chemistry c1404y (003) spring term, 2002...chemwrite • vaclav smail: enriching the earth - fritz...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chemistry C1404y (003)Spring Term, 2002
• FACULTY: Leonard Fine / Ann McDermott /Bhawani Venkataraman; and Luis Avila
• Webmaster: Michael Clayton• Undergraduate Office:
– Socky Lugo– Daisy Melendez
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Recitation Sections.Choose one!
• Monday 4:00 PM or Friday 2:00 PM
• Teaching Assistant: Melissa Morlok
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Syllabus for the Course
• Spectroscopy. Atmospheric gases• Liquids and Solutions. Chapter 9• Gas Phase Equilibria. Chapter 10• Ionic Equilibria. Chapter 11• Thermodynamics. Chapters 12/13• Electrochemistry. Chapter 14• Kinetics. Chapter 15
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ChemWrite• Vaclav Smail: Enriching the Earth - Fritz Haber,
Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food• Christian Warren: Brush with Death – A Social
History of Lead Poisoning• Linda Lear: Rachel Carson-Witness for Nature• Kenneth Deffeyes: Hubbert’s Peak-The Impending
World Oil Shortage• Mark Plotkin: Tales of the Shaman’s Apprentice
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Translating CHEMWrite Comment Translation
• You’ve got a solid, exploratory draft here, yet there are some points you might want to reconsider.
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Translating CHEMWrite Comment Translation
• You’ve got a solid, exploratory draft here, yet there are some points you might want to reconsider.
• Burn this and start over!
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Translating CHEMWrite Comment Translation
• I’ve never thought about it like that before.
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Translating CHEMWrite Comment Translation
• I’ve never thought about it like that before.
• That is the most absurd idea I’ve ever heard. Do you drink before class?
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Translating CHEMWrite Comment Translation
• I had some trouble understanding your concept.
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Translating CHEMWrite Comment Translation
• I had some trouble understanding your concept.
• I asked God to blind me while reading your paper.
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Lectures/Exams
• Lectures: TR 1:10-2:25 (Section 003)• Three 50-minute Exams (in class)
• Highest to lowest:20%, 16%, and 12%– Tuesday 2/26, – Thursday 3/28– Tuesday 4/23
• Comprehensive Final Exam (28%)– Friday 5/10
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Lectures/Exams
• No make-up exams. No Kidding!• WEB assignments (collectively) 8%• ChemWrite 16%
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Spectroscopic Properties
E(nergy) =hν =hcλ
=hcν
Frequency(ν) =cλ
Wavenumber(ν )=1λ
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Spectroscopic Properties
• UV– 200 to 400 nm
• VIS– 400 to 800 nm
• IR– 2500 - 25,000 nm– 2.5 - 25 um– 4000 - 400 cm-1
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Spectroscopic Properties
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy is primarily used for qualitative andquantitative analysis of molecules in/as gases, liquids, solids,or solutions, based on the unique “fingerprint”provided by interaction with radiation in the range of 2.5-25 microns.
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy is primarily used for qualitative andquantitative analysis of molecules in/as gases, liquids, solids,or solutions, based on the unique “fingerprint”provided by interaction with radiation in the range of 2.5-25 microns.
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Spectroscopic Properties• Plot fraction of incident
energy passing through a sample versus some measure of wavelength or frequency:
• Hooke’s Law:
I(transmitted)I0 (incident)
F = -kx
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Some Conclusions• Frequency scales directly with bond strength (as
measured by the force constant):– Triple bonds > double bonds > single bonds– 2150cm-1 > 1650cm-1 > 1200 cm-1
• Frequency scales inversely with masses atoms:– The heavier the atom,the lower the frequency:– CO vs CS (1700cm-1 vs 1350cm-1)– CH vs CD (3000cm-1 vs 2200cm-1)
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Other Features
• Coupled frequencies: Antisymmetricstretching modes at higher frequencies (wave numbers) than symmetric stretching modes.
• Overtones: Excitations energies beyond first excited state.
• Bending, wagging, scissoring, rocking at typically at lower frequencies (than stretching modes).
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CO2 Vibrational Modes
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IR spectroscopy
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Pumping Oil
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Petroleum Distillation
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Natural Gases and gasolines• Methane CH4• Ethane CH3CH3• Propane CH3CH2CH3• Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3• Pentane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3• Hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3• Heptane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3• Octane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
– n-octane 0-octane (straight-chain)– iso-octane 100-octane (highly branched)
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You will need to know….
• Specific heat – joules (or calories) per gram per degree
• Heats of combustion– Joules (or calories) per mole
• Conversion factors– Ounces of methane– Gallons of water
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CO2 Crystals
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Mount ETNA emits CO2
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Lake NYOS Eruptionin the Cameroon
Iron deposits brought up from the bottom caused Lake Nyos to turn red after the gas explosion.
Animation of lake explosion
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ICEMAN
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4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
Sola
r flu
x, c
al/c
m2 /m
in/µ
m
wavelength, µm
outside earth’s atmosphere
at earth’s surface
uv visible ir
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
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Sola
r flu
x, c
al/c
m2 /m
in/µ
m
wavelength, µm
radiation to space by a body at 2870K
radiation by a body at ~2550K
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