern(Davis,1983)

Individualism-Collectivism Self-ConstrualScale(SCS;Singelisetal,1995)

EthnicIdentity

MultigroupEthnicIdentityMeasure(MEIM) DisplayRules DisplayRuleInventory(DRAI;Matsumotoetal,2008) ExplicitAttitudes

FeelingThermometertowardsKoreansandCaucasian-Americans

Culturalmoderatorsofempathy

(Cheonetal,2011,Neuroimage)

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(Cheonetal,2011,Neuroimage)

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Socialdominanceorientationpredictsingroupempathybias

(Cheonetal,2011,Neuroimage)

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Culturalvariationinneuralbasisofintergroupempathy

(Cheonetal,2011,Neuroimage)

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Culturalvariationinneuralbasisofintergroupempathy

(Cheonetal,2011,Neuroimage)

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Discussion

SocialdominanceorientationistheonlypredictorofingroupempathybiasduetoneuralactivityinLTPJ.

CulturalvariationinsocialdominancepredictsingroupempathybiasduetoculturalvariationinLTPJ.GreaterresponseinLTPJamongKoreansforingroup

empathybiasmayrepresentgreaterconceptualprocessingofingroupmemberspain(i.e.theoryofmind)

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Hierarchy-basedcultures:

Conceptualprocessing

Egalitariancultures:

Simulationprocessing

(Hein&Singer,2008,CurrentOpinioninNeurobiology)

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EcologicalPressure

Culture

Behavior

Gene Neuroscience

Prosociality

SDO,EthnicID

IntegratedModelofHumanBehavior

CompassionEmpathy

SympathyConcernforothers

AmygdalaACC

BilateralAISomatosensorycortex

MPFC,TPJ

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Populationvariationinmentalhealthprovidesanaturalwindowinto

questionsthatcanbeaddressedculturalneuroscience.

Twoapproachestoclosingthedisparitygap: Basicmechanisms Accesstotreatment

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Groupselectiontheoryofintergroupconflict

Understandinghowandwhygroupsdiffer

inhowtheythinkaboutthemselvesand

othersiskeytoconflictresolution

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Mission Topromotethesophisticationoftheoreticaland

methodologicalapproachesinculturalneuroscience

Membership(over50scientistsfrom5continents)

Anthropologists,psychologists,neuroscientists,geneticists,epidemiologists,publichealthexperts FundedbyNIH

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TetsuyaIidaka AhmadHariri TokikoHarada HideKomeda NorihiroSadato NaliniAmbady

Dong-miIm Ji-SookKim JasonScimeca ToddParrish HyunWookPark MosheBar

HeatherGordon JunpeiNogawa ElissaAminoff MaryHelen

Immordino-Yang

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