chemistry review
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Chemistry Review. Section 2.1 and 2.2. ‘chemistry’ in LIFE. A- lkaline , alkaline earth, atoms, atomic number, atomic mass B- oron , basic, bonds, BOHR C- ombine , chemical reaction, chemical bonds, chart, covalent bonds, compounds D- ioxide , ‘ di’atomic , - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
CHEMISTRY REVIEW
Section 2.1 and 2.2
‘CHEMISTRY’ IN LIFE A-lkaline, alkaline earth, atoms, atomic number, atomic mass B-oron, basic, bonds, BOHR C-ombine, chemical reaction, chemical bonds, chart, covalent bonds, compounds D-ioxide, ‘di’atomic, E-lectrons, electron cloud, elements F-lorine, flora carbons, family G-roup, gold H-ydrogen, hydrogen bonds I-ons, ionic bond, ISOTOPE J- K-Potassium L-itium M-etals, magnesium, mercury, Mendeleev, molecule, metalloids N-eutrons, negative, nucleus, noble gases, neutral, non-metals O-xygen, oxide, oxygen group, oxidation, P-eriodic table, protrons, positive, period Q- R-ow, radio active, Rutherford, S-odium, silicone, ‘shell’, symbol T-itanium, transition metals U-ranium V-alence W- X-enon Y- Z-inc, zigzag
KEYSTONE ANCHORS BIO.A.2.1.1 Describe the unique
properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth
(e.g., freezing point, high specific heat, cohesion).
VOCABULARY Atom Ionic Covalent Cohesion Adhesion Proton Neutron
Electron Specific heat Acid Base Solute Solvent molecule
SECTION 2.1 ATOMS, IONS, AND MOLECULES--OBJECTIVES
Living things consist of atoms of different elements
Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons
Atoms share pairs of electrons in covalent bonds
Type IList as many ‘points’ that pop into your head when you see this table.DO NOT LIST INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS OR SPECIFIC NUMBERS.
THE ATOM The is the smallest basic unit of
matterAtoms are teeny tiny
atom
THE ATOM There are three parts of a an atom
Subatomic particle
Charge Location
_________ Positive Nucleus
_________ Neutral Nucleus
_________ Electron Surrounding nucleus
protonneutronelectron
ELEMENTS An is one particular type of
, and it cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical meansGold AluminumHelium
element
atom
KEY ELEMENTS In biology, there are SIX very important
elements________Hydrogen_________PhosphorusSulfur________
CHOPS
N
carbon
oxygen
nitrogen
HOW ARE ELEMENTS DIFFERENT The number of protons determines the
of an elementCarbon: 6 protonsOxygen: 8 protons
The number of determines the property of an elementCarbon: 6 electrons, 4 on OUTSIDEOxygen: 8 electrons, 6 on OUTSIDE
identity
electrons
LONELY ATOMS Atoms rarely are found alone in nature
They will do ANYTHING to get to electrons on the outsideStealDumpShare
8
COMPOUNDS A compound is a substance made of
atoms of different bonded togetherResult of sharing, stealing, or dumping
electronsAtoms bonded in a specific ratio
elements
CARBON COMPOUNDS Carbon can form many various
__________ to formCarbohydratesProteinsNucleic acidsLipids
bonds
Crash Course - Carbon
IONIC BOND __________________ are formed through
the electrical force between oppositely charged ionsOpposites attract!
Ex: Salt aka sodium chloride (NaCl)Positive sodium (Na+)Negative chloride (Cl-)
Ionic bonds
IONS Ions are atoms that have gained or lost
one or more . Results in a change in electrical charge
Gain e- becomes ________________Lose e- becomes ________________
electrons
negativepositive
COVALENT BOND Not all atoms easily gain or lose their
electrons! Some atoms ___________ their electrons
instead! _____________ Bond: forms when atoms
share a pair of electronsUsually a very strong bondAtoms may have several covalent bonds to
share several electrons
share
Covalent
COVALENT BOND, CONT. Molecule: two or more atoms held
together by bonds Ex: carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon atoms needs 4 electrons to fill outer level, oxygen needs two
Carbon shares with 2 oxygen!
covalent
Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
1. What distinguishes one element from another?
2. Describe the formation of an ionic compound.
3. What is the difference between and ionic bond and a covalent bond?
4. How does a molecule differ from an atom?
SECTION 2.2 PROPERTIES OF WATER--OBJECTIVES Life depends on hydrogen bonds in
water.
Many compounds dissolve in water.
Some compounds form acids or bases.
Crash Course - Water
•Organisms’ bodies, (their _____________),
are made up of mostly ____________________
•The water in cells gives the cell _______________
and ___________________ materials within
organisms.
•All of the processes necessary for an
organism’s life take place within the
______________________________ of the cell
CELLS
WATER
STRUCTURE
TRANSPORTS
WATERY ENVIRONMENT
1. ______________________
2. ______________________
3. ______________________
1. HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT
2. COHESION
3. ADHESION
Negative Charge
Positive Charge Positive Charge
•Water is a “______________” molecule
• Form when atoms in a molecule have ____________ pulls on the _____________ they share.
•Opposite charges of polar molecules can interact to form ____________________ bonds.
• An attraction between a slightly _______________ hydrogen atom and a slightly ______________ atom. (Usually _______________________________)
• Hydrogen bonds are part of the structures of _______________ and of ______________
Shared Electrons
POLAR
UNEQUALELECTRONS
HYDROGEN
POSITIVENEGATIVE
OXYGEN OR NITROGEN
PROTEINSDNA
Ted - water
• Hydrogen bonds give water an abnormally ____________________________.
• Water __________________ changes in temperature because it must _____________ more ____________________ to increase in temperature.
HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT
RESISTS
Absorb heat energy
Cohesion: the attraction among __________________ of the same substance.
Cohesion from hydrogen bonds makes water molecules _____________________.
Cohesion produces __________________, ( “skin on water” )
MOLECULES
STICK TOGETHER
SURFACE TENSION
Adhesion: the attraction among __________________ of ______________ substances.
For example, water molecules stick to other things.
Water in a test tube, (water is attracted
to the ____________)
MOLECULES DIFFERENT
GLASS
TYPE I Describe the 3 unique properties of
water and how they support life on Earth.
Materials such as ________________ and ____________ cannot be transported form one part of an organism to another unless they are dissolved in blood, plant sap, or other water based fluids.
______________: Mixture of a substance that is the same throughout.
___________: Substance that is present in the greater amount and dissolves another substance.
___________: Substance that dissolves in a solvent.
SUGARS
OXYGEN
SOLUTION
SOLVENT
SOLUTE
Some compounds form ______________ or _____________
because they _______________ into _______________
when they dissolve in ___________.
BASE: Compounds that
remove H+ ions
from
a solution
ACID: Compoundsthat releasea proton - a hydrogen ion(H+) – when it dissolves in water
ACIDS BASES
BREAK UP IONS
WATER
TYPE I Draw 2 molecules of water. Show
charges and hydrogen bond. In your drawing, demonstrate why one side is positive and the other is negative.
1. How do polar molecules form hydrogen bonds?
2. What determines whether a compound will dissolve in water?
3. Compare acids and bases.
4. How do polar molecules differ from non-polar molecules? How does this difference affect their interactions?
5. Describe an example of cohesion or adhesion that you might observe during your daily life.
HOW DO WE GET TO
“MACRO” IN MACROMOLECU
LES?A detailed look at the process of
polymerization
KEYSTONE ANCHORS BIO.A.2.2.1 Explain how carbon is uniquely
suited to form biological macromolecules. BIO.A.2.2.2 Describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers. BIO.A.2.2.3 Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms
BIO.A.2.3.1 Describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical reaction.
BIO.A.2.3.2 Explain how factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration levels can affect enzyme function
VOCABULARY ATP Carbohydrate
s Catalyst Dehydration
synthesis Hydrolysis lipid
Monomer Nucleic acid Polymer Polymerizatio
n Product Protein Reactant
VOCABULARY
ATP- ENERGY molecule needed by body cells Carbohydrates-molecules made up carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (hydrates)
Catalyst- start chemical reactions and lowers the amount of energy needed to initiate reaction
Dehydration synthesis- putting something together by removing water
Hydrolysis- pulling something apart by adding water
Lipid- fatty molecule
Monomer- one molecule
Nucleic acid- genetic information
Polymer- many molecules, (macromolecules)
Polymerization- process of taking monomers and making polymers
Product- outcome/result of a chemical reaction
Protein- polymer made up of amino acids
Reactant- parts involved in a chemical reaction
POLYMERIZATION Building large molecules (_________) from
smaller ones (__________)
• Several step process
polymersmonomers
POLYMER OR MONOMER Polymer or Monomer?
STEP 1: GET TWO MONOMERS
Both are _____________glucose
STEP 2: BRING THEM _____together
STEP 3: ADD AN ENZYME
enzyme
STEP 3 This __________ carries out a reaction between
the two monomersenzyme
Dehydration synthesis• ___________ ___________: Joins two molecules together by REMOVING _______AKA: condensation reactionwater
STEP 4: BYE WATER!
________H2O
STEP 5: A DIMER!
REMEMBER, DIMER MEANS ________!two
STEP 6: LATHER, RINSE, REPEAT The enzyme can carry out numerous
dehydration synthesis reactions until a macro ___________ is createdEX: ______________
Each one of these monomers is
___________
molecule
starch
glucose
IS THIS REVERSIBLE?
You better believe it!
REVERSING POLYMERIZATION Process called ____________.hydrolysis
• “ __________” means water• “ __________” means to split or
loosen
• This enzyme works by _________ water to a polymer
General process name: depolymerizationturning polymers back into monomers
hydrolysis
adding
BRING IN THE WATER!
ENZYMEH2O
AND THEY ARE SPLIT APART!
What was previous a dimer is now two ______________ againmonomers
OBJECTIVES
Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
PROTEIN
LIPIDS
CARBOHYDRATES
ATP
NUCLEIC ACID
Crash Course – You are what you eat
Bozeman – Molecules of life
MONOMER & POLYMER
Each subunit of a complete carbon-based molecule is called a ______________
A _____________ is a large molecule, or macromolecule, made of many monomers bonded togetherMonomers of a polymer may be
the same (ex. Starches)Or different (proteins)
monomer
polymer
COMPOUND BUILDING BLOCK
(POLYMER) (MONOMER)
PROTEIN AMINO ACID
LIPID (FAT) FATTY ACID
CARBOHYDRATE SUGARS
NUCLEIC ACIDS NUCLEOTIDE
1. Amino Acids are to proteins as nucleotides are to ____________________.
2. Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen are to carbohydrates as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfer, and nitrogen are to ________________
3. Glucose is to monosaccaride as ____________________ is to polysaccaride.
4. Amino acid is to
5. DNA is to nucleic acid as ____________________________ is to protein
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, ______________, and oxygen Include sugars & starchesCan be broken down to provide useable
energy for cellsMajor part of plant cell structure
The most basic carbs are simple sugars, _______________________
Polysaccharides are ______________ of monosaccharides
hydrogen
monosaccharides
polymers
Bozeman - Carbohydrates
CARBOHYDRATESBozeman - Carbohydrates
PROTEINS
Proteins are the most varied of the carbon-based molecules in organismsHave a role in movement, eyesight,
digestion,etc A protein is a polymer made of
monomers called amino acids _________________ are molecules that
contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfurOrganisms use 20 different amino acids to
build proteinsThe body makes 12 of the 20, the other 8
come from food
Amino acids
Bozeman - Proteins
PROTEINS
LIPIDS Lipids are nonpolar molecules that
include fats, oils, and cholesterolContain chains of carbon bonded to oxygen
& hydrogenEnergy storagePhospholipids make up _____________________
________________ are chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms.Saturated fatty acids have single carbon-
carbon bonds (solid @ room temp)Unsaturated fatty acids have double
carbon-carbon bonds (liquid @ room temp)
Fatty acids
cell membrane
Bozeman - Lipids
LIPIDS Bozeman - Lipids
•MAJOR ___________ ___________ MOLECULE IN CELL.
•ENERGY IN __________________ AND __________ AND _____________________ MUST BE TRANSFERRED TO ATP IN CELL TO BE USED.
ENERGY CARRYING
CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS Detailed instructions to build proteins
are stored in extremely long carbon-based molecules called nucleic acids____________________ are polymers that are
made up of monomers called nucleotidesNucleic acids
•HAVE ALL INFO NEEDED TO MAKE __________.
•“_______________” OF LIFE.
•BUILDING BLOCKS OF _____________.
•TWO TYPES: ________ AND _______.
PROTEIN
BLUE PRINT
NUCLEOTIDES
DNA RNA
Bozeman – Nucleic acids
NUCLEIC ACIDSBozeman – Nucleic acids
1. What is the relationship between a polymer and a monomer?
2. Explain how both nucleic acids and proteins are polymers. Be sure to describe the monomers that make up the polymers.
3. How are carbohydrates and lipids similar? How are they different?
4. Explain how the bonding properties of carbon atoms result in the large variety of carbon-based molecules in living things?
Monomers are the basic units of organic compounds that make up Polymers, (which are macromolecules of organic compounds)
Nucleic acids are made up of the monomers called nucleotides and proteins are made up of the monomers called amino acids. Therefore they are both polymers.
Both carbohydrates and lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They differ in the way they provide organisms energy: Carbs provide short term energy, and lipids provide long term energy. (Diagrams-carbs are arranged in ‘rings’ and lipids are long carbon ‘chains’
Because carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, it allows carbon to be versatile with bonding properties. Carbon can bond in several arrangements: chains, branches, and rings. It can form single and double covalent bonds.
TYPE I Describe the unique characteristics of
carbon that allow it form biological macromolecules
TYPE I Explain how you would identify each
macromolecule by looking at a diagram of the macromolecule.
2.4Chemical Reactions
OBJECTIVES
Bonds break and form during chemical reactions.
Chemical reactions release or absorb energy.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Bonds & during chemical reactionsPlant/Animal cells break down sugars to get
usable energyCells build protein molecules by bonding
amino acids together
Chemical reactions change substances into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds
break form
CHEMICAL REACTIONS are the substance changed
during a chemical reactionsOxygen (O2) & Glucose (C6H12O6)
are the substances made by a chemical reactionCarbon Dioxide (CO2) & Water (H2O)
6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O
Reactants Products
Reactants
Products
IT’S ALL ABOUT THE ENERGY Energy is __________ to break bonds in
molecules Energy is ___________ when bonds are formed
needed
released
CHEMICAL REACTIONS, CONT. Generous chemical RXNs that release more energy than they absorb= reactionExcess energy is the difference in bond
energy between the reactants and productsExcess energy is often released as heat or
light Cellular respiration releases usable energy for
your cells & heat!
Exothermic
CHEMICAL REACTIONS, CONT.
Greedy chemical RXNs that absorb more energy than they release= reaction
In photosynthesis, plants absorb energy from sunlight and use that to make sugars and carbohydrates
Endothermic
BUT HOW DOES A RXN START?
Some energy must first be absorbed by the reactants in ANY chemical reactionThe amount of energy needed will vary
is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to startPush a rock up a hill
Activation energy
1. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) breaks down into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). Explain why this is a chemical reaction. What are the reactants and the products in the reaction?
2. How does energy related to the formation and breaking of bonds?
3. How do endothermic and exothermic reactions differ?
2.5Enzymes
Enzyme Animation
Bozeman - Enzymes
OBJECTIVES
A catalyst lowers activation energy.
Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions.
CATALYST To start a chemical RXN, activation energy
is necessary The reaction may happen very slowly Reactants may not interact enough, may not be
high enough concentration
Activation energy & rate of a chemical reaction can be changed by a chemical catalyst A catalyst is a substance that _______________
the activation energy needed to start a reaction Also increases the ________ of the reaction
decreases
rate
ENZYME
_____________ are catalysts for reactions in living thingsLower the activation energy Increase the rate of the reactionDo not effect chemical equilibrium
Does not change the direction of the reaction
Almost all enzymes are Depend on their structure to function
correctlyConditions such as temperature and pH can
affect the function
Enzymes
proteins
SUBSTRATES
An enzyme’s structure is vital because their shape allows only certain reactants to bind to the enzymeThe specific reactants that an enzyme acts
on are called substrates
Substrates bind to enzymes at specific places called Substrates exactly fit the active sites of
enzymes, like a key exactly fits a lockThis is why if an enzyme’s structure
changes, it may not work
active sites
Quia Quiz Enzyme Song
1. How does a catalyst affect the activation energy of a chemical reaction?
2. Describe how the interaction between an enzyme and its substrates changes a chemical reaction.
3. Some organisms live in very hot or very cold acidic environments. Would their enzymes function in a person’s cells? Why or why not?
4. Suppose that the amino acids that make up an enzyme’s active site are changed. How might this change affect the enzyme?
TYPE I Explain how changes in environment
impacts an enzyme