CHEMISTRY NOTES - CHEMISTRY NOTES - MATTERMATTER

MatterMatter – anything that has mass and volume. – anything that has mass and volume.

– Matter is made up of tiny particles called Matter is made up of tiny particles called atomsatoms and and moleculesmolecules..

– Phases of matter: solid, liquid, gas. Phases of matter: solid, liquid, gas.

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– Heat is the cause of phase changes. More heat means faster moving Heat is the cause of phase changes. More heat means faster moving particles, less attraction between particles, and more space between particles. particles, less attraction between particles, and more space between particles.

HEAT

Phase ChangesPhase Changes

Melting: Melting: solid becomes a liquid ( 0 ºC for water )solid becomes a liquid ( 0 ºC for water )

Freezing: Freezing: liquid becomes a solid ( 0 ºC for water )liquid becomes a solid ( 0 ºC for water )

Boiling: Boiling: liquid becomes a gas ( 100 ºC for water )liquid becomes a gas ( 100 ºC for water )

Condensation: Condensation: gas becomes a liquid ( 100 ºC for water )gas becomes a liquid ( 100 ºC for water )

Physical Change - a change in size, shape or phase of a substance.

- Examples: crumpled paper, broken glass, melting, freezing, - Examples: crumpled paper, broken glass, melting, freezing, boilingboiling

Chemical Change - a NEW substance is formed, with a NEW substance is formed, with NEW properties. Cannot be physically separated.NEW properties. Cannot be physically separated.

- How can you tell?- How can you tell?

1) Temperature change1) Temperature change 3) Gas formation3) Gas formation

2) Color change2) Color change 4) 2 liquids form a solid4) 2 liquids form a solid

Element - the simplest form of matter. ~ 110 known elements in the universe.

Atom - a single particle of an element. - example: 1 atom of Sodium (Na)

A MoleculeMolecule is two or more atoms is two or more atoms combined. A single particle of one combined. A single particle of one

compoundcompound..

- - Example: a water molecule is two

Hydrogen atoms and one Oxygen atom.

A A CompoundCompound is two or more elements that is two or more elements that can’tcan’t be physically be physically separated, making a certain type of molecule.separated, making a certain type of molecule.

- Examples: Salt, Water, carbon dioxide

A A MixtureMixture is two or more substances that is two or more substances that cancan be separated, and do be separated, and do not form a new compound.not form a new compound.

- - Examples: sand + gravel, oil + water, salt + water

Chemical Formula – a shorthand way to show the number and type of atoms in a substance.

- examples: H2O O2 H2SO4

Chemical Equation - a summary of a chemical change (reaction).

* Some reactions require energy

6CO2 + 6H2O   6O2 + C6H12O6

* Some reactions release energy 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter can never be created or destroyed.

– This can be proven by counting up the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. The numbers will be equal.

energy

Acids and BasesAcids and BasesAcid - any compound that produces any compound that produces hydrogen ions (H+)hydrogen ions (H+) in water. in water. The more H+ ions produced, the stronger the acid.The more H+ ions produced, the stronger the acid.

BaseBase – Any compound that produces – Any compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-)hydroxide ions (OH-) in in water. The more OH- ions produced, the stronger the base.water. The more OH- ions produced, the stronger the base.

An An ionion is simply an atom with a positive or negative charge. is simply an atom with a positive or negative charge.

The The pH scalepH scale tells how acidic or basic a substance is. tells how acidic or basic a substance is. ·· measures H+ concentration on a scale of 0 to 14 measures H+ concentration on a scale of 0 to 14·· pH of less than 7 is acidic, lower pH = more acidic pH of less than 7 is acidic, lower pH = more acidic·· pH of more than 7 is basic, higher pH = more basic pH of more than 7 is basic, higher pH = more basic·· pH of 7 is neutral, pH of water = 7 pH of 7 is neutral, pH of water = 7

Litmus paperLitmus paper is an indicator, a substance that changes color when it is an indicator, a substance that changes color when it comes in contact with an acid or base.comes in contact with an acid or base.

Structure of an ATOMStructure of an ATOM

NucleusNucleus - the center of the atom - the center of the atom

ProtonProton - positively charged (+) particle - positively charged (+) particle

in the nucleus.in the nucleus.

NeutronNeutron - particle in the nucleus with - particle in the nucleus with

no charge.no charge.

ElectronElectron - negatively charged particle (-) outside of the nucleus. - negatively charged particle (-) outside of the nucleus.

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/applets/a2.htmlhttp://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/applets/a2.html

- The - The Atomic NumberAtomic Number is the number of protons (electrons usually the same) is the number of protons (electrons usually the same)

- The - The Atomic MassAtomic Mass is protons plus neutrons is protons plus neutrons

- To find the number of Neutrons… Atomic Mass – Atomic Number = Neutrons- To find the number of Neutrons… Atomic Mass – Atomic Number = Neutrons

Element Element SymbolSymbol Atomic #Atomic # Atomic MassAtomic Mass PP E E NNOxygen O 8 16 8 8 8Oxygen O 8 16 8 8 8Iron Fe 26Iron Fe 26 56 26 26 30 56 26 26 30

CHEMISTRY NOTES – CHEMISTRY NOTES – ENERGYENERGY

All Matter has energyAll Matter has energy

Energy has many different formsEnergy has many different forms

Kinetic energyKinetic energy (motion) (motion) Potential energyPotential energy (stored) (stored)

- Mechanical - Mechanical- Electrical - Electrical- Heat - Gravitational- Light - Chemical- Sound

Mechanical energyMechanical energy is the energy of a moving object, is the energy of a moving object, caused by a force. caused by a force.

Ex: engines, a person running, throwing a ballEx: engines, a person running, throwing a ball

Electrical energyElectrical energy is the flow of electrons toward a is the flow of electrons toward a positive charge. Needs a conductor like metal. positive charge. Needs a conductor like metal.

Ex: extension cord, power lineEx: extension cord, power line

Heat energyHeat energy is the movement of the atoms/molecules of is the movement of the atoms/molecules of a substance. a substance.

Ex: boiling waterEx: boiling water

Light energyLight energy is the movement light rays. is the movement light rays.Ex: sunlight, lampEx: sunlight, lamp

Sound energySound energy is carried by sound waves. is carried by sound waves.Ex: any noise Ex: any noise

Chemical energy is stored in the chemical bonds of atoms and molecules.

Ex: Batteries, gasoline, food

Gravitational energy is stored in objects because of their position.Ex: a leaf on a tree

The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy is never created or destroyed, it simply changes form.

- Example: a light bulb changes electrical energy to light and heat energy.

Flashlight Energy Transformation:When a flashlight is turned on, energy changes from potential-chemical energy (battery), to electrical energy (circuit), to light and heat energy (bulb).

Flashlight Energy Transfer:When a flashlight is turned on, energy moves from the battery to the circuit wires, to the bulb, and finally to the environment.