CHEMISTRY PROJECT

Acknowledgement

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the Principal, Mr. T.R. Chaudhary, Principal K.V NO.1 Jammu, for his encouragement and for all the facilities that he provided for this project work. I sincerely appreciate his magnanimity by taking me into his fold for which I shall remain indebted to. I extend my hearty thanks to Mrs. Vandana Jamwal, Chemistry teacher, who guided me to the successful completion of this project. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for her invaluable guidance, constant encouragement, immense motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all the stages of this Project work.I cant forget to offer my sincere thanks to parents and also to my classmates who helped me to carry out this project work successfully and for their valuable advice and support, which I received from them time to time.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.1GANDHI NAGAR JAMMUCERTIFICATEThis is to certify that SHASHVAT SHARMA, a student of class XII-B has successfully completed the research on the below mentioned project under the guidance of Mrs. Vandana Jamwal (Subject Teacher) during the year 2014-15 in partial fulfillment of chemistry practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.

Signature of principal Signature of chemistry teacher

CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE DRUGS AND ALCOHOLS

WHAT IS DRUG??Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of a disease is called a drug. A drug may also be defined as a chemical which, when taken in some way alter the body function. Drug is also known as a medicine. Generally, the term drug is applied to any stimulating or depressing substance that can be habituating or addictive.

MEANING OF ADDICTIONAddiction is the habitual, psychological and physiological dependence on a substance or practice which is beyond voluntary control. A person who is habituated to a substance or a practice, especially a harmful one, is called an addict.CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGSTYPE OF DRUGSEXAMPLESEFFECTS

1. Sedatives and Tranquillizers

Barbiturates, BenzodiazepinesDepress CNS activity give feeling of calmness, relaxation, drowsiness.

2. Opiate NarcoticsOpium, morphine, codeine, heroinSuppress brain activity,Relaxed pain.

3.StimulantsAmphetamines, Caffeine, cocaineMake a person more wakeful, alert and active, cause excitement.

4.HallucinogensLSQ, Mescalin, psilocybin, Ganja, chares, HashishAlter thoughts, feeling and perceptions.

STRUCTURES OF SOME MENTIONED DRUGS

Sedatives and Tranquillizers

BarbituratesBbenzodiazepines

Opiate Narcotics

MORPHINECODEINE

HEROIN

Stimulants

CAFFEINE COCAINE

Hallucinogens

MESCALIN PSILOCYBIN

ALCOHOL

SourcesEthyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colorless liquid having a penetrating odor and burning taste. It is one of the products of the distillation of fermented grains, fruit juices and starches with the help of yeast enzymes. It is the principal constituent and the intoxicating principle of wines.

Modes of UseAlcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy and wine and in relatively high concentration as arrack, brandy, whisky, rum, gin, vodka etc.

AddictionAddiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholics are found in all sections of society. Alcohol causes intoxication and thus, acts as a poison. The drinkers begin with small doses, but many of them soon start consuming large doses and become addicts. By the time they realize that drinking is adversely affecting them; it is too late to give it up.What Happens when Alcohol gets in stomachAlcohol is quickly absorbed in the stomach and upper part of small intestine and reaches all the tissues in minutes. Its oxidation starts at once and a large amount of heat is produced. Since heat is not needed in the body, it is taken up by the blood and carried to the skin for dissipation. Since the receptors of heat are located in the skin, the rush of blood to the skin gives a false impression of warmth in the body. The blood supply of internal organs is greatly reduced resulting in fall of temperature in them. Energy released by alcohol is not used in any life process. Rather the energy derived from food is used up in ridding the body of excess heat.

SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

SOAPSSoaps are the sodium and potassium salts of the long chain carboxylic acid. A soap molecule consists of a long hydrocarbon chain (composed of carbons and hydrogen) with a carboxylic acid on one end which is ionic bonded to metal ion usually a sodium or potassium.A soap has a large non-ionic hydrocarbon group and an ionic group COO-Na+. EXAMPLES OF SOAPSSodium stearate(Chemical formula: C17H35COO-Na+)Sodium palmitate(Chemical formula: C15H31COO-Na+)Sodium oleate(Chemical formula: C17H33COO-Na+)SaponificationThe process of making soap by the hydrolysis of fats and oils with alkalies is called saponification.Soap is made by heating animal fats or vegetable oil with concentrated sodium hydroxide (NAOH).Fat or Oil + NaOH Soap + Glycerol

A soap molecule has two ends with different properties.(i) A long hydrocarbon part which is hydrophobic (i.e. it dissolves in hydrocarbon).(ii) A short ionic part containing COO-Na+ which is hydrophilic (i.e. it dissolves in water).

MECHANISM OF SOAPS

When a dirty cloth is put in water containing soap then the hydrocarbon ends of the soap molecule in the micelle attach to the oil or grease particles present on the surface of dirty cloth. In this way the soap micelles entraps the oily particles by using the hydrocarbon ends. The ionic ends of the soap molecules remain attached to the water when the dirty cloth is agitated in soap solution. The oily particles present on its surface gets dispersed in the water due to which the cloth gets clean.

DETERGENTSDetergents are the sodium salts of long chain benzene sulphuric acids.Detergents are primarily surfactants, which could be produced easily from petrochemicals. Surfactants lower the surface tension of water, essentially making it 'wetter' so that it is less likely to stick to itself and more likely to interact with oil and grease.The ionic group in a detergent is so3- Na+

EXAMPLES OF DETERGENTSTwo basic examples of well-known detergents of the sulphonate groupor the sulphate groupare:

CLEANSING ACTION OF DETERGENTSSynthetic detergents have the same type of molecular structure as soaps i.e. a tadpole like molecule having two parts at each end i.e., one large non-polar hydrocarbon group that is water repelling (hydrophobic) and one short ionic group usually containing the or group that is water attracting (hydrophilic). Thus the cleansing action is exactly similar to that of soaps whereby the formation of micelles followed by emulsification occurs. However, synthetic detergents can lather well even in hard water. This is because they are soluble sodium or potassium salts of sulphonic acid or alkyl hydrogen sulphate and similarly form soluble calcium or magnesium salts on reacting with the calcium ions or magnesium ions present in water. This is a major advantage of the cleansing property of detergents over soap.2. HealthCare and Beauty:The diagnostic tests carried out in laboratories, the prognostic estimations, medical prescriptions, pills, the vaccines, the antibiotics play very vital role in health monitoring, control of diseases and in alleviating the sufferings of the humanity. Right from birth control to enhancement of life expectancy- all have been made possible using the unequivocal services of Chemistry. From simple sterilization surgical instruments with antiseptic solution to Chemotherapy and Genome sequencing are all nothing but applications of Chemistry. Injecting cows, buffaloes, goat and sheep with bovinesome towropeIncreases milk-production but it is indiscriminately being used by sportspersons to un-ethically enhance performance.3. Industries and Transport:

From cloth mills, lather factories, petro-chemical industries and refineries to metal industries- all use numerous fuels for power generation and chemical products for processing their product and improve the equality and simultaneously produce pollution. Now-a-days chemical effluent treatment plants use chemicals to control or neutralist he hazardous impact of pollutants produced by the industries. Aviation and shipping industries generate power through power plants which burn fuels. Petrol and diesel emit out green house gases dangerous for the survival on earth which damage the ozone layer that protects us from UV rays. As a result global warming has taken place which is a destroyer of the planet earth. But again Chemistry paves the way with bio-fuels.