chemistry part ii electrons and bonding. electrons surround the nucleus of an atom. electrons are...
TRANSCRIPT
Chemistry Part II Electrons and Chemistry Part II Electrons and Bonding.Bonding.
Electrons surround the nucleus of Electrons surround the nucleus of an atom.an atom.
Electrons are Electrons are negatively charged negatively charged particles.particles.
They are responsible They are responsible for chemical reactions.for chemical reactions.
The have a very, very, The have a very, very, very, very, very, very very, very, very, very small mass.small mass.
8ft 2 ft
Electrons are found around the Electrons are found around the nucleus in clouds otherwise known nucleus in clouds otherwise known
as energy levels.as energy levels. The 1The 1stst energy level energy level
around a nucleus can around a nucleus can hold a max of 2 electronshold a max of 2 electrons
The 2The 2ndnd energy level energy level around a nucleus can around a nucleus can hold a max of 8 electronshold a max of 8 electrons
The 3The 3rdrd Energy level can Energy level can hold a max of 18 hold a max of 18 electrons.electrons.
How it worksHow it works
nucleus
Lithum has an atomic number of 3, so there are 3 protons. This means there are 3 electrons
Place electrons around the nucleus by first putting them on the first energy lever. 1st level max is two electrons. Once you hit the max go to the next level.
Electron
2nd Energy Level
1st Energy Level
You Try Magnesium it has an You Try Magnesium it has an atomic number of 12.atomic number of 12.
Nucleus
How to do it.How to do it.
Nucleus
1st level can hold a max of 2 electrons
Put two electrons on the 1st level
How to do it.How to do it.
Nucleus
1st level can hold a max of 2 electrons
2nd level can hold a max of 8 electrons
Place 8 more electrons on the 2nd level
How to do it.How to do it.
Nucleus
1st level can hold a max of 2 electrons
2nd level can hold a max of 8 electrons
3rd level can hold a max of 18, but we need to only place 2
2+8+2=12
Place 2 more electrons on the 3rd level
Answer to Magnesium it has an Answer to Magnesium it has an atomic number of 12.atomic number of 12.
Nucleus
2+8+2=12
Your turn to determine the protons, Your turn to determine the protons, neutrons, electrons and then draw neutrons, electrons and then draw
the atoms.the atoms.
9
Fluorine
F
18.99
Protons =
Neutrons =
Electrons =
BondingBonding
When atoms join together When atoms join together or bond it is due to the or bond it is due to the creation of a more stable creation of a more stable piece of matter.piece of matter. Electrons filling up the outer Electrons filling up the outer
energy levels to their energy levels to their maximum is what creates maximum is what creates stability.stability.
Outer energy levels are Outer energy levels are called valance levels.called valance levels.
Stable = outer electrons maxed on 2nd level.
8 valence electrons.
Unstable = 1 electron, when it can hold a max of 8.
1 Valence electron.
BondingBonding
There are stable atoms There are stable atoms on the periodic table, we on the periodic table, we call them the noble call them the noble gasses.gasses. Helium, neon, argon, Helium, neon, argon,
krypton, xenon, radon.krypton, xenon, radon. All of them have full All of them have full
valence levels.valence levels. Outermost levels are at Outermost levels are at
their max or full.their max or full.
Luckily not all atoms are stable so we get a Luckily not all atoms are stable so we get a variety of chemicals and two major types of variety of chemicals and two major types of
bonding.bonding. 2 Major 2 Major
types of types of bonding.bonding.
Covalent Covalent Bonding is Bonding is the sharing the sharing of electrons.of electrons.
Ionic Ionic bonding is bonding is the transfer the transfer of electrons.of electrons.
Covalent BondingCovalent Bonding Covalent bonding is Covalent bonding is
when atoms share when atoms share electrons to create a electrons to create a full valence shell.full valence shell. Hydrogen is unstable, Hydrogen is unstable,
it has 1 valence it has 1 valence electron in the 1electron in the 1stst energy level.energy level.
Oxygen is unstable Oxygen is unstable because it has six because it has six electrons in the 2electrons in the 2ndnd energy level.energy level.
When 2 hydrogen When 2 hydrogen combine with 1 combine with 1 oxygen all atoms have oxygen all atoms have full valence electrons full valence electrons by sharing the by sharing the electrons.electrons.
Examples of Covalent BondsExamples of Covalent Bonds
Chlorine GasChlorine Gas
GlucoseGlucose
ProteinProtein
Ionic Bonds – Transfer of Electrons to Ionic Bonds – Transfer of Electrons to Create Full Valance Energy Levels.Create Full Valance Energy Levels.
When an atom When an atom looses or gains an looses or gains an electrons we call electrons we call them an ion.them an ion. If you loose an If you loose an
electron, then you electron, then you become slightly become slightly positive.positive.
If you gain an If you gain an electron, then you electron, then you become slightly become slightly negative.negative.
Opposites attracts +/-Opposites attracts +/- You get an ionic bondYou get an ionic bond
Ionic Bonds are best represented by salts.Ionic Bonds are best represented by salts.
Sodium ChlorideSodium Chloride Potassium ChloridePotassium Chloride Magnesium ChlorideMagnesium Chloride
Exit PassExit Pass
What are valence electrons?What are valence electrons?
What does stability mean when we talk What does stability mean when we talk about bonding?about bonding?
What is the maximum electrons allowed What is the maximum electrons allowed on the 1on the 1stst, 2, 2ndnd, and 3, and 3rdrd energy levels? energy levels?
What is the difference between an ionic What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond?and a covalent bond?
Darth Monkey Street Says,Darth Monkey Street Says,
““Electrons are Electrons are responsible for all responsible for all chemical reactions. chemical reactions. If you get negative If you get negative with me I will react with me I will react with my light saber with my light saber on you!”on you!”