Chemistry of Chemistry of LifeLife

Reading the Periodic TableReading the Periodic Table

Period– Horizontal rows

Group– Vertical columns

Reading the Periodic TableReading the Periodic Table

Atomic Number– Number of protons and

electron in an atom

Symbol

Atomic Weight– Number of protons plus the

number of neutrons

8

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4 Most Common Elements in 4 Most Common Elements in Living ThingsLiving Things

CarbonHydrogenOxygenNitrogen

Inorganic vs. Organic Inorganic vs. Organic MoleculesMolecules

Inorganic Molecules– Molecules that do not contain carbon

Organic Molecules– Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen– Make up living things– Produced by living things

Properties of MatterProperties of Matter

Matter– Anything that has mass and takes up space

Physical Properties– Physical characteristics of an object

Color, taste, texture, scent, etc.

Chemical Properties– Chemical makeup of an object

Properties of MatterProperties of Matter

Phases of Matter– Solid– Liquid– Gas

Properties of MatterProperties of Matter

Physical Changes– Change in physical appearance– Change in phase of matter

Chemical Changes– Change in the chemical makeup– Usually involves a flame or oxidation

Physical or Chemical Physical or Chemical Change?Change?

Rusting of iron Melting of glass Evaporation of water Combustion of gasoline Freezing of water Cookies burn When sugar is broken down

by your cells for energy Sugar dissolves in

water

Chemical Change Physical Change Physical Change Chemical Change Physical Change Chemical Change Chemical Change Physical Change

Physical or Chemical Physical or Chemical Change?Change?

Melting sugar to make candy

Chopping nuts Plant makes sugar by

photosynthesis Gelatin solidifies to

form Jello Wood is burned in a

campfire

Physical Change

Physical Change Chemical Change Physical Change

Chemical Change

Atoms vs. MoleculesAtoms vs. Molecules

Atoms– Only one atom of a particular element– Ex. C, H, O, N, P

Molecules– A combination of 2 or more atoms

– Ex. H2O (water), NaCl (salt), C6H12O6 (glucose), O2

(oxygen gas), CO2 (carbon dioxide)

Atoms vs. MoleculesAtoms vs. Molecules

CO2

He O2

C6H12O6

Ca Cl2

H2

C12H22O11

Molecule Atom Molecule Molecule Atom Molecule Molecule Molecule

Properties of WaterProperties of Water

Cohesion– The attraction between molecules of the same

substance

Adhesion– The attraction between molecules of different

substances

Properties of Water Properties of Water

Types of Mixtures– Solution

Mixtures with equally distributed Solute = the substance that is dissolved Solvent = the substance in which the solute is

dissolved

– Suspension Mixtures of water and nondissolved substances

Element vs. CompoundElement vs. Compound

Element– Pure– Only one type of atom

Compound– Molecule with more than one type of atom

Element vs. CompoundElement vs. Compound

CO2

O2

NH3

C12H22O11

N2

C6H12O6

HCl NaCl H2

Compound Element Compound Compound Element Compound Compound Compound Element

What is an organic What is an organic compound?compound?

Contains carbonUsually contains hydrogenIs formed by living thingsMakes up the structures of living things

Organic vs. Inorganic Organic vs. Inorganic MoleculesMolecules

CO2

O2

NH3

C12H22O11

N2

C6H12O6

HCl NaCl CH4

Inorganic Inorganic Inorganic Organic Inorganic Organic Inorganic Inorganic Organic

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

Macromolecules – Macro = large– Large molecules made up of smaller molecules

Monomers – The smaller units that combine to form

macromolecules

Polymers = many monomers bonded together– Poly = many

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

4 types– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids

CarbonCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Concept Map

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches

Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Sugars, starches, glycogens, cellulosesContain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

– 1:2:1 ratio

Monomer = Monosaccharide– simple sugars

Disaccharide– 2 monosaccharides joined together

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesFunctions

– Store energy– Release energy– Structural support (for plants)

Glucose = energy rich Cellulose = support for plants Chitin = exoskeletons Starch & glycogen = energy storage

– Starch – plants, glycogen – animals

Suffix –ose = sugar– Ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, sucrose

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Common Carbohydrates– Sucrose – table sugar– Glucose– Maltose– Lactose – milk sugar (produced only by

mammals)

Simple carbohydrates often dissolve in water

LipidsLipidsFat, oil, wax, pigments, steroidsContain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

– Contain much more hydrogen than oxygen

Monomers = Glycerol & Fatty AcidsGLYCEROL

Fatty Acid

Fatty Acid

Fatty Acid

LipidsLipidsFunctions

– Fats and Oils: energy storage

– Fats – lard, butter; Oils – olive oil, peanut oil Scent Taste

– Waxes: waterproofing protection for skin, fur, feathers,

fruit, and leaves– Uses – candles, polishes, cosmetics

– Phospholipids: Make up cell membranes

LipidsLipids

Functions– Pigments:

Coloring– Chlorophyll: green (leaves and stems of plants)

– Carotenoids: orange (daffodils, carrots, tomatoes, pumpkin)

– Xanthophylls: yellow (lemon)

LipidsLipidsFunctions

– Steroids:Regulate body functions

– Cholesterol: made in the liver– Vitamin D: needed for strong bones and teeth– Cortisone: reduces swelling– Testosterone: secondary sexual characteristics in

men– Estrogen: secondary sexual characteristics in

women– Progesterone: allows women to be pregnant

LipidsLipids

Insoluble in waterIn general, used for:

– energy storage Contain 2 times as much energy as carbohydrates

– protective coatings– insulation

ProteinsProteins

Make up at least 50% (dry weight) of an organism’s body

Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

Monomer = Amino Acids– 20 types of amino acids– 1000s of types of proteins

Formed through dehydration synthesis Forming proteins are called polypeptides (and the

monomers are connected with peptide bonds)

ProteinsProteinsFunctions

– Enzymes Control chemical reactions in the body Digest food

– Ex. Sucrase

– Hormones Regulate body functions

– Ex. Insulin, growth hormones

– Storage proteins Store some energy

– Ex. Egg whites

– Toxins– Ex. Botulism, venom

ProteinsProteinsFunctions

– Transport Proteins Carry materials throughout the body

– Ex. Hemoglobin

– Structural Proteins Make up body structures

– Ex. Hair, muscle, collagen, silk

– Antibodies Help to fight infection Found in blood

Proteins - EnzymesProteins - Enzymes

Control chemical reactions– Lower activation energy of the reaction

The amount of energy required to make the reaction begin

– Act as a catalyst A part of the reaction that is not consumed or

changed

Proteins - EnzymesProteins - EnzymesParts of Chemical Reactions

– Reactants The materials going into the reaction

– Products The materials produced in the reaction

Factors Affecting Enzyme Function– Temperature

Too low = slows enzymes down Too high = denatures (breaks down) enzymes

– pH – Enzyme Concentration– Substrate Concentration

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Store and transmit genetic information– The “instruction manual” for an organism

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous

Monomer = nucleotides– 4 types of nucleotides

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Functions– Code for the order of amino acids to form

proteins– Store and transmit genetic information

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)– Contain all of the genetic material (genes) of an individual

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)– Copies sections of DNA and translates that information to

produce proteins during protein synthesis

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Nucleotides contain:– A 5 carbon sugar– A phosphate group– A nitrogen base

Adenine (DNA & RNA) Thymine (DNA ONLY) Cytosine (DNA & RNA) Guanine (DNA & RNA) Uracil (RNA ONLY)

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Nitrogen Base Pairing– In DNA

Adenine – Thymine Cytosine – Guanine

– In RNA Adenine – Uracil Cytosine – Guanine

Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsFacts

– Nucleic Acids are named for their 5-carbon sugars

Deoxyribonucleic Acid = deoxyribose Ribonucleic Acid = ribose

– DNA Everyone has different DNA Double stranded Shaped like a ladder

– Double helix

– RNA Single stranded

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds4 types

– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids

Organic compounds are macromolecules Organic compounds are also called polymers

– Polymers are made up of monomers The process of combining monomers to make polymers

is called polymerization