chemicals in the workplace esra yilmaz environmental engineer
TRANSCRIPT
CHEMICALS IN THE WORKPLACE
Esra YILMAZ
Environmental Engineer
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Content• General information about chemicals
• Routes of entry into the body/health effects
• Common chemical groups that cause health risks
• Factors that determine the type of toxic effect a chemical can have on you.
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CHAPTER I:General information about chemicals
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Chemicals
• Chemicals are a part of everyone's life. • There are five to seven million different
chemicals known in the world. • At least four hundred million tonnes of chemicals
are produced worldwide each year (including agricultural chemicals, food additives, fuels for power production, chemical consumer products, etc.)
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Types of chemicals found in the
workplace The main physical forms of chemicals are solids, dusts, liquids, vapours and gases.
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Solids
Solids are the least likely of the chemical forms to cause chemical poisoning.
Dusts are tiny particles of solids.
Dusts
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Liquids
Many hazardous substances, such as acids and solvents, are liquids when they are at normal temperature.
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Vapours
A vapour is the gas phase of a material which is normally liquid under standard conditions.
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Gases
Some chemical substances are in the form of a gas when they are at a normal temperature. However, some chemicals in liquid or solid form become gases when they are heated.
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ClassificationAccording to
Biological Effects
Asphyxiant gases Irritant gases
Chlorine, phosgene, nitrogen compounds
Systematic gasesalcohols and
carbon tetrachloride
Narcotic gasesToluene, benzene
Simple asphyxiants(CO2,methane,ethane,
buthane,nitrogen gases)
Chemical asphyxiants(CO,
hydrogen sulphide )
Gases
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CHAPTER II:
Routes of entry into the body/health effects
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ROUTES of ENTRY INTO THE BODY
ROUTES of ENTRY INTO THE BODY
IngestionIngestion
InhalationInhalation
Contact with skin or eyes (absorption) Contact with skin or eyes (absorption)
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ROUTES of ENTRY INTO THE BODY-1
ROUTES of ENTRY INTO THE BODY-1
InhalationInhalation
More hazardous agents get into your body by inhalation(by being breathed in) than by any other route.
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How do you know whether you are being exposed to respiratory hazards
at work?
• smell
• sneezing
• coughing
• a runny nose
Warning signals are:
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ROUTES of ENTRY INTO THE BODY-2
ROUTES of ENTRY INTO THE BODY-2
IngestionIngestion
Hazardous agents can also get into the body by ingestion.
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ROUTES of ENTRY INTO THE BODY-3
ROUTES of ENTRY INTO THE BODY-3AbsorptionAbsorption
Some chemicals (such as strong acids and alkalis) can damage your skin. This condition is called dermatitis.
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Contact dermatitis
Another common occupational skin disease is contact dermatitis — a type of allergic reaction.
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Some of the chemicals that cause contact dermatitis are:
• formaldehyde;
• nickel compounds;
• epoxy resins and catalysts used in the plastics industry;
• germicidal agents used in soap and other cleaners
• chromates.
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CHAPTER III:Common chemical groups that cause
health risks
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GasesSulphur oxides,
Nitrogen oxides,
Chlorine,
Ammonia
Some toxic gases are corrosive and irritating to the respiratory system.
Hydrogen cyanideSome gases can pass through the skin
Carbon monoxideSome gases may enter the blood circulation.
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Solvents
• Most industrial solvents are liquid organic chemicals
• Many of them evaporate rapidly at ambient temperatures
• They are often flammable and may ignite by heat from smoking, welding or static electricity.
• Example of very dangerous solvents:Benzene, carbon tetra cloride, carbon disulphide.
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Metals Metals can enter the body in the form of dust
and fumes (in grinding or welding) or even through the skin.
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Acids and bases
Strong acids and bases are mostly used as water solutions. They are corrosive to human tissue.
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Pesticides
Pesticides are used in industry, for example, to impregnate wood, and in agriculture to control insects, weed, fungi, and rats.
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Different organs and tissues that can be affected by certain toxic industrial
chemicals.
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CHAPTER IV:
Factors that determine the type of toxic effect a chemical can
have on you.
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the route of entry by which
the chemical gets into the body
the worker's individual response to the chemical,
which can vary a great deal from person to person
the frequency, concentration,
and length of exposure
the physical form of the
chemical (dust, vapour, liquid, etc.)
the chemical composition
of the hazardous
substance
the particular tissues
and organs in which the chemical
collects or localizes factors that
determine the type of toxic effect
a chemical can have on you
factors that determine the type of toxic effect
a chemical can have on you
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Chemical Physical form
Method of entry
Organ(s) thatcan be affected
Class ofeffect
Examples of
Cadmium metal and some of its compounds
Dusts, vapours
Dusts
Inhalation
Ingestion
Lungs, throat,kidneys
Poisonous, causing damage to lungs, kidneys on chronic
exposure.
Metal industries, welding processes, heavy chemicals
Benzene Vapour Inhalation
Absorption
through skin
Brain, bone,
marrow, skin Poisonous.Possiblycarcinogenic
Many industrial activities, especially chemical industry, adhesives,
paints,etc. Nickel andsome of itscompounds
Dusts
Vapour
Absorptionthrough skin
Inhalation
Skin
Lungs,nasal passages
Dermatitic
Irritant in lungs(nickel carbonyl).Carcinogenic on chronic exposure
Metallurgical industries, heavy chemicals, laboratory workers
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Summary
• Chemicals are a part of everyone's life.
• The main physical forms of chemicals are solids, dusts, liquids, vapours and gases.
• Routes of entry into the body:inhalation, ingestion, absorption
• There are a lot of factors that determine the type of toxic effect a chemical can have on you
• Be aware different chemical materials in your workplace and you can exposure to them.
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THANK YOU!!!