chemistry catalysts fall 2011 – week 5 (atomic structure)
TRANSCRIPT
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CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS
Fall 2011 – Week 5 (Atomic Structure)
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Catalyst (5 min) 9/6/11 Developing Atomic Models EQ: How has mankind’s view of the
atom changed over time?
1. Name the three subatomic particles that make up the atom.
2. Describe the properties and location of each part.
3. Draw an atom of Oxygen-17.
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How can we know that these incredibly small, invisible
particles exist?
Atomic Theory
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Early Atomic Theory
Empedocles (470 BC) All matter is composed of earth, air, water
and fire Democritus (440 BC)
Nature consists solely of an infinite number of indivisible particles called atomos (Greek for ‘cannot cut’)
Aristotle (250 BC) All matter is composed of earth, air, water
and fire, and this matter can be cut in half an infinite number of times
This atomic theory prevailed for 2000 years
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Early Atomic Theory
John Dalton (1803-1810)
1. Elements consist of tiny particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of the same element are alike in mass and size.
3. Atoms combine to form compounds in simple numerical ratios, such as 1:2, 2:3, etc.
4. Atoms of two elements may combine in different ratios to form more than one compound. (Ex: H2O and H2O2)
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Early Atomic Theory
Consequences of Dalton’s Law The Law of conservation of Mass/Matter:
“There is no detectable change in mass in an ordinary chemical reaction.”
The Law of Constant Composition:“A compound always contains the same
elements in the same proportions by mass.”
The Law of Multiple Proportions:
“The masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the second element are in a ratio of small whole numbers.”
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Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940) Discovered the first subatomic particle,
the electron, in1897 using a cathode ray The cathode ray was actually a stream of
negatively charged electrons
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The Plum Pudding Model
J.J. Thomson’s model of the Atom
positive negative
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Ernest Rutherford (1871 – 1937) Discovered the nucleus in 1913 Only a few of the 8000 positively charged particles
shot at the gold foil were deflected or bounced back The Gold Foil experiment showed that the nucleus
was small, dense and positively charged
Rutherford went on to discover the proton in 1920 and James Chadwick discovered the neutron is 1932
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Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
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Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8RuO2ekNGw
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The Nuclear Atom
Ernest Rutherford’s model of the atom
positive negative
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Niels Bohr (1885 – 1962)
1913 – Bohr said that the characteristic color of elements could not be explained by earlier models
Bohr studied the energy levels of Hydrogen and determined that its electron travels on distinct paths like planetary orbits around the sun.
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Flame Tests
potassium lithium strontium calcium sodium
Each element has a characteristic color when energy is added.
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Planetary Model
Niels Bohr’s model of the atom
positive negative
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Notes: Subatomic Particles
Particle
Charge
Location within atom
Relative Size (amu)
Mass (kg)
Proton +1 Nucleus 1 1.673 x 10-27
Neutron
0 (neutral)
Nucleus 1 1.675 x 10-27
Electron
-1Outside Nucleus
1/1840 ≈ 0 9.11 x 10-31
amu = atomic mass unit
Copy this table into your notes.TextbookPg 97
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Catalyst (5 min) 9/7/11 Protons, Neutrons, &
Electrons EQ: How do you determine the number
of protons, neutrons, & electrons in atoms?
1. Draw this atom.2. Label its parts.3. What element is this?
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Vocabulary
Atomic Number Number of protons in an atom
of an element Equals number of electrons in
neutral atoms Determines the order of elements
in the periodic table
3
Lilithium
6.9
3
Lilithium
6.9
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Practice with Atomic #How many protons does an atom of chlorine (Cl) have?
How many protons does an atom of potassium (K) have?
How many electrons does an atom of (C) have?
Which atom has more protons, fluorine (F) or neon (Ne)?
17
19
6
Neon
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Vocabulary
Isotope An atom of an element with a different
mass from another atom of the same element
The difference in mass must come from a different number of neutrons because the protons and electrons are the same.
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Vocabulary
Mass Number The sum of all the particles in the
nucleus of an individual atom
protons + neutrons The actual mass of an individual atom This number does NOT appear on the
periodic table and is usually not equal to the average atomic mass of the element
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Ways to Express Isotopes
Lithium - 7 Mass Number
Hyphen Notation
Li73
Atomic Number
Nuclear Symbol
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Ways to Express Isotopes
Li - 7 Mass Number
Hyphen Notation
Li7
Nuclear Symbol
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Calculating Neutrons in Isotopes
Lithium-6
Lithium-7
Atomic number of lithium = 3. Both have 3 protons
Mass number - protons = neutrons. For Lithium-6, subtract 6-3 to get 3 neutrons
For Lithium-7, subtract 7-3 to get 4 neutrons
Mass Numbers
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Practice with Mass #
How many protons and neutrons are there in an atom of carbon-13?
How many protons and neutrons are there in an atom of ?
How many protons and neutrons are there in an atom of oxygen-18?
6 protons, 7 neutrons
6 protons, 8 neutrons
8 protons, 10 neutrons
C146
, 6 electrons
, 6 electrons
, 8 electrons
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Practice
Combine this with Bohr’s Planetary Model of the Atom
Nitrogen-15 7 protons 7 electrons 8 neutrons
7 p+
8 n0
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Vocabulary Review
Atomic number is… the # of protons found at the top of the periodic table square equal to # of electrons for neutral atoms
Mass number is… the # of protons plus the # of neutrons not on the periodic table (must be given)
Isotopes are… the same element with different # of neutrons the same element with different mass
numbers
Lithium - 7
Li73
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Catalyst (5 min) 9/8/11 Isotopes EQ: What are isotopes?
Identify the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in…
Uranium-235 O-17 Pb
C
20782
13
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Vocabulary Review
Atomic number is… the # of protons found at the top of the periodic table square equal to # of electrons for neutral atoms
Mass number is… the # of protons plus the # of neutrons not on the periodic table (must be given)
Isotopes are… the same element with different # of neutrons the same element with different mass
numbers
Li73
Lithium - 7
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Vocabulary
AverageAtomic Mass The weighted average of the masses
of all the atoms of an element The periodic table is NOT ordered by
atomic masses. For example, check out Co and Ni.
More on average atomic mass tomorrow...
3
Lilithium
6.9
3
Lilithium
6.9
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PracticeWhat is the atomic mass of chlorine?
What is the atomic mass of carbon?
Which element has greater atomic mass, potassium or argon?
35.4 amu
12.0 amu
argon
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Draw a concept map for the following terms:
The details are the most important part! Don’t forget to include them!
Classwork 9/8/11
Matter Atom Element Isotope Proton
Neutron Electron Atomic number Atomic mass Mass number
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This concept map was made
using Cmap Tools, a free
software download available
online. Try it out!
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This concept map was made
using Cmap Tools, a free
software download available
online. Try it out!
Matter Atom Element Isotope Proton Neutron
Electron Atomic
number Atomic
mass Mass
number
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Concept Map
Note the connections between words
Yours may look different from this one!
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9/9/11 Atomic Models EQ: How can I model the parts of an atom?
1. Count the protons, neutrons, & electrons in these pictures.
2. Name the isotopes using hyphen notation and the nuclear symbol formats.
Catalyst (5 min)Li
73
Lithium - 7